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Module 3

The document discusses operational amplifiers including their ideal and practical characteristics, open loop configurations as differential amplifiers, inverting amplifiers and non-inverting amplifiers. It also discusses op amp applications as voltage followers, integrators and differentiators.

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komala chandrashekar
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© © All Rights Reserved
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39 views

Module 3

The document discusses operational amplifiers including their ideal and practical characteristics, open loop configurations as differential amplifiers, inverting amplifiers and non-inverting amplifiers. It also discusses op amp applications as voltage followers, integrators and differentiators.

Uploaded by

komala chandrashekar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module-3(8 Hours)

• Operational Amplifiers: Introduction, The Operational


Amplifier, Block Diagram Representation of Typical Op-
Amp, Schematic Symbol, Op-Amp parameters - Gain,
input resistance, Output resistance, CMRR, Slew rate,
Bandwidth, input offset voltage, Input bias Current and
Input offset Current, The Ideal Op-Amp , Equivalent Circuit
of Op-Amp, Open Loop Op-Amp configurations,
Differential Amplifier, Inverting & Non Inverting Amplifier.

• Op-Amp Applications: Inverting Configuration, Non-


Inverting Configuration, Differential Configuration, Voltage
Follower, Integrator, Differentiator
Text Book
• Op-amps and Linear Integrated Circuits,
Ramakanth A Gayakwad, Pearson Education,
4th Edition
What is an Operational Amplifier (Op-amp)?
• An operational amplifier is an integrated circuit that
can amplify weak electric signals.
• An operational amplifier has two input pins and one
output pin.
• Its basic role is to amplify and output the voltage
difference between the two input pins.
Construction of Operational Amplifier
• op-amp consists of differential amplifier(s), a level
translator and an output stage.
• A differential amplifier is present at the input stage
of an op-amp and hence an op-amp consists of two
input terminals.
• One of those terminals is called as the inverting
terminal and the other one is called as the non-
inverting terminal.
• The terminals are named based on the phase
relationship between their respective inputs and
outputs.
Characteristics of Operational
Amplifier
• Open loop voltage gain
• Output offset voltage
• Common Mode Rejection Ratio
• Slew Rate
• Open loop voltage gain:The open loop voltage gain of an op-
amp is its differential gain without any feedback path.
• Output offset voltage:The voltage present at the output of an
op-amp when its differential input voltage is zero is called
as output offset voltage.

• Common Mode Rejection Ratio: (CMRR) of an op-amp is


defined as the ratio of the closed loop differential gain, Ad and
the common mode gain, Ac.

• Slew Rate: Slew rate of an op-amp is defined as the maximum


rate of change of the output voltage due to a step input
voltage.
Types of Operational Amplifiers
• An op-amp is represented with a triangle
symbol having two inputs and one output.
• Op-amps are of two types:
Ideal Op-Amp and Practical Op-Amp.

Impedance is the amount of resistance that a


component offers to current flow in a circuit
at a specific frequency.
Characteristics of Ideal Op-Amp
• An ideal op-amp exists only in theory, and does not exist practically
An ideal op-amp exhibits the following characteristics −
1. Input impedance Zi=∞Ω
2. Output impedance Z0=0Ω
3. Open loop voltage gain Av=∞
4. If (the differential) input voltage Vi=0V, then the output voltage will
be V0=0V
5. Bandwidth is infinity. It means, an ideal op-amp will amplify the signals of
any frequency without any attenuation.
6. Common Mode Rejection Ratio (CMRR) is infinity.
7. Slew Rate (SR) is infinity. It means, the ideal op-amp will produce a change
in the output instantly in response to an input step voltage.
Characteristics of Practical Op-Amp
• Practically, op-amps are not ideal and deviate from their ideal characteristics
because of some imperfections during manufacturing.
• A practical op-amp exhibits the following characteristics −
• Input impedance, Zi in the order of Mega ohms.
• Output impedance, Z0 in the order of few ohms..
• Open loop voltage gain, Av will be high.
When you choose a practical op-amp, you should check whether it satisfies the
following conditions −
• Input impedance, Zi should be as high as possible.
• Output impedance, Z0 should be as low as possible.
• Open loop voltage gain, Av should be as high as possible.
• Output offset voltage should be as low as possible.
• The operating Bandwidth should be as high as possible.
• CMRR should be as high as possible.
• Slew rate should be as high as possible.
Open loop-op-amp Configuration:
• The term open-loop indicates that no feedback in any form is
fed to the input from the output. When connected in open –
loop, the op-amp functions as a very high gain amplifier.

• There are three open – loop configurations of op-amp namely


1. Differential amplifier
2. Inverting amplifier
3. Non-inverting amplifier

• The above classification is made based on the number of


inputs used and the terminal to which the input is applied.
• The op-amp amplifies both ac and dc input signals.
• Thus, the input signals can be either ac or dc voltage.
1. Open–loop Differential Amplifier
• In this configuration, the inputs are applied to both the
inverting and the non-inverting input terminals of the op-amp
and it amplifies the difference between the two input
voltages.

The input voltages are represented by Vi1 and Vi2. The source resistance
Ri1 and Ri2 are negligibly small in comparison with the very high input
resistance offered by the op-amp, and thus the voltage drop across these
source resistances is assumed to be zero.
V0 = A(Vi1 – Vi2 )
2. Inverting amplifier:
• In this configuration the input signal is applied to the inverting
input terminal of the op-amp and the non-inverting input
terminal is connected to the ground.

The output voltage is 1800 out of phase with respect to the input and hence, the output voltage V0 is given by,

V0 = -AVi
3. Non-inverting Amplifier
• The input signal is applied to the non-inverting input terminal
of the op-amp and the inverting input terminal is connected
to the ground.

The input signal is amplified by the open – loop gain A and the output is in-phase
with input signal.
OpAmp and its Applications
• Summer ( inverting and non inverting)
• Voltage Follower
• Integrator
• Differentiator
Op Amp as Voltage Follower
Op Amp as Differentiator
Op Amp as Differentiator
When the inverting input terminal resistor of an op-amp inverter circuit is replaced by a
capacitor the circuit is worked as a differentiator circuit.

Differentiator circuit

Because Q = CVS
Op Amp as Integrator
Op Amp as Integrator
When the feedback resistor of an inverter circuit is replaced by a capacitor the circuit is
worked as an integrator circuit -cause the output to respond to changes in the input voltage
over time

Integrator circuit
List of formula
INVERTING

NON - INVERTING

SUMMING AMPLIFIER

DIFFERENTIATOR AMPLIFIER

INTEGRATOR AMPLIFIER

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