Sutra - Wikipedia

5/14/24, 12:18 PM Sutra - Wikipedia
Sutra
Sutra (Sanskrit: सूत्र, romanized: sūtra,
lit. 'string, thread')[1] in Indian literary
traditions refers to an aphorism or a
collection of aphorisms in the form of a
manual or, more broadly, a condensed
manual or text. Sutras are a genre of
ancient and medieval Indian texts found in A Sanskrit manuscript page of Lotus Sutra (Buddhism) from
South Turkestan in Brahmi script
Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism.[1][2]
In Hinduism, sutras are a distinct type of

literary composition, a compilation of short
aphoristic statements.[2][3] Each sutra is
any short rule, like a theorem distilled into
few words or syllables, around which
teachings of ritual, philosophy, grammar,
or any field of knowledge can be
woven.[1][2] The oldest sutras of Hinduism
A manuscript page from Kalpa Sūtra (Jainism)
are found in the Brahmana and Aranyaka
layers of the Vedas.[4][5] Every school of
Hindu philosophy, Vedic guides for rites of passage, various fields of arts, law, and social ethics
developed respective sutras, which help teach and transmit ideas from one generation to the
next.[3][6][7]
In Buddhism, sutras, also known as suttas, are canonical scriptures, many of which are regarded as
records of the oral teachings of Gautama Buddha. They are not aphoristic, but are quite detailed,
sometimes with repetition. This may reflect a derivation from Vedic or Sanskrit sūkta (well
spoken), rather than from sūtra (thread).[8]
In Jainism, sutras, also known as suyas, are canonical sermons of Mahavira contained in the Jain
Agamas as well as some later (post-canonical) normative texts.[9][10]
Etymology
The Sanskrit word Sūtra (Sanskrit: सूत्र, Pali: sutta, Ardha
Magadhi: sūya) means "string, thread".[1][2] The root of the
word is siv, "that which sews and holds things
together".[1][12] The word is related to sūci (Sanskrit: सूचि)
meaning "needle, list",[13] and sūnā (Sanskrit: सूना) meaning
"woven".[1]
In the context of literature, sūtra means a distilled collection

of syllables and words, any form or manual of "aphorism, A 17th-century birch bark manuscript of
rule, direction" hanging together like threads with which the ancient Panini Sutra, a treatise on
teachings of ritual, philosophy, grammar, or any field of grammar,[11] found in Kashmir
knowledge can be woven.[1][2]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sutra 1/9
A sūtra is any short rule, states Moriz Winternitz, in Indian literature; it is "a theorem condensed
in few words".[2] A collection of sūtras becomes a text, and this is also called sūtra (often
capitalized in Western literature).[1][2]
A sūtra is different from other components such as Shlokas, Anuvyakhayas and Vyakhyas found
in ancient Indian literature.[14] A sūtra is a condensed rule which succinctly states the message,[15]
while a Shloka is a verse that conveys the complete message and is structured to certain rules of
musical meter,[16][17] an Anuvyakhaya is an explanation of the reviewed text, while a Vyakhya is a
comment by the reviewer.[14][18]
History
Sutras first appear in the Brahmana Sutra known from Vedic era[19]
and Aranyaka layer of Vedic
Veda Sutras
literature.[5] They grow in number
Asvalayana Sutra (§), Sankhayana Sutra (§),
in the Vedangas, such as the Rigveda
Saunaka Sutra (¶)
Shrauta Sutras and Kalpa Sutras.[1]
Latyayana Sutra (§), Drahyayana Sutra (§), Nidana
These were designed so that they Samaveda
Sutra (§), Pushpa Sutra (§), Anustotra Sutra (§)[20]
can be easily communicated from a
Manava-sutra (§), Bharadvaja-sutra (¶), Vadhuna-
teacher to student, memorized by sutra (¶), Vaikhanasa-sutra (¶), Laugakshi-sutra (¶),
the recipient for discussion or self- Yajurveda Maitra-sutra (¶), Katha-sutra (¶), Varaha-sutra (¶) ,
study or as reference.[2] Apastamba-sutra (§), Baudhayana-sutra (§)
Atharvaveda Kusika Sutra (§)

A sutra by itself is condensed
¶: only quotes survive; §: text survives
shorthand, and the threads of
syllable are difficult to decipher or understand without associated scholarly Bhasya or deciphering
commentary that fills in the "weft".[21][22]
The oldest manuscripts that have survived into the modern era that contain extensive sutras are
part of the Vedas, dated from the late 2nd millennium BCE through to the mid 1st millennium
BCE.[23] The Aitareya Aranyaka, for example, states Winternitz, is primarily a collection of
sutras.[5] Their use and ancient roots are attested by sutras being mentioned in larger genre of
ancient non-Vedic Hindu literature called Gatha, Narashansi, Itihasa, and Akhyana (songs,
legends, epics, and stories).[24]
In the history of Indian literature, large compilations of sutras, in diverse fields of knowledge, have
been traced to the period from 600 BCE to 200 BCE (mostly after Buddha and Mahavira), and this
has been called the "sutras period".[24][25] This period followed the more ancient Chhandas period,
Mantra period and Brahmana period.[26]
(The ancient) Indian pupil learnt these sutras of grammar, philosophy or theology by the
same mechanical method which fixes in our (modern era) minds the alphabet and the
multiplication table.
— Max Muller, History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature[6]
Hinduism
Some of the earliest surviving specimens of sutras of Hinduism are found in the Anupada Sutras
and Nidana Sutras.[27] The former distills the epistemic debate whether Sruti or Smriti or neither
must be considered the more reliable source of knowledge,[28] while the latter distills the rules of
musical meters for Samaveda chants and songs.[29]
A larger collection of ancient sutra literature in Hinduism corresponds to the six Vedangas, or six
limbs of the Vedas.[4] These are six subjects that said in the Vedas to be necessary for complete
mastery of the Vedas. The six subjects with their own sutras were "pronunciation (Shiksha), meter
(Chandas), grammar (Vyakarana), explanation of words (Nirukta), time keeping through
astronomy (Jyotisha), and ceremonial rituals (Kalpa).[4] The first two, states Max Muller, were
considered in the Vedic era to be necessary for reading the Veda, the second two for understanding
it, and the last two for deploying the Vedic knowledge at yajnas (fire rituals).[4] The sutras
corresponding to these are embedded inside the Brahmana and Aranyaka layers of the Vedas.
Taittiriya Aranyaka, for example in Book 7, embeds sutras for accurate pronunciation after the
terse phrases "On Letters", "On Accents", "On Quantity", "On Delivery", and "On Euphonic
Laws".[30]
The fourth and often the last layer of philosophical, speculative text in the Vedas, the Upanishads,
too have embedded sutras such as those found in the Taittiriya Upanishad.[30]
The compendium of ancient Vedic sutra literature that has survived, in full or fragments, includes
the Kalpa Sutras, Shulba Sutras, Srauta Sutras, Dharma Sutras, Grhya Sutras, and Smarta
traditions .[31] Other fields for which ancient sutras are known include etymology, phonetics, and
grammar.
Post-vedic sutras
Some examples of sutra texts in various schools of
Example of sutras from
Hindu philosophy include
Vedanta Sutra
Brahma Sutras (or Vedanta Sutra) – a Sanskrit text,
composed by Badarayana, likely sometime between अथातो ब्रह्मजिज्ञासा ॥१.१.१॥
200 BCE to 200 CE. [34] The text contains 555 sutras जन्माद्यस्य यतः ॥ १.१.२॥
in four chapters that summarize the philosophical शास्त्रयोनित्वात् ॥ १.१.३॥
[35]
and spiritual ideas in the Upanishads. It is one of तत्तुसमन्वयात् ॥ १.१.४॥
the foundational texts of the Vedānta school of ईक्षतेर्नाशब्दम् ॥ १.१.५॥
Hindu philosophy.[35]
Yoga Sutras – contains 196 sutras on Yoga — Brahma Sutra 1.1.1–1.1.5[32][33]
including the eight limbs and meditation. The Yoga
Sutras were compiled around 400 CE by Patanjali,
taking materials about yoga from older traditions.[36]
The text has been highly influential on Indian culture and spiritual traditions, and it is among the
most translated ancient Indian text in the medieval era, having been translated into about forty
Indian languages.[37]
Samkhya Sutra – is a collection of major Sanskrit texts of the Samkhya school of Hindu
philosophy, including the sutras on dualism of Kapila.[38] It consists of six books with 526
sutras.
Sutra, without commentary:

Soul is, for there is no proof that it is not. (Sutra 1, Book 6) This different
from body, because of heterogeneousness. (Sutra 2, Book 6) Also because it
is expressed by means of the sixth case. (Sutra 3, Book 6)
With Vijnanabhiksu's commentary bhasya filled in:

Soul is, for there is no proof that it is not, since we are aware of "I think",
because there is no evidence to defeat this. Therefore all that is to be done is
to discriminate it from things in general. (Sutra 1, Book 6) This soul is
different from the body because of heterogeneousness or complete
difference between the two. (Sutra 2, Book 6) Also because it, the Soul, is
expressed by means of the sixth case, for the learned express it by the
possessive case in such examples as 'this is my body', 'this my
understanding'; for the possessive case would be unaccountable if there
were absolute non-difference, between the body or the like, and the Soul to
which it is thus attributed as a possession. (Sutra 3, Book 6)
– Kapila in Samkhya Sutra, Translated by James Robert
Ballantyne[39][40]
Vaisheshika Sutra – the foundational text of the Vaisheshika school of Hinduism, dated to
between the 4th century BCE and 1st century BCE, authored by Kanada.[41] With 370 sutras, it
aphoristically teaches non-theistic naturalism, epistemology, and its metaphysics. The first two
sutras of the text expand as, "Now an explanation of Dharma; The means to prosperity and
salvation is Dharma."[41][42]
Nyaya Sutras – an ancient text of Nyaya school of Hindu philosophy composed by Akṣapada
Gautama, sometime between the 6th century BCE and 2nd century CE.[43][44] It is notable for
focusing on knowledge and logic, and making no mention of Vedic rituals.[43] The text includes
528 aphoristic sutras, about rules of reason, logic, epistemology, and metaphysics.[45][46]
These sutras are divided into five books, with two chapters in each book.[43] The first book is
structured as a general introduction and table of contents of sixteen categories of
knowledge.[43] Book two is about pramana (epistemology), book three is about prameya or the
objects of knowledge, and the text discusses the nature of knowledge in remaining books.[43]
Reality is truth (prāma, foundation of correct knowledge), and what is true

is so, irrespective of whether we know it is, or are aware of that truth.
– Akṣapada Gautama in Nyaya Sutra, Translated by Jeaneane D

Fowler[47]
Mimamsa Sutras – the foundational text of the Mimamsa school of Hinduism, authored by
Jaimini. It emphasizes the early part of the Vedas, i.e., rituals and religious works, as means to
salvation.[48] The school emphasized precision in the selection of words, construction of
sentences, developed rules for hermeneutics of language and any text, adopted and then
refined principles of logic from the Nyaya school, and developed extensive rules for
epistemology.[48] An atheistic school that supported external Vedic sacrifices and rituals, its
Mimamsa Sutra contains twelve chapters with nearly 2700 sutras.[48]
Dharma-sutras – of Āpastamba, Gautama, Baudhāyana, and Vāsiṣṭha
Artha-sutras – the Niti Sutras of Chanakya and Somadeva are treatises on governance, law,
economics, and politics. Versions of Chanakya Niti Sutras have been found in Sri Lanka and
Myanmar.[49] The more comprehensive work of Chanakya, the Arthashastra is itself composed
in many parts, in sutra style, with the first Sutra of the ancient book acknowledging that it is a
compilation of Artha-knowledge from previous scholars.[50]
Kama Sutra – an ancient Indian Sanskrit text on sexual and emotional fulfillment in life
Moksha-sutras
Shiva Sutras – fourteen verses that organize the phonemes of Sanskrit
Narada Bhakti Sutra – a venerated Hindu sutra, reportedly spoken by the famous sage Narada
Buddhism
In Buddhism, a sutta or sutra constitutes a segment of the canonical literature. These early
Buddhist sutras, unlike Hindu texts, are not aphoristic; rather, they tend to be quite lengthy. The
Buddhist term sutta or sutra likely derives from Sanskrit sūkta (su + ukta), meaning "well
spoken," reflecting the belief that "all that was spoken by the Lord Buddha was well-spoken".[8]
They embody the essence of sermons conveying "well-spoken" wisdom, akin to the Jain sutras.
In Chinese, these are known as 經 (pinyin: jīng). These teachings are organized as part of the
Tripiṭaka, specifically referred to as the Sutta Pitaka. Numerous significant or influential
Mahayana texts, such as the Platform Sutra and the Lotus Sutra, are termed sutras despite being
attributed to much later authors.
In Theravada Buddhism, suttas constitute the second "basket" (pitaka) of the Pāli Canon. Rewata
Dhamma and Bhikkhu Bodhi describe the Sutta Pitaka as:
The Sutta Pitaka, the second collection, brings together the Buddha's discourses spoken
by him on various occasions during his active ministry of forty-five years.[51]
Jainism
In the Jain tradition, sutras are an important genre of "fixed text", which used to be memorized.[52]
The Kalpa Sūtra is, for example, a Jain text that includes monastic rules,[53] as well as biographies
of the Jain Tirthankaras.[54] Many sutras discuss all aspects of ascetic and lay life in Jainism.
Various ancient sutras particularly from the early 1st millennium CE, for example, recommend
devotional bhakti as an essential Jain practice.[9]
The surviving scriptures of Jaina tradition, such as the Acaranga Sutra (Agamas), exist in sutra
format,[10] as is the Tattvartha Sutra, a Sanskrit text accepted by all four Jainism sects as the most
authoritative philosophical text that completely summarizes the foundations of Jainism.[55][56]
See also
Ananda Sutram Sutra copying
Chinese Buddhist canon Sutram
List of suttas Tibetan Buddhist canon
Sastra
Notes and references

1. Monier Williams, Sanskrit English Dictionary, Oxford University Press, Entry for sutra (http://ww
w.ibiblio.org/sripedia/ebooks/mw/1200/mw__1274.html), page 1241

2. M Winternitz (2010 Reprint), A History of Indian Literature, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass,
ISBN 978-81-208-0264-3, pages 249
3. Gavin Flood (1996), An Introduction to Hinduism, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-
521-43878-0, pages 54–55
4. Max Muller, History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature (https://archive.org/stream/historyofancient00
mluoft#page/108/mode/2up), Oxford University Press, pages 108–113
5. M Winternitz (2010 Reprint), A History of Indian Literature, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass,
ISBN 978-81-208-0264-3, pages 251–253
mluoft#page/74/mode/2up), Oxford University Press, page 74
7. White, David Gordon (2014). The Yoga Sutra of Patanjali: A Biography. Princeton University
Press. pp. 194–195. ISBN 978-0-691-14377-4.
8. K. R. Norman (1997), A philological approach to Buddhism: the Bukkyo Dendo Kyokai Lectures
1994. (Buddhist Forum, Vol. v.)London: School of Oriental and African Studies,p. 104
9. M. Whitney Kelting (2001). Singing to the Jinas: Jain Laywomen, Mandal Singing, and the
Negotiations of Jain Devotion (https://books.google.com/books?id=elcn1IEJ3CEC). Oxford
University Press. pp. 111–112. ISBN 978-0-19-803211-3.
10. Padmanabh S. Jaini (1991). Gender and Salvation: Jaina Debates on the Spiritual Liberation of
Women (https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_GRA-uoUFz3MC). University of California Press.
p. 32 (https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_GRA-uoUFz3MC/page/n62). ISBN 978-0-520-06820-
9.
12. MacGregor, Geddes (1989). Dictionary of Religion and Philosophy (https://archive.org/details/di
ctionaryofreli00macg) (1st ed.). New York: Paragon House. ISBN 1-55778-019-6.
13. suci (http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?script=HK&beginning=0+&tinput=+suci&trans=Transla
te&direction=AU) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170109073543/http://spokensanskri
t.de/index.php?script=HK&beginning=0+&tinput=+suci&trans=Translate&direction=AU) 2017-
01-09 at the Wayback Machine Sanskrit English Dictionary, Koeln University, Germany
mluoft#page/110/mode/2up), Oxford University Press, page 110–111
15. Irving L. Finkel (2007). Ancient Board Games in Perspective: Papers from the 1990 British
Museum Colloquium, with Additional Contributions (https://books.google.com/books?id=B20NA
QAAMAAJ). British Museum Press. p. 203. ISBN 978-0-7141-1153-7.
16. Kale Pramod (1974). The Theatric Universe: (a Study of the Natyasastra) (https://books.googl
e.com/books?id=yRdNBKIHnjkC). Popular. p. 8. ISBN 978-81-7154-118-8.
17. Lewis Rowell (2015). Music and Musical Thought in Early India (https://books.google.com/book
s?id=h5_UCgAAQBAJ). University of Chicago Press. p. 135. ISBN 978-0-226-73034-9.
18. व्याख्या (http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?beginning=0+&tinput=vyakhya&trans=Translate)
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20170202000902/http://spokensanskrit.de/index.php?be
ginning=0+&tinput=vyakhya&trans=Translate) 2017-02-02 at the Wayback Machine, Sanskrit-
English Dictionary, Koeln University, Germany
21. Paul Deussen, The System of the Vedanta: According to Badarayana's Brahma Sutras and
Shankara's Commentary thereon, Translator: Charles Johnston, ISBN 978-1-5191-1778-6,
page 26
22. Tubb, Gary A.; Emery B. Boose. "Scholastic Sanskrit, A Manual for Students". Indo-Iranian
Journal. 51: 45–46. doi:10.1007/s10783-008-9085-y (https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10783-008-9
085-y). S2CID 162343189 (https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162343189).
mluoft#page/40/mode/2up), Oxford University Press, pages 40–45, 71–77
25. Arvind Sharma (2000), Classical Hindu Thought: An Introduction, Oxford University Press,
ISBN 978-0-19-564441-8, page 206
mluoft#page/146/mode/2up), Oxford University Press, pages 147
32. Radhakrishna, Sarvepalli (1960). Brahma Sutra, The Philosophy of Spiritual Life (https://archiv
e.org/stream/Sarvepalli.Radhakrishnan-Brahma.Sutra-The.Philosophy.of.Spiritual.Life/Radhakr
ishnan-Brahma.Sutra-The.Philosophy.of.Spiritual.Life#page/n225/mode/2up). pp. 227–232.
George Adams (1993), The Structure and Meaning of Bādarāyaṇa's Brahma Sūtras, Motilal
Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-0931-4, page 38
33. Original Sanskrit: Brahma sutra Bhasya (https://archive.org/stream/BrahmaSutraBhashyaByA
diShankaracharyasanskrit.pdf/Brahma.Sutra.Bhashya.By.Adi.Shankaracharya.Sanskrit#page/n
0/mode/2up) Adi Shankara, Archive 2 (http://sanskritdocuments.org/doc_z_misc_major_works/
brahma_suutra.pdf)
34. NV Isaeva (1992), Shankara and Indian Philosophy, State University of New York Press,
ISBN 978-0-7914-1281-7, page 35 with footnote 30
35. James Lochtefeld, Brahman, The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Vol. 1: A–M, Rosen
Publishing, ISBN 978-0-8239-3179-8, page 124
36. Wujastyk, Dominik (2011), The Path to Liberation through Yogic Mindfulness in Early Ayurveda.
In: David Gordon White (ed.), "Yoga in practice", Princeton University Press, p. 33
37. White, David Gordon (2014). The Yoga Sutra of Patanjali: A Biography. Princeton University
Press. p. xvi. ISBN 978-0-691-14377-4.
38. Samkhya Pravachana Sutra (https://archive.org/stream/thesamkhyaphilos00sinhuoft#page/n7/
mode/2up) NL Sinha, The Samkhya Philosophy, page i
39. Kapila (James Robert Ballantyne, Translator, 1865), The Sāmkhya aphorisms of Kapila (https://
books.google.com/books?id=mOY9AAAAcAAJ) at Google Books, pages 156–157
40. Max Muller et al. (1999 Reprint), Studies in Buddhism, Asian Educational Services, ISBN 81-
206-1226-4, page 10 with footnote
41. Klaus K. Klostermaier (2010), A Survey of Hinduism, Third Edition, State University of New
York Press, ISBN 978-0-7914-7082-4, pages 334–335
42. Jeaneane Fowler (2002), Perspectives of Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of
Hinduism, Sussex Academic Press, ISBN 978-1-898723-94-3, pages 98–107
Hinduism, Sussex Academic Press, ISBN 978-1-898723-94-3, page 129
44. B. K. Matilal "Perception. An Essay on Classical Indian Theories of Knowledge" (Oxford

University Press, 1986), p. xiv.
45. Ganganatha Jha (1999 Reprint), Nyaya Sutras of Gautama (4 vols.), Motilal Banarsidass,
ISBN 978-81-208-1264-2
46. SC Vidyabhushan and NL Sinha (1990), The Nyâya Sûtras of Gotama, Motilal Banarsidass,
ISBN 978-81-208-0748-8
Hinduism, Sussex Academic Press, ISBN 978-1-898723-94-3, page 130
Hinduism, Sussex Academic Press, ISBN 978-1-898723-94-3, pages 67–86
49. SC Banerji (1989), A Companion to Sanskrit Literature, Motilal Banarsidass, ISBN 978-81-208-
0063-2, pages 586–587
50. Thomas Trautman (2012), Arthashastra: The Science of Wealth, Penguin, ISBN 978-0-670-
08527-9, pages 16–17, 61, 64, 75
51. Dhamma, U Rewata; Bodhi, Bhikkhu (2000). A Comprehensive Manual of Abhidhamma.
Buddhist Publication Society. pp. 1–2. ISBN 1-928706-02-9.
52. M. Whitney Kelting (2001). Singing to the Jinas: Jain Laywomen, Mandal Singing, and the
Negotiations of Jain Devotion (https://books.google.com/books?id=elcn1IEJ3CEC). Oxford
University Press. pp. 84–85. ISBN 978-0-19-803211-3.
53. John Cort (2010). Framing the Jina: Narratives of Icons and Idols in Jain History (https://books.
google.com/books?id=MDBpq23-0QoC). Oxford University Press. pp. 138–139. ISBN 978-0-
19-973957-8.
54. Jacobi, Hermann (1884). Max Müller (ed.). Kalpa Sutra, Jain Sutras Part I. Oxford University
Press.
55. K. V. Mardia (1990). The Scientific Foundations of Jainism (https://books.google.com/books?id
=T_VCbRgKKNYC). Motilal Banarsidass. p. 103. ISBN 978-81-208-0658-0. "Quote: Thus,
there is a vast literature available but it seems that Tattvartha Sutra of Umasvati can be
regarded as the main philosophical text of the religion and is recognized as authoritative by all
Jains." "
56. Jaini, Padmanabh S. (1998). The Jaina path of purification (https://books.google.com/books?id
=wE6v6ahxHi8C&pg=PA113). Motilal Banarsidass. p. 82. ISBN 81-208-1578-5.
Further reading
Arthur Anthony Macdonell (1900). "The sūtras" (https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/A_History_of_Sa
nskrit_Literature/Chapter_9). A History of Sanskrit Literature. New York: D. Appleton and
company.
Monier-Williams, Monier. (1899) A Sanskrit-English Dictionary. Delhi:Motilal Banarsidass.
p. 1241
Tubb, Gary A.; Boose, Emery R. (2007). Scholastic Sanskrit: A Handbook for Students. New
York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-9753734-7-7.
External links
SuttaCentral (https://suttacentral.net/) Public domain translations in multiple languages of
suttas from the Pali Tipitaka and other collections.
Buddhist Scriptures in Multiple Languages (https://web.archive.org/web/20180324130422/htt
p://www.fodian.net/world/)
More Mahayana Sutras (https://web.archive.org/web/20061013103603/http://web.singnet.com.
sg/~alankhoo/Buddhism.htm#Sutras)
The Hindu Vedas, Upanishads, Puranas, and Vedanta (http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/index.

htm) Sacred-texts.com
A Modern sutra (http://www.ece.lsu.edu/kak/sutra.pdf)
Digital Sanskrit Buddhist Canon (https://web.archive.org/web/20080511222056/http://www.uwe
st.edu/sanskritcanon/index.html)
Ida B. Wells Memorial Sutra Library (http://www.buddhistinformation.com/ida_b_wells_memoria
l_sutra_library/) (Pali Suttas)
Chinese and English Buddhist Sutras (http://thecompassionnetwork.org/tripitaka-lists/)
Polity Sutra (https://politysutra.com/)
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5/14/24, 12:18 PM Sutra - Wikipedia

In Hinduism, sutras are a distinct type of

In the context of literature, sūtra means a distilled collection

Atharvaveda Kusika Sutra (§)

— Max Muller, History of Ancient Sanskrit Literature[6]

Sutra, without commentary:

is expressed by means of the sixth case. (Sutra 3, Book 6)

With Vijnanabhiksu's commentary bhasya filled in:

Reality is truth (prāma, foundation of correct knowledge), and what is true

– Akṣapada Gautama in Nyaya Sutra, Translated by Jeaneane D

Notes and references

w.ibiblio.org/sripedia/ebooks/mw/1200/mw__1274.html), page 1241

44. B. K. Matilal "Perception. An Essay on Classical Indian Theories of Knowledge" (Oxford

The Hindu Vedas, Upanishads, Puranas, and Vedanta (http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/index.

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