Competency: Predict phenotypic expressions of traits following simple patterns of
inheritance. (S8LT-IVf-18) Objectives: At the end of this Self-Learning Kit, you are expected to:
a. differentiate genotypes and phenotypes;
b. predict the phenotypic expressions of individuals; and c. explain the importance of Punnett square.
Topic: Mendelian Patterns of Inheritance
Textbook: Science 8 Learner’s Module, Pia C. Campo et al. pp. 329 - 340 Materials: paper, pencil, ball pen, books Copyright: DepEd, Division of Talisay City Total Points: 55 Dates: June 1 – 4, 2021
II. Content Map
1 III. Content Notes
Phenotype refers to the observable characteristics of an organism as a
multifunctional consequence of genetic traits and environmental influences. The organism phenotype includes its morphological, biochemical, physiological, and behavioral properties. The phenotype, therefore, is the total characteristics displayed by an organism that results from the expression of the genes of an organism as well as the influence of environmental factors and random variation. The interaction between these factors has often been represented by the following relationship: genotype + environment + random variation = phenotype. The phenotype of an organism will not only entail the observable features such as morphology but it will also include molecules and structures such as RNA and proteins produced as coded by the genes; this is referred to as “molecular phenotype”.
The diagram (Punnett square) shows the relationship between phenotype
and genotype. The petal color character of the pea plants is represented by B and b genes. B gene is the dominant trait and manifests as a purple-petalled flower. b gene is the recessive trait. A test cross between two plants that are heterozygous (Bb) for the purple petal color trait will produce 3 offspring with the purple-trait (BB and Bb) and 1 offspring with the white-flower trait (bb). In this example, the phenotypic ratio is 3:1.
Trait vs. Phenotype
A trait is an attribute of the organism phenotype. Thus, in genetics, the trait is also referred to as the phenotypic trait, to distinguish one trait from another within the more-inclusive term, phenotype. The phenotype of an organism is comprised of different traits. The traits may be inherited (genetically determined), acquired due to environmental influences, or result from the interaction of the two. For instance, the hair color is a character in which the traits could be black, blonde, ginger, or brunette.
Phenotype vs. Genotype
In genetics, genotype and phenotype are common terms used to explicate the appearance, function, and behavior of an organism. A genotype is
2 defined as the set of genes that when expressed determines the characteristic or the trait of an organism. In simpler words, the genotype is the genetic contribution to the phenotype. The genes make up the sequences of DNA. In humans, and other organisms, they occur in pairs-one coming from the male parent and the other from the female parent. The pairs of genes occupying the same loci on the chromosomes and controlling the same trait are called allelles. A pair of genes (or a pair of allelles) for a particular trait is comprised of two, one dominant and the other, recessive. The dominant allele will be expressed as a trait whereas the recessive allele will not be expressed. Annotating the dominant allele with A and the recessive allele with a, there could be three possible genotypes: (1) AA, the homozygous dominant allele, (2) Aa, the heterozygous dominant, and (3) aa, the homozygous recessive. The dominant allele (A) will be expressed and become a part of the phenotype of the organism whereas the effect of the recessive allele (a) will be masked. When a trait follows Mendelian inheritance, the A will manifest as a trait whereas a will not.
The Punnett square is a square diagram that is
used to predict the genotypes of a particular cross or breeding experiment. It is named after Reginald C. Punnett, who devised the approach in 1905. The diagram is used by biologists to determine the probability of an offspring having a particular genotype. The Punnett square is a tabular summay of possible combinations of maternal allelles with paternal allelles. The Punnett square is a visual representation of Mendelian inheritance. In this example, a Punnett square showing a typical test cross, (green color is dominant over yellow for pea pods. The chance of having a green dominant color pea pod is 50% and having a yellow recessive color pea pod is 50%.
Steps through a Punnett Square
1. Determine the genotypes of the parent organisms.
2.Write down your “cross” (mating). Write the genotypes of the parents in the form of letters (ex: Tt x tt).
3. Draw a p-square.
4. “Split” the letters of the genotype for each parent and put them “outside” the p-square.
3 5. Determine the possible genotypes of the offspring by filling in the p- square.
a. Filling in the top-left box: b. Filling in the bottom-left box:
c. Filling in the top-right box: d. Filling in the bottom-right box:
6. Summarize the results (genotypes & phenotypes of offspring).
So our summary would be something like this: Parent Pea Plants Offspring (“P” Generation) (“F1” Generation)
Genotypes: Phenotypes: Genotypes: Phenotypes:
Tt x tt tall x short 50 % (2/4) Tt 50% tall
50% (2/4) tt 50 % short
4 Genetics is the science of the way traits are passed from parent to offspring. For all forms of life, continuity of the species depends upon the genetic code being passed from parent to offspring. Evolution by natural selection is dependent on traits being heritable. A gene is made up of short sections of DNA that are contained on a chromosome within the nucleus of a cell. It is a unit of heredity, the functional units of chromosomes that determine specific characteristics by coding for specific proteins. Genes control the development and function of all organs and all working systems in the body. A gene has a certain influence on how the cell works; the same gene in many different cells determines a certain physical or biochemical feature of the whole body (e.g., eye color or reproductive functions). All human cells hold approximately 21,000 different genes.
IV. Activities General Instructions: Write your answers on the answer sheet at the last page. Activity 1. You can also use another sheet of paper. 1. A preson with a genotype AA is. A. haploid C. homozygous dominant B. heterozygous D. homozygous recessive 2. Phenotype refers to the ______________ of an individual. A. actual physical appearance C. recessive allelles B. genetic make up D. unit of heredity 3. Section of DNA thaat codes for a protein called? A. allelle C. chromosome B. gene D. plasmid 4. Scientist call an organism that has two different allelles for a trait a ______. A. factor B. hybrid C. purebred D. trait 5. What does the notation TT mean to geneticists? A. two recessive allelles B. two dominant allelles C. at least one dominant allelle D. one dominant and one recessive allelle 6. What does the notation Tt mean to geneticists? A. two recessive allelles B. two dominant allelles C. at least one recessive allelle D. one dominant allelle and one recessive allelle 7. What is probability? A. the actual results from a series of events B. the number of times a coin lands heads up C. the likelihood that a particular event will occur D. the way the results of one event affect the next event 8. What does a Punnett square show? A. all the possible outcomes of a genetic cross B. only the dominant allelles in a genetic cross C. only the recessive allelles in a genetic cross D. all of Mendel’s discoveries about genetic crosses
5 9. If a homozygous black guinea pig (BB) is crossed with a homozygous white guinea pig (bb), what is the probability that an offspring will have a black fur? A. 25 percent B. 50 percent C. 75 percent D. 100 percent 10. An organism’s genotype is its ______________. A. stem height C. genetic make up B. feather color D. physical appearance
Activity 2. 1. For each of the following write whether it is homozygous dominant, heterozygous or homozygous recessive.
In dogs, the gene for fur color has two alleles. The dominant allele (F) codes for grey fur and the recessive allele (f) codes for black fur.
2. The female dog is heterozygous. The male dog is homozygous recessive.
Figure out the percentage or ratio of possible phenotypes and genotypes of their puppies by using a Punnett Square.
% of possible genotypes: _________ _________
FF: _______ Ff: _______ ________ Ff: _______ % of possible phenotypes: Black fur: ___________ ________ Grey fur: ____________
3. The female dog has black fur. The male dog has black fur. Figure out the phenotypes and genotypes of their possible puppies by using a Punnett Square.
% of possible genotypes: _________ _________
FF: _______ Ff: _______ ________ Ff: _______ % of possible phenotypes: Black fur: ___________ ________ Grey fur: ____________
6 4. The female dog is heterozygous. The male dog is heterozygous. Figure out the phenotypes and genotypes of their possible puppies by using a Punnett Square.
% of possible genotypes: _________ _________
FF: _______ Ff: _______ ________ Ff: _______ % of possible phenotypes: Black fur: ___________ ________ Grey fur: ____________
V. Evaluation
Directions: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write the letter of the correct answer on the answer sheet at the last page. 1. Two true breeding parents are crossed similar to Mendel’s P generation. A tall plant is crossed with a short plant. What is the expected outcome for the F1 generation? A. all tall C. all medium height B. all short D. half tall, half short` 2. If the cross from number 1 is continued, what would be the expected outcome in the F2 generation? A. all tall C. 3 tall, 1 short B. all short D. half tall, half short 3. If a plant that has round seeds has a parent that has wrinkled seeds, what is its genotype? (Assume that round is dominant.) A. RR B. Rr C. rr D. RrWw 4. If you crossed two heterozygous plants, how many of the offspring will also be heterozygous? A. all C. ¾ B. half D. ¼ 5. The principle states that alleles separate during gamete formation: A. Principle of segregation B. Principle of multiple alleles C. Principle of independent assortment D. Principle of dominance and recessiveness 6. A plant that has purple flowers is crossed with one that has white flowers. The offspring were half white and half purple. What were the genotypes of the parents? A. Pp x pp C. PP x pp B. Pp x Pp D. PP x Ww 7. Phenotype refers to an organism’s A. genetic code C. parents B. physical appearance D. ratio
7 8. In each case where Mendel crossed true breeding plants as parents, the offspring displayed only one of the two traits seen in the parents. This observation supports which principle of genetics? A. Allele frequency C. Independent assortment B. Dominance and recessiveness D. Segregation 9. The passing of trait from one parent to offspring A. genetics C. heredity B. hybrid D. probability 10. Who was the father of genetics? A. C. Jenkins C. Gregor Mendel B. Isaac Newton D. Sagan 11. It is the genetic makeup of an organism? A. genotype C. phenotype B. heterozygous D. homozygous 12. Having two of the same genes for the trait (sometimes called purebred) is called ___________. A. chromosome C. homozygous B. heterozygous D. protein 13. Having two different genes for a trait (sometimes called hybrid) is called _____________. A. chromosomes C. homozygous B. heterozygous D. protein 14. A chart used to determine the offspring of a genetic cross is called a _________. A. cross chart C. genetic square B. periodic table D. punnett Square 15. What does “genotype refer to? A. The type of gene in question B. The physical expression of genes C. The chromosomes of an organism D. The genetic make-up of an organism
VI. Additional Readings
Understanding Mendel’s Laws: Underline the correct word/words
to complete the text. At fertilization, the union of the sperm cell and the egg cell results in a (zygote/gamete) that contains “unit factors”. These unit factors are later referred to as (DNAs/genes). A variant of a gene controlling the same trait is called a (chromosome/allele). The variants of a gene for a trait may exist in pairs. By the time that the offspring is capable of producing its own sex cells (or gametes), the members of these paired unit factors will (segregate, join) and then assort (independently/dependently) into the newly formed gametes. These events occur during (mitosis/meiosis). Each gamete will contain only one member of every paired unit factors.
8 VII. Answer key
B 8. 10. C B 5. 15. D B 7. 9. D B 4. 14. D A 6. meiosis 6. 8. A B 3. 13. B A 5. independently 5. 7. C A 2. 12. C B 4. segregate 4. 6. D C 1. 11. A B 3. allele 3. Activity 1 10. C C 2. genes 2. 9. A A 1. zygote 1. Evaluation Additional Readings
VIII. References
Campo,P. et al.,Science 8 Learner’s Module (Pasig City: 2013).
