TO YOUR PROGRAMMING

ENGLISH CLASS!
Programming is the process of
WHAT IS giving a set of instructions to a
PROGRAMMING computer to make it able to
? perform a particular task.

HOW CAN I LEARN ENGLISH PROGRAMMING?

Here are a few tips for programmers who want to improve their
written English.
1. Don't let your fears hold you back...
2. Start small...
3. Keep your sentences short...
4. Read a lot, but not just anything...
5. Ask a native speaker or English teacher to edit your work...
6. Rise above the plateau...
7. Ask for corrections in real-time...
8. Recommended reading.
9. Use your free time to read more in English
10. Take advantage of your English classes and teacher!
https://betterprogramming.pub/writing-tips-for-programmers-who-are-still-learning-english-6ea49a1807d

WATCH THIS FUNNY VIDEO TO LEARN THE PARTS OF COMPUTERS AND

MORE BASIC VOCABULARY:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i1vkpfsU9ok
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 In this first section of your
Booklet, we will cover some of
the most common words and
phrases used in programming.
Take time to read the
definitions and ask your
teacher for any questions
about new words.
Good luck!

Top Programming Terms and Definitions

As it is the case for any skill, it is essential to learn the basic terms used in that
domain before going full-fledged into practice mode. Knowing terms help you
understand your domain better and faster. If you are learning to code or new to
computer science, we bring a few important computer science and programming
terms to you that can act as your learning 101 guide. We have also added relevant
links for every definition so that you can learn more if you want to dig deeper.

1. Algorithm
An algorithm is a set of instructions or rules designed to solve a definite
problem. The problem can be simple like adding two numbers or a
complex one, such as converting a video file from one format to another.
Learn more about algorithms here

2. Program
A computer program is termed as an organized collection of instructions,
which when executed perform a specific task or function. A program is
processed by the central processing unit (CPU) of the computer before it
is executed. An example of a program is Microsoft Word, which is a word
processing application that enables users to create and edit documents.
The browsers that we use are also programs created to help us browse the
internet.
Learn more about programs here
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 3. API
Application Programming Interface (API) is a set of rules, routines, and
protocols to build software applications. APIs help in communication with
third party programs or services, which can be used to build different
software. Companies such as Facebook and Twitter actively use APIs to help
developers gain easier access to their services.
Learn more about APIs here

4. Argument
Argument or arg is a value that is passed into a command or a function. For
example, if SQR is a routine or function that returns the square of a number,
then SQR(4) will return 16. Here, the value 4 is the argument. Similarly, if
the edit is a function that edits a file, then in edit myfile.txt, ‘myfile.txt’ is the
argument.
Learn more about arguments here

5. ASCII
American Standard Code for Information Interexchange (ASCII) is a standard
that assigns letters, numbers and other characters different slots, available in
the 8-bit code. The total number of slots available is 256. The ASCII decimal
number is derived from binary, which is assigned to each letter, number, and
character. For example, the ‘$’ sign is assigned ASCII decimal number 036,
while the lowercase ‘a’ character is assigned 097.
Learn more about ASCII here

6. Boolean
A Boolean expression or Boolean logic is an expression used for creating
statements that are either TRUE or FALSE. Boolean expressions use AND,
OR, XOR, NOT and NOR operators with conditional statements in
programming, search engines, algorithms, and formulas. Boolean expressions
are also called comparison expressions, conditional expressions, and
relational expressions.
Learn more about Boolean here 3
 7. Bug
A bug is a general term used to denote an unexpected error or defect in
hardware or software, which causes it to malfunction. Even though bugs are
often considered to be insignificant computer glitches, there have been
instances where bugs have caused life-threatening conditions and led to
major financial losses. This makes it imperative to invest in the process of
finding bugs before programs are rolled out for their application. This
process is known as testing.
Learn more about bugs here

8. Char
Character (char) is a display unit of information equal to one alphabetic letter
or symbol. The value of a char variable could be any one character value,
such as ‘a’, ‘1’, ‘$’ and ‘X’. This definition of character relies on the general
definition of a character as a sole unit of written language. However, char as
an abbreviation is a reserved keyword in languages such as C, C++, C#, and
Java.
Learn more about char here

9. Objects
An object is a combination of related variables, constants and other data
structures which can be selected and manipulated together. An object can
include shapes that appear on a screen or the age of students in a school.
Learn more about objects here

10. Object-Oriented Programming

Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a model defined by programmers
that revolve around objects and data rather than ‘actions’ and ‘logic’. In
OOP, not only the data type of a data structure is defined, but also the types
of functions that can be applied to it. Through this, the data structure
becomes an object that consists of both data and functions. Languages that
use OOP concepts are Java, Python, C++, and Ruby.
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Learn more about object-oriented programming here
 11. Class
In Object-Oriented programming, a class refers to a set of related objects with
common properties. Classes and the ability to create new classes render OOP a
powerful and flexible programming model. For example, there might be a class
called shapes which contains objects which are triangles, pentagons, square and
circle.

Learn more about classes here

12. Code
Code or source code is a term used to describe a written set of instructions,
written using the protocols of a particular language, such as Java, C or Python.
The code can also be used informally to describe text written in a specific
language. There are instances where references to the code are made for
different languages, such as ‘PHP Code’, ‘HTML Code’, ‘Java Code’ or ‘CSS
Code’.

Learn more about code here

13. Command-line interface

The command-line interface is a user interface based on the text. The UI is
used to view and manage computer files. Command-line interfaces are also
called command-line user interfaces, console user interfaces and character user
interfaces. During the early 1960s and through the 1970s and 1980s, the
command line interface was the primary means of interaction with most
computers on terminals.

Learn more about the command-line interface here

14. Compilation
The process of creating an executable program through code written in a
compiled programming language is called compilation. Through compiling, the
computer can understand and run the program without using the programming
software used to create it. A compiler is a program that translates computer
programs written using letters, numbers, and characters into a machine
language program. An example of a compiler in C++.
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Learn more about compile and compilers here
 Let’s divide this new HOMEWORK:
vocabulary by sections, and https://dictionary.cambrid
now enjoy a few useful videos ge.org/dictionary/english/
together! programming

https://www.youtube.com/wa
tch?v=rXiJ3d8JB_Q
(watch from minute 3:40)
You can use subtitles!

Take notes from the video and then explain what you
understood to your teacher:

6
Let’s watch this video
together in parts. You
may use subtitles in
English and your
teacher will stop it
once a while for you to
ask any questions,
practice pronunciation
and explain briefly
what you have
understood. The best
of luck!

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pOwnBPaW5zE

ONLINE ACTIVITY TO
WORK ON: LISTENING
https://www.english4it.com/module/cor
e/unit/24/reading ACTIVITIES
This link will take you to a complete audio from Oxford about “Basic English
for Computing”.
Your teacher will play different extracts and you’ll talk about what you listen
to. Take the notes you need and write all the necessary vocabulary. Make sure
you remember some of the conversations and them roleplay them with your
teacher. Good luck!!
https://www.google.com/search?client=firefox-b-
d&q=COMPUTING+ENGLISH#fpstate=ive&vld=cid:f7bdc5b4,vid:VjIA-u4M5gg

7
 15. Conditionals
Conditionals, conditional statements, and conditional expressions are features of
programming language, which help the code make a choice and result in either
TRUE or FALSE. These perform different actions depending on the need of the
programmer, and multiple conditions can be combined into a single condition, as
long as the final value of the condition is either TRUE or FALSE. Examples of
conditional statements are ‘IF’, ‘IF-Else’, ‘While’ and ‘Else-If’.

Learn more about conditionals here

16. Constants
A constant (also known as Const) is a term used to describe a value that does not
change throughout the execution of the program, unlike a variable. Constant
cannot be altered and will remain fixed, and a constant can be a number,
character, and string.

Learn more about constants here

17. Data types

A data type is the classification of a particular type of data. We as humans can
understand the difference between a name and a number, but the computer
cannot. The computer uses special internal codes to distinguish between different
types of data it receives and processes. The most common data types include
integer type which are numbers, a floating-point number data type which are
decimal based numbers, Boolean values which are TRUE or FALSE and
character data type which is alphabets.

Learn more about data types here

18. Array
Arrays are lists or groups of similar types of data values that are grouped. All
values in the array are of the same data type and are only differentiated by their
position in the array. For example, the age of all students in a class can be an
array as they will all be numbers. Similarly, the name of every student in a class
will be an array as they will all be of the character data type.

Learn more about arrays here

8
 19. Declaration
A statement that describes a variable, function or any other identifier is called a
declaration. A declaration helps the compiler or interpreter identify the word and
understand its meaning, and how the process should be continued. Even though
they are important, they are optional and may be used depending on the nature of
the programming language.

Learn more about declaration here

20. Exception
A special, unexpected and anomalous condition encountered during the
execution of a program is known as an exception. It can also be termed as an
error or a condition that alters the way of the program or the microprocessor to a
different path. An example of an exception can be the case when a program tries
to load a file from the disk, but the file does not exist. The exceptions must be
handled and eradicated in the program code to avoid any fatal error.

Learn more about exceptions here

21. Expression
An expression is a legal grouping of letters, symbols, and numbers being used to
represent the value of one or more variables. Expressions are highly used in a
number of programming languages and many other programs, with each having
its own set of legal and illegal expressions. Every expression contains one or
more operands (objects being manipulated) and operators (symbols representing
actions). For example, in the expression A+B-C, A, B and C are operands while
+ and – are operators.

Learn more about expressions here

22. Framework
Framework in programming is a foundation with a specified level of complexity
that may be altered by the programmer, making use of their code. A framework
might include different software libraries, APIs, compilers and much more. In
simpler terms, a framework provides a favorable environment for a certain type
and level of programming for a project. A framework allows the developers to
bypass the general necessities and focus on more project-related specifics.
9
Learn more about frameworks here
 23. Hardcode
In computer programming, the term hard code or hardcode is used to describe
code that is not likely to change. Hardcoded features are built into hardware or
software in such a way so that they cannot be modified later on. For example, if
font size 10 is hardcoded in the software, then it might not change for a long time.

Learn more about hard code here

24. Loop
A loop is a sequence of instructions that repeat the same process over and over
until a condition is met and it receives the order to stop. In a loop, the program
asks a question, and if the answer directs the program to perform an action, the
action is performed, and the loop runs again, performing the same task. It runs
until the answer is such that no action is required and the code can proceed
further. Loops are considered one of the most basic and powerful concepts in
programming.

Learn more about loops here

25. Endless loop

An endless loop or infinite loop is a continuous repetition of a program snippet,
which is everlasting. This occurs majorly due to conditional operators and
functions which redirect the code back to the snippet, making it endless.

Learn more about endless loops here

26. Iteration
Iteration is a single pass through a set of operations that deal with code. One form
of iteration in computer programming is via loops. A loop will repeat a certain
segment of code until a condition is met and it can proceed further. Each time the
computer runs a loop, it is known as an iteration. In simple terms, iteration is the
process to repeat a particular snippet of code over and over again to perform a
certain action.

Learn more about iteration here

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 27. Keywords
Words that are reserved by a programming language or a program as they
have special meaning are known as keywords. These keywords are reserved
to perform certain tasks, and they can be either commands or parameters.
Each programming language has a set of reserved keywords (also known as
reserved names) which cannot be used as variable names. Some keywords in
‘C’ language are ‘return’, ‘while’, ‘if’, ‘static’, ‘continue’ and ‘default’.
Learn more about keywords here

28. Null
Null defines the lack of any value whatsoever. A null character is a
programming code, which represents a character with no value, missing value
or the end of a character string. If we state $val1= ”” and $val2= “1”, $val1
has a null value.
Learn more about null here

29. Operand
An operand is a term used to denote the objects which can be manipulated
using different operators. In the expression ‘A+F+Q’, ‘A’, ‘F’ and ‘Q’ are
operands.
Learn more about operands here

30. Operator
An operator is a term used to denote the object which can manipulate
different operands. In the expression ‘A+F-Q’, ‘+’ and ‘-‘are operators.
Examples of different operators are + (addition), -- (decrement), = (equals),
!= (not equal) and >= (greater than or equal to).
Learn more about operators here

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Let’s read this interesting article together and work throughout its vocabulary.
As it is quite long, you may leave parts of it as homework or continue on
different classes. Let’s perfect your English skills!

https://www.wired.com/story/coding-is-for-everyoneas-long-as-you-speak-english/

HOMEWORK VIDEO:
Watch this really interested video at home
and practice the pronunciation and
meaning of all the words presented. Ask
your teacher if you have any questions
about them and try to use all the new
vocabulary in context.

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ONLINE WORKSHEETS TO CONTINUE PRACTISING!

HOMEWORK
1. https://www.liveworksheets.com/nd3170406ih
2. https://www.liveworksheets.com/oy3050512de
3. https://www.liveworksheets.com/jo2558252fc
4. https://www.liveworksheets.com/dx1267719oc
5. https://www.liveworksheets.com/zu2399491mg
6. https://www.liveworksheets.com/bx2719295bb
7. https://www.liveworksheets.com/yv1620578sm
8. https://www.liveworksheets.com/sm3259192jx

LET’S WORK ON THESE WORKSHEETS TOGETHER

IN CLASS:
1. https://www.liveworksheets.com/fn2199505vi
2. https://www.liveworksheets.com/hl109284vh
3. https://www.liveworksheets.com/ty612306jt
4. https://www.liveworksheets.com/mn2648969dp

VERY COOL ARTICLES TO READ TOGETHER!

https://hackr.io/blog/programming-interview-questions
https://hackr.io/blog/how-to-learn-programming
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 31. Variable
A variable is a location that stores temporary data within a program which can be
modified, store and display whenever need. For example, if we have an integer
variable with a name XYZ and it stores a value 10. If the variable is again
initiated with a different value, it will store the new value. So if XYZ=9 is
implemented, the variable location of XYZ will discard the value 10 and store the
new value, which is 9.

Learn more about variables here

32. Pointer
In programming, a pointer is a variable that contains the address of a location in
the memory. The location is the commencing point of an object, such as an
element of the array or an integer. Using pointers improves the performance of the
program as it is cheaper in time and space to copy and dereference pointers than
to copy and access the data to which the pointer is referring.

Learn more about pointers here

33. High-level language

A high-level language (HLL) is a programming language that lets the developer
write programs irrespective of the nature or type of computer. But if a computer
has to understand a high-level language, it should be compiled into a machine
language. HLLs are considered high-level because they are in close proximity to
human languages and further from machine languages. High-level languages
include BASIC, C, C++, Pascal, Prolog, and FORTRAN.

Learn more about high-level languages here

34. Low-level language

A low-level language is a language that is very close to machine language and
provides a little abstraction of programming concepts. Low-level languages are
closer to the hardware than human languages. The most common examples of
low-level languages are assembly and machine code.

Learn more about low-level languages here

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 35. Machine language
Also known as machine code, machine language is a lowest-level programming
language consisting of binary digits or bits that are read by computers. Machine
language is the only language understood by computers. As it consists of only
numbers, they cannot be comprehended by humans. Therefore, programmers write
code in the high-level language, which is then translated into assembly language or
machine language by a compiler, which is then converted to a machine language by
an assembler.

Learn more about machine language here

36. Markup language

A markup language is a relatively simple language that consists of easily
understood keywords and tags, used to format the overall view of the page and its
contents. The language specifies codes for formatting the layout and style of a
page, within a text file only. The most common markup languages are Hypertext
Markup Language (HTML), Extensible Markup Language (XML) and Standard
Generalized Markup Language (SGML).

Learn more about markup languages here

37. Package
A package is an organized module of related interfaces and classes. Packages are
used to organize classes that belong to the same category or provide related
functionality.

Learn more about packages here

38. Runtime
Runtime or runtime is the time period during which a program is, in fact, running
on a computer. If an operation occurs at ‘runtime’, it occurred when a program is
running or the moment at which the program begins to run. Also known as
execution time, the runtime is part of the life cycle of the program, and it denotes
the time between when the program begins running and until it is closed by the OS
or the user.

Learn more about run time here

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 39. Backend
Backend is another term used for background in programming. A backend task is
the one that is performed in the background with the user’s direct interaction.
Similarly, a backend developer is a person who designs programs that process
data and perform tasks that users don’t directly see.

Learn more about backend here

40. Front-end
The Front-end is the user interface of a computer or any device. For example, any
operating system provides users with the ease of navigation. A program or OS is
considered good if the UI or Front-end is easy to use and seamless to navigate.
Front-end developers are the programmers who design and develop the user
interface of a device.

Learn more about Front-end here

41. Server-side
When procedures and processes are performed on the server, they are deemed
server-side. On the other hand, the client-side is at the end of the user. Many
programming languages are designed for server-side programmings such as PHP,
Perl, and ASP. With the internet boom, almost all websites make use of both
server-side and client-side processing. An excellent example of a server-side
script is a search engine.

Learn more about server-side here

42. Source data

Source data or data source is the key location from which data is used in the
program. The source data can come from a database, spreadsheet or even a hard-
coded data location. When a program is executed to display data in a table, the
program retrieves the data from its source and then presents it in the arrangement
as defined in the code.

Learn more about source data here

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 43. Statement
In programming, a statement is a single line of code written legally in a
programming language that expresses an action to be carried out. A
statement might have internal components of its own, including
expressions, operators and functions. An example of a statement is A = A +
5. A program is nothing but a sequence of one or multiple statements.
Learn more about statements here

44. Syntax
Similar to human languages, programming languages have their own set of
rules on how statements can be conveyed. The set of these rules is known
as syntax. While a number of programming languages share many features,
functions, and capabilities, they differ in syntax. Without the proper use of
the syntax, one cannot write an executable program, and a wrong syntax
will lead to a plethora of errors.
Learn more about syntax here

45. Token
A token is the smallest individual unit in a program, often referring to a
portion of a much larger data piece. For example, if a person’s name is
John Thomas Wood, it can be broken into tokens; ‘John’, ‘Thomas’ and
‘Wood’. The programmer can then go on to use only the portion or token
they wish to. Tokens are classified into keywords, identifiers, literals,
operators, and punctuators.
Learn more about tokens here

Summary
So there you have it. These are some of the top programming terms
that can help you get started in programming. Practice them often, use
them into context, and you’ll know them all in no time!

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GLOSSARY OF NEW WORDS

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GLOSSARY OF NEW WORDS

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GLOSSARY OF NEW WORDS

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