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One Shot | Full Syllabus Chemistry Class 12 | PYQs | WB JEE

WB JEE
Complete Chemistry
in
One Shot
Class 12
❖ 7+ years of Experience.
❖ Produced remarkable results in
JEE/NEET, Olympiads, NTSE.
❖ Taught and mentored 1 lakh+
students.
❖ IIT JAM, CSIR-NET, GATE Qualified.

Shilpi Kaushik
NIT Jalandhar
Solution
❖ RAOULT’S LAW
❏ For non-volatile solute in volatile solvent

psolution = p0solvent xsolvent


❏ For volatile liquids :
Ptotal = p1 + p2 = p01x1 +p02x2 = p01
+(p02- p01)x2
❏ Mole fraction of any component in vapour phase :

y1 = p1/ptotal
❖ TYPE OF SOLUTIONS
❏ Ideal solution : A—B interactions are of same
magnitude as A—A and B—B interactions,
❏ ΔVmix = 0 and ΔHmix = 0
Eg: n-hexane and n-heptane, bromoethane and
chloroethane
❏ Non-ideal solution : A—B interactions are of
different magnitude than A—A and B—B
interactions, ΔVmix ≠ 0 and ΔHmix ≠ 0
❏ (+)ve deviations : A—B interactions are weaker than A—A
and B—B interactions
● ΔHmix > 0, ΔVmix > 0, Pobs > Pcal
● Eg: acetone + ethanol
❏ (-)ve deviations : A—B interactions are stronger than A—A
and B—B interactions
● ΔHmix < 0, ΔVmix < O, Pobs < Pcal
● Eg: nitric acid + water, chloroform + acetone
❏ Azeotropes :
Constant boiling mixtures whose composition does not
change on distillation
❏ Minimum boiling azeotrope:
95% C2H5OH and 5% H2O by volume
❏ Maximum boiling azeotrope :
68% HNO3 and 32% H2O by mass
❖ COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES

❏ Relative lowering of vapour pressure

❏ Elevation in boiling point : ΔTb = Tb - T0b = Kbm

Where,

❏ Depression in freezing point : ΔTf = T0f - Tf = Kfm

where,
❏ Osmotic pressure :

❏ Osmotic pressure method is widely used to determine

molar mass of proteins, polymers.

❏ Isotonic solution have same osmotic pressure.


❖ Van’t Hoff FACTOR AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE

❏ For normal solute ( i = 1)

❏ For association, i < 1

❏ For dissociation, i > 1


Dissociation

i = 1 + (n-1)α

Association

i = 1 + (1/n -1)α
❖ MODIFIED COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES

❏ ΔTb = iKbm

❏ ΔTf = iKfm

❏ π = iCRT
Electrochemistry
Cell potential

Eocell = Reduction potential of cathode - Reduction potential of anode


= Eocathode - Eoanode (both are reduction potential)
Relation between ΔG and EoCell

ΔG = –nFEcell

1 F(faraday) = Charge on 1 mol of electrons

For standard condition ΔG0 = –nFE0cell


Electrochemical Series

-
The standard reduction electrode potential values of elements A, B, C
are +0.68, -2.50, and -0.50 V respectively. The order of their reducing
power is

A A>B>C

B A>C>B

C C>B>A

D B>C>A
The standard reduction electrode potential values of elements A, B, C
are +0.68, -2.50, and -0.50 V respectively. The order of their reducing
power is

A A>B>C

B A>C>B

C C>B>A

D B>C>A
Solution :

More is the reduction potential, more is the power to get itself reduced or
lesser is reducing power or greater is oxidising power.
Nernst Equation
Calculating Keq
Faraday first Law of electrolysis
This law states that "The amount of a
substance deposited or liberated at an
electrode is directly proportional to the
charge passing through the electrolytes”
Faraday second Law of electrolysis
This law states that “when same amount of
charge is passed through different electrolyte
solutions connected in series then weight of
substance deposited at electrodes are in the
ratio of their equivalent weights”
Resistance and conductance
Conductivity

𝜅 (kappa) : conductivity or specific conductance

Specific conductance = Conductance × Cell constant


Types of Conductance

1. Molar conductance (Λm) :

1. Equivalent conductance (Λeq) :

➔ Relation between Λm and Λeq


Effect of dilution on Λm and κ
Kohlrausch's law

Law of Independent Migration of Ions

➔ The limiting molar or equivalent conductivity of an


electrolyte can be represented as the sum of the individual
contributions of anion and cation of electrolyte.
Chemical Kinetics
Rate of Reaction
,,
Rate of reaction is defined as the change in concentration or ,,
pressure of reactant or product per unit time. It is always a
positive quantity.

For gaseous reactions:


Rate of Reaction

REACTANTS
Average Rate of Reaction
“The rate of reaction over a certain measurable period of time during the
course of reaction is called average rate of reaction.”

R P
Instantaneous Rate of Reaction
“The rate of reaction at any particular instant during the course of
reaction is called instantaneous rate of reaction.”

R P
Homogeneous gaseous phase/\ Reaction, at T=const

m1A (g) + m2B (g) → n1P (g) + n2Q (g)


Rate Law
“The experimental expression of rate of reaction in terms of
concentration of reactants is known as rate law.”

● In this expression the rate of a reaction is proportional to the product of


molar concentration of reactants with each term raised to the power or
exponent that has to be found experimentally.

The rate law is :-


Rate Law
The values of exponents x and y are found experimentally which
may or may not be same as stoichiometric coefficients.

Where k is a proportionality constant known as rate constant.


Unit of Rate Constant
Unit of Rate Constant
Zero Order Reaction
Integrated Rate Equation:

A → Product

(Integrated Rate Eq.)


Integrating Both sides
Zero Order Reaction
Graphs for Zero Order Reaction

Slope =
t1/ 1/2k
2

Initial conc. [A]o


First Order Reaction
First Order Reaction
Integrated Rate Equation:

A → Product
(Integrated Rate Eq.)

Integrating Both sides

-
(Logarithmic form)
First Order Reaction
Half life period:

or
Graphs for First Order Reaction
nth order of reaction
Arrhenius equation
Arrhenius equation
Surface Chemistry
Adsorption: Surface Phenomenon
Absorption: Bulk Phenomenon
Adsorption depends on

● Fattraction

● Surface Area

● Temperature

● Pressure
Effect of Pressure

Freundlich Isotherm
Effect of Pressure

Langmuir Isotherm

where ‘x’ is the mass of the gas adsorbed on mass ‘m’ of the adsorbent
at pressure ‘P’. ‘k’ and ‘n’ are constants that depend on the nature of
the adsorbent and the gas at a particular temperature.
True Solution

Colloids

Suspensions
Based on Physical state of DP and DM
Based on interaction or affinity b/w DP and DM
Charge on Sol

1. Positive Sol

1. Negative Sol
When AgNO3 is mixed with KI(excess)
Coagulation
Peptization
This is due to
Process of converting ppt into
neutralisation of
colloids
charge due to which
the particles come
Fe(OH)3 + FeCl3
nearer to each other to
Sol Peptizing Agent
form aggregates and
settle down under force
of gravity.
Hardy Schulze Rule

Higher the valence of the flocculating ions added,


greater is its power to cause precipitation.

Coagulating power for negatively charged solution:

Al3+> Mg 2+ > Na+

Coagulating power for positively charged solution:

PO43-> SO42- > Cl-


Coagulating Value

Minimum concentration of an electrolyte in


millimoles per L required to cause pptn of a
solution in 2 hrs.

Smaller the coagulating value, higher is the


coagulating power.

Coagulating power : Al3+> Mg 2+ > Na+

Coagulating Value: Al3+<Mg 2+ <Na+

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