Wbjee 12
Wbjee 12
Wbjee 12
WB JEE
Complete Chemistry
in
One Shot
Class 12
❖ 7+ years of Experience.
❖ Produced remarkable results in
JEE/NEET, Olympiads, NTSE.
❖ Taught and mentored 1 lakh+
students.
❖ IIT JAM, CSIR-NET, GATE Qualified.
Shilpi Kaushik
NIT Jalandhar
Solution
❖ RAOULT’S LAW
❏ For non-volatile solute in volatile solvent
y1 = p1/ptotal
❖ TYPE OF SOLUTIONS
❏ Ideal solution : A—B interactions are of same
magnitude as A—A and B—B interactions,
❏ ΔVmix = 0 and ΔHmix = 0
Eg: n-hexane and n-heptane, bromoethane and
chloroethane
❏ Non-ideal solution : A—B interactions are of
different magnitude than A—A and B—B
interactions, ΔVmix ≠ 0 and ΔHmix ≠ 0
❏ (+)ve deviations : A—B interactions are weaker than A—A
and B—B interactions
● ΔHmix > 0, ΔVmix > 0, Pobs > Pcal
● Eg: acetone + ethanol
❏ (-)ve deviations : A—B interactions are stronger than A—A
and B—B interactions
● ΔHmix < 0, ΔVmix < O, Pobs < Pcal
● Eg: nitric acid + water, chloroform + acetone
❏ Azeotropes :
Constant boiling mixtures whose composition does not
change on distillation
❏ Minimum boiling azeotrope:
95% C2H5OH and 5% H2O by volume
❏ Maximum boiling azeotrope :
68% HNO3 and 32% H2O by mass
❖ COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES
Where,
where,
❏ Osmotic pressure :
i = 1 + (n-1)α
Association
i = 1 + (1/n -1)α
❖ MODIFIED COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES
❏ ΔTb = iKbm
❏ ΔTf = iKfm
❏ π = iCRT
Electrochemistry
Cell potential
ΔG = –nFEcell
-
The standard reduction electrode potential values of elements A, B, C
are +0.68, -2.50, and -0.50 V respectively. The order of their reducing
power is
A A>B>C
B A>C>B
C C>B>A
D B>C>A
The standard reduction electrode potential values of elements A, B, C
are +0.68, -2.50, and -0.50 V respectively. The order of their reducing
power is
A A>B>C
B A>C>B
C C>B>A
D B>C>A
Solution :
More is the reduction potential, more is the power to get itself reduced or
lesser is reducing power or greater is oxidising power.
Nernst Equation
Calculating Keq
Faraday first Law of electrolysis
This law states that "The amount of a
substance deposited or liberated at an
electrode is directly proportional to the
charge passing through the electrolytes”
Faraday second Law of electrolysis
This law states that “when same amount of
charge is passed through different electrolyte
solutions connected in series then weight of
substance deposited at electrodes are in the
ratio of their equivalent weights”
Resistance and conductance
Conductivity
REACTANTS
Average Rate of Reaction
“The rate of reaction over a certain measurable period of time during the
course of reaction is called average rate of reaction.”
R P
Instantaneous Rate of Reaction
“The rate of reaction at any particular instant during the course of
reaction is called instantaneous rate of reaction.”
R P
Homogeneous gaseous phase/\ Reaction, at T=const
A → Product
Slope =
t1/ 1/2k
2
A → Product
(Integrated Rate Eq.)
-
(Logarithmic form)
First Order Reaction
Half life period:
or
Graphs for First Order Reaction
nth order of reaction
Arrhenius equation
Arrhenius equation
Surface Chemistry
Adsorption: Surface Phenomenon
Absorption: Bulk Phenomenon
Adsorption depends on
● Fattraction
● Surface Area
● Temperature
● Pressure
Effect of Pressure
Freundlich Isotherm
Effect of Pressure
Langmuir Isotherm
where ‘x’ is the mass of the gas adsorbed on mass ‘m’ of the adsorbent
at pressure ‘P’. ‘k’ and ‘n’ are constants that depend on the nature of
the adsorbent and the gas at a particular temperature.
True Solution
Colloids
Suspensions
Based on Physical state of DP and DM
Based on interaction or affinity b/w DP and DM
Charge on Sol
1. Positive Sol
1. Negative Sol
When AgNO3 is mixed with KI(excess)
Coagulation
Peptization
This is due to
Process of converting ppt into
neutralisation of
colloids
charge due to which
the particles come
Fe(OH)3 + FeCl3
nearer to each other to
Sol Peptizing Agent
form aggregates and
settle down under force
of gravity.
Hardy Schulze Rule