BPCS:

- Bandaging techniques TRIANGULAR BANDAGE -

BANDAGE - a strip of material such as gauze used to protect,

immobilize, compress, or support a wound or injured body
part.

• ROLLER BANDAGE - is made of an elastic or a non-

elastic material formed in a cylindric roll & fabricated
in various widths & lengths.
• TRIRANGULAR BANDAGE (sling) – is a large piece of
cloth cut or formed into a triangle.
• ADHESIVE TAPE/ATHLETIC TAPE - Is used when
support or protection to a joint is needed with little
or no stretch to the bandage.
• PROTECTIVE SPLINTS OR SLEEVES - some patients
may find it necessary to use a splint or sleeve to
immobilize, stabilize, & protect a joint or to control
edema.

CIRCULAR – overlapping circular turns. OPEN:

• Top of Head
• Forint and Back of Head
• Front and Back of Chest
• Arm Sling
• Underarm Sling
• Hand and Foot
SPIRAL – series of overlapping diagonal turns.
Broad Cravat

• Abdominal
• Knee

Semi – Broad Cravat :

• Shoulder and Hip

SPIRAL REVERSE – series of spiral turns, which is folded or • Arm and Leg
reversed on itself. • Elbow

Narrow Cravat

• Forehead
• Eye
• Neck
RECCURENT – lengthwise layers applied to the anterior- • Ear, Cheek, and Jaw
posterior or dorsal-volar surfaces of an extremity or digit.
- Transfer/Carrying methods

Tagging of Patients (MCI – Mass Casualty Incidence )

Priority One ( RED TAG ) – needs immediate care / life

threatening ( No Pulse, No Respiration )

Priority Two ( YELLOW TAG ) – ok status ( Delayed care for 1

FIGURE OF EIGHT - a series of spiral turns applied in alternate hour )
directions.
Priority Three ( GREEN TAG ) – ok status ( Hold care, walking
victims, around 3 hours )

Priority Four ( BLACK TAG ) – no care needed ( possibly dead )

SPICA - incorporates the figure-of-eight pattern, but a large

anchor or spica is applied around the pelvis to prevent the
distal portion of the bandage from sliding down the extremity
to which it is applied
• One-Man Assist / Carries / Drags • Three-Man Assist / Carries

- Assist to walk - Bearers alongside (narrow alleys)

- Carry in arms / Cradle

- First aid and specific incidents

1. Shock
- Pack Strap
• Warmth
• Air
• Rest
• Mental Rest
• treat the cause of the shock and aim to prevent
further fluid loss
- Piggy back 2. Wounds

Treating Minor Wounds: If possible, wash your hands before

treating the wound. Check that there is nothing in the wound.
( can be treated in the home without the need for further
medical attention.)

INFECTED WOUNDS - Cover the wound with a sterile dressing

and bandage into place. Raise the injured part if possible, to
- Fireman’s
reduce swelling and pain. Seek early medical advice. Treat for
shock necessary.

3. FRACTURE (broken bone)

• Two-Man Assist / Carries

- Assist to walk

1. CLOSED (simple) Fracture – bone has broken but has not

pierced the skin.

2. OPEN (compound) Fracture – where bone has either

pierced the skin, and as it is associated with open wound
- Four Hand Seat
TREATMENT: *Keeping a Broken still, steady and support * if
transporting, immobilize the broken bone further
withbandages or improvise with coats or blankets

• Not to tie the bandage too tightly

• To pad around the site of the break.
• Do not move the injured area unnecessarily.
- Carry by Extremities 4. BURN

CAUSES OF BURNS

Dry Heat – Most Common type, caused by cigarettes or

lighter, direct contact in fire.

Wet Heat – known as SCALDS, like hot liquids (water,oil etc.)

Chemical burns – Industrial and household chemicals

Electrical Burns - causes by high voltage electricity power

Radiation Burns – Sunburn

Cool up for 10 mins, maintain airway… 11. SEIZURE – symptom of epilepsy (lasts 1 – 2 min or longer)

5. HEAD INJURY The electrical impulses lead to a contraction in the muscles

that causes the epilepsy sufferer to fall to the ground with a
6. POISON
cry (known as TONIC PHASE)
-Salmonella is on of the most common culprits and is found in
• The victim’s muscles may then go into spasm (Clonic Stage)
many farm products such as eggs
TREATMENT:
and chickens.
• Do not try to restrain or the person during seizure.
-Toxic (potentially lethal) food poisoning such as botulism can
be due to poisons caused by bacteria in certain types of food, • Stay with a person until the seizure ends naturally. Do
including honey and fish not leave him or her alone until the person is fully
conscious, alert, and able to speak normally.
7. Animal Bites
• Loosen ties, scarves, or anything around the neck that
• Rabies – is an increasingly rare but potentially very serious,
could interfere with breathing.
even fatal, condition carried by animal bites.
• Clear the area around the person of anything hard or
• *There is no cure for rabies but early vaccination following a
sharp. Remove glasses.
bite can help develop immunity.

• Hepatitis B & C – there is a small chance that hepatitis B

and C may be transmitted by a human bite. If concerned, seek DOTS :
medical advice.
D=eformity, O=pen Wounds, T=enderness, S=swelling
• Tetanus – Tetanus bacteria carry a particular risk when
1. Head
carried deep into a wound.
- check the scalp for DOTS
8. EPISTAXIS (nosebleed)
2. Eyes
9. HYPERVENTILATION
- PERRL (Pupils Equal Round React to Light)
- Signs of hyperventilation include:
3. Ears and Nose – for clear blood-tinged fluid
1. Shortness of Breath (SOB)
4. Mouth – for swelling or objects (e.g broken teeth,
2. Fast Breathing (more than 40 breaths per minute)
dentures,
3. Tingling or numbness of the hands, feet, and around the
chewing gum, vomiting food =, and foreign objects) which
mouth.
could
10. AIWAY OBSTRUCTION
block the airway
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)
5. Neck – for DOTS. Look for a medical identification
1. Check for the responsiveness and look for signsof necklace chain
breathing and gasping
6. Chest – for DOTS
- If the victim is unresponsive and has a normal breathing,
7. Abdomen for DOTS
place the victim in the recovery position, and have someone
call emergency team 8. Pelvis
2. Provide chest compressions 9. Check for all four extremities – Ciculation, Sensation
and Movement
- Give 30 chest compressions in the center of the victim’s
chest 10. The Back – for DOTS
3. Open Airway:

- Tilt the victim’s head back and lift the chin

4. Give 2 breaths:

- Each breath lasts 1 second to produce visible chest rise.

5. Continue CPR until AED is available

*FOR RESPONSIVE INFANTS (BIRTH TO 1 YEAR)

1. Support the infant’s head, neck, and back.

2. Alternate five back blows followed by five chest

compressions repeatedly
FAPM GLUTEUS MEDIUS, GLUTEUS MINIMUS
A: Abduction of Hip Joint
1. Lumbosacral plexus
N: Superior Gluteal Nerve
PIRIFORMIS
A: Lateral Rotation of HJ
N: S1 and S2
Gemellus Superior, Gemellus Inferior
A: Lateral Rotation of HJ
N: Sacral Plexus
Obturator Internus
A: Lateral Rotation of HJ
N: Sacral Plexus
RECTUS FEMORIS
A: Flexion of HJ; Ext of KJ
N: Femoral Nerve
Vastus Lateralis/Medialis/Intermedius
A: Extension of Knee joint
N: Femoral Nerve
BICEPS FEMORIS
A: Ext of HJ and KJ; Lat Rot of HJ
N: Obturator Nerve
GASTROCNEMIUS, PLANTARIS, POPLITEUS
A: Flexion of KJ; Plantarflexion of
2.Boundaries of popliteal fossa Ankle Joint
N: Tibial Nerve
• Superomedial border – semimembranosus. POPLITEUS
• Superolateral border – biceps femoris. A: Flexion of Knee Joint
• Inferomedial border – medial head of the N: Obturator Nerve
gastrocnemius.
• Inferolateral border – lateral head of the
gastrocnemius and plantaris. FAPN

3.Actions of thigh,leg muscles - Cranial nerves and their assessment

ILIACUS - Peripheral NS
A: Flexion of Hip joint
- Spinal cord
N: Femoral Nerve
PSOAS MAJOR - Autonomic NS
A: Flexion of Hip joint
N: Lumbar Plexus FAPC
RECTUS FEMORIS parts of the upper and lower respiratory tracts.
A: Flexion of HJ, Ext of KJ
N: Femoral Nerve explain the V/Q.
SARTORIUS
V/Q or Ventilation-perfusion ratio, is a measurement used
A: Flexion, Abduction and LR of HJ
in respiratory physiology to assess the efficiency of gas
Flexion and MR of KJ
exchange in the lungs. It compares the amount of air
N: Femoral Nerve
reaching the alveoli (ventilation) to the amount of blood
TENSOR FASCIA LATAE
perfusing the pulmonary capillaries (perfusion).
A: Flexion, Abduction and Medial Rotation
of Hip Joint; Extension of KJ
N: Superior Gluteal Nerve
PECTINEUS
A: Flexion and Adduction of HJ
N: Femoral Nerve
ADDUCTOR LONGUS,BREVIS,MAGNUS
A: Adduction; assist LR of HJ
N: Obturator Nerve
GRACILIS
A: Adduction; assist LR of HJ, Flexion of KJ
N: Obturator Nerve
GLUTEUS MAXIMUS
A: Extension, LR of HJ; Ext of KJ
N: Inferior Gluteal Nerve
BICEPS FEMORIS
A: Ext, LR of HJ; Ext of KJ
N: LH – Tibial portion Sciatic Nerve
SH – Common Peroneal Nerve
SEMITENDONOSUS, SEMIMEMRANOSUS
A: Ext of HJ; Flexion and MR of KJ
N: Tibial portion of Sciatic Nerve