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Fasting (Saum)
O/N 2010
3 (a) What are the daily observances of the Ramadan fast? [10]
M/J 2012
5 (a) Outline the features of the Ramadan fast, and identify which Muslims are exempted
from fasting during this month. [10]
Answer (Learn and write):
• Fasting during the month of Ramadan is obligatory on all Muslim adults, male and female. The Quran says,
“ O you who believe ! Fasting is prescribed to you, as it was prescribed to those before you, so that you
may learn self restraint.” [2:183]
• The hours of fasting are from first light (before dawn) until sunset.
• It is desirable to have a meal before keeping a fast till dawn which is referred as Sehri.
• Muslims should make an intention for the fast i.e. “I intend to keep tomorrow’s fast of Ramadan.”
• With this, a person is subject to all restrictions and prohibitions associated with a fast till the setting of the
sun. Muslims must abstain from food, drink etc. during daylight hours. They should also refrain from
smoking, marital relations, medicines etc. This is known as Imsak.
• They should live their lives as normal, making no concessions to lack of food. Muslims should be
particularly pious and visit mosques regularly. The Holy Prophet (PBUH) said, “When the month of
Ramadan comes, the doors of Heaves are opened and the doors of Hell are closed and the devils are
chained.”
• Muslims break their fast with a meal at sunset in the evening reciting the prayer, “O Allah! I fasted for you
and I believe in you and I put my trust in you and with the sustenance you have given me, I now break
the fast.” This is known as Iftar. Many Muslims follow the Holy Prophet (PBUH)’s example of taking a drink
and eating a date and then pray. They follow this with a meal often eaten with friends.
• Muslims should try to be present at recitations of the Holy Quran in the tarawih prayers during the course
of the month.
• On the Night of Power they should attend mosques and spend the night in prayer. It is one of the last 5
odd nights of Ramadan and the reward for praying in it is better than the worship of one thousand months.
Many Muslims believe it to be the 27th night.
• Some Muslims withdraw to mosques for the last ten days of Ramadan which is called Itikaf and dedicate
their time to prayer and worship. The fasts of Ramadan continue until new moon of Shawal.
• The sick people, travellers, very old people and females who are in a state of menstruation or period of
childbirth are exempt from fasting as long as such conditions last. However, they must make up the fast for
an equal number of days within the next year which is known as Qaza.
• If the breaking of the fast before sunset is intentional and withou any valid reason then a person has to
observe the Kaffara in which he has to fast for continuous 60 days in addition to Qaza, but in case of an
illness, feed 60 people twice a day for each fast missed or broken without any valid reason.
Exemption from Fasting
• Children under the age of puberty and discretion.
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• Insane people who are unaccountable for their actions: no compensation or any other substitute is
enjoined on these two categories of people.
• Men and women who are too old or feeble to undertake the obligations of fasting are exempt.
However, they have to give fidya, which is feeding a poor person twice a day or to give grain or its
equivalent in cash to needy.
• Sick people whose health is likely to deteriorate by fasting; they may postpone the fast for as long as
they are ill and then make up for it at a later date, a day for a day.
• They travelers may be exempt during their travel but should make up for the missed fasts later on.
• Pregnant women/breastfeeding may also not fast if their health or the infant’s health would be at risk by
doing so. They too need to make up for the missed fasts later on.
• Women, at the time of their mensuration or confinement due to childbirth must postpone the fasts and
make up for them by fasting afterwards.

Benefits / importance of Fasting

O/N 2014
5 (a) What are the moral, spiritual and other benefits of fasting in Ramadan? [10]
O/N 2016
4 (a) What are the benefits to individuals and the community of fasting in the month of
Ramadan? [10]
M/J 2021
4(a) Fasting in Ramadan benefits Muslims in many ways. Write about the major benefits
of fasting in Ramadan.[10]
Answer:
Fasting has been the universal religious institution. It was made obligatory on the followers of other religions
too. It has numerous merits and benefits for the individuals and the community.
• The believer renounces food, drink, and abstains from all other enjoyments willingly in obedience to the
command of Allah, to seek His pleasure. It helps in building up a man’s moral character as it teaches him
self control and self restrain. As Muslims fast, they should control own temper, they should remain calm
and refrain from harming others, verbally or physically. They should refrain from backbiting, stealing,
cheating , gossip, lies, obscenity, vulgarity and physical, mental and spiritual sins. Abu Huraira reported
the Prophet (p.b.u.h) said, “Whoever does not give up forged speech and evil actions, Allah is not in
need of his leaving his food and drink.”
• Fasting ensures the harmony and unity of society. Fasting raises awareness of the situation of poor people
who live in our society. Fasting teaches the rich, who eat good, nutritious food and never suffer from
hunger, what hunger is. When they stay hungry and thirsty for a specific period they begin to think about
the poor and feel empathy for them. The sense of empathy makes it easier for them to make friends and
socialize. On the other hand, because of the kindness and compassion of the rich, the poor are less likely to
feel envy and hatred toward those who are better off. Thus, a change of attitude on both sides can occur.
The enmity between both social strata can be brought to an end in this way with peace and security
prevailing in society. Fasting brings the rich closer to the poor and links them in a bond of responsibility and
respect for each other. Ramadan is also a time of generosity. People are more generous, more cordial, and
more ready than at other times of the year to do good and charitable work. Muslims often invite one
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another, friends and guests, Muslims and non-Muslims, in particular neighbors, regardless of creed, to
share the evening meal and exchange gifts and best wishes.
• Abstention from food and drink for a full month is beneficial for a person’s health as it gives rest to
stomach, the whole system is cleansed of undesirable material, and the body gets rid of fat, cholesterol and
other toxic matters.
• Fasting brings a man closer to Allah, Allah says, “. Fasting is like a shield, and he who fasts has two joys:
a joy when he breaks his fast and a joy when he meets his Lord.” (Hadis Qudsi) Believers are ordered to
observe fast to be near Allah and gain “Taqwa”. Fasting strengthens the spiritual powers of the believer; it
protects man from all kinds of temptations. The reward of all good deeds are multiplied by ten times to
seven hundred times, the Prophet (p.b.u.h) said, “Allah said, “All the deeds of Adam’s sons (people) are
for them, except fasting which is for me, and I will give the reward for it. The reward of good deeds is
multiplied ten times to seven hundred times.”
“Fasting is a shield and protection from the fire and from committing sins.”
“By Him in Whose Hands my soul is, the unpleasant smell coming out from the mouth of a fasting person is
better in the sight of Allah than the smell of musk.” (Agreed)
• The previous sins of a person are forgiven, the Holy Prophet (p.b.u.h) said, “Whoever established prayers
on the night of the Qadr out of sincere faith and hoping for a reward from Allah, then all his previous sins
will be forgiven, and whoever fasts in the month of Ramadan out of sincere faith, and hoping for a reward
from Allah, then all his previous sins will be forgiven.”
He also said, “When the month of Ramadan starts, the gates of the heaven are opened and the gates of hell
are closed and the devil are chained.” (Trimidhi)
• Fasting brings economic benefits for the Muslim community. During the month of Ramadan the rich
people spend generously on the poor to seek the blessing of Allah. These enable the poor to fulfill their
needs. The old and the permanently sick people also feed the poor and the needy generously during the
month of Ramadan, Allah says. “For those who can do it (with hardship) is a ransom the feeding of one
that is indigent. But he that will give more of his own free, it is better for him.” (Al-Baqarah 2:184) The
Prophet (p.b.u.h) said; “During Ramadan, the provisions of the believers are increased.”

M/J 2019 (21)

5(a) Describe how Muslims observe the fast of Ramadan and how this month
should be spent. [10]
O/N 2020 (22)
5(a)Describe how the fast in the month of Ramadan should be observed by Muslims? [10]
Answer:
Method of Fasting (Repeated)
Rules of Fasting
• Avoiding anything of haram or makruh: This to be conscious of keeping your mind and body clean, by
avoiding wasting time useless pursuits, by being conscious of eating only halal foods at sehri and iftar and
to keep one’s tongue free of all verbal sins like gossiping and swearing.
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• violence and danger: Display of danger, aggression and violence is forbidden during the month of Ramzan,
especially when one is fasting. One should show patience and forbearance towards others and control
one’s temper and tongue.
• Reading the Quran: More time should be spent in the recitation of the Quran, trying to complete the
whole Quran at least once during this month. Prophet (P.B.U.H) said, “Everything has a best season and
the best season of the Quran is Ramzan.”
• Prayer supplication and remembrance, of Allah: Being punctual regarding salat, making an effort to attend
tarawih prayers, and spending as much time as possible in worship is recommended. One should also,
whilst fasting, keep busy in the dhikr of Allah, practice taubah and seek Allah’s forgiveness. Praying during
the nights of Qadr foe oneself and other are activities that Muslim should observe during the fast and in
the month of Ramzan. In Sura Baqarah Allah states: “And when my servants asks you concerning Me,
then surely I am very near; I answer the prayer of the supplicant when he calls upon Me, so they should
answer My call and believe in Me That they may walk the right way.”(2:186)
• Zakat, charity, generosity: Be very charitable and generous, help the needy and the poor, participate in
social and community welfare projects etc.
• Good relation and behavior: maintain cordial relations with all. Forget your quarrels and reconcile your
difference in this month; do not be involved in backbiting anything that is wrong. Be good to all.
• Reflection: Ramzan is the month of reflection think, reflect, and plan to improve your moral and spiritual
conduct. Think how u can be better Muslim, and convert those thoughts into actions. Think how u can
contribute to the betterment of the Ummah and the world at large.
4(b) Explain why the Night of Power (Layla-tul-Qadr) is so important for Muslims.[4]
• the Night of Power is considered to be a night of immense blessings for it was on this night that the last of
God’s books, the Qur’an, was revealed to the Prophet (pbuh).
• The Qur’an itself mentions the immense blessings of this night. This is a night of reading, understanding and
reflecting upon the teachings given in the Qur’an.
• The reward of worship on this night is more than the reward for worshipping for a thousand months. Hence
Muslims have special arrangements for extra prayers on this night.
• The Prophet (pbuh) has said that those who spend Layla-tul-Qadr in prayer out of faith and in the hope of
reward, will have his previous sins forgiven.
• It is believed, as stated in the Qur’an in Sura al Qadr, that the angels and the Spirit descend to earth by God’s
permission and that peace prevails until the rise of dawn.
It is for these reasons that Muslims consider the Night of Power to be the most important night of Ramadan and
indeed of the year.

Zakat (Almsgiving)
O/N 2013(21)
4 (a) Outline the practice of almsgiving (zakat) in Islam. [10]
Answer:
Zakat is the fourth pillar of Islam. It is an act of worship which benefits mankind. Its importance can be judged
from the fact that it is mentioned 32 times in the Qur’an.The word Zakat is derived from ‘Zaka’ which means
to increase or to bless. Another meaning of the word as used in the Quran carries the sense of purification.
The amount of payment and distribution of Zakat was defined at Madinah in the second year of the Hijrat.
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The payment of Zakat is compulsory on every adult, free Muslim who owns property to the extent of the
prescribed rate called Nisab, provided such property has remained in his ownership and possession
uninterruptedly for full one year.
Zakat is payable on cash, gold and silver, jewellery, crops, animals, minerals, agricultural lands and all
kinds of commercial goods.
• On cash, gold and silver: Zakat is paid at a rate of 2 ½%. For example, on such possessions valued as
worth $100000, the zakat payable will be $2500, which is 2.5 percent or one-fortieth of their value. A
person who possesses 612.36 grams of silver or 87.48 grams gold is liable to pay Zakat.
• Produce from Mines: Owners of mines have to pay one-fifth of the produce of mines. This is called
Khums.
• On the produce of agricultural lands is called Ushr is to be found in the Quran. It is levied at the rate of
one-tenth of the agricultural produce of lands benefiting by rain or some natural spring; and one
twentieth of the produce of artificially irrigated lands.
• On all articles of trade exceeding 200 dirhams.
• For every forty sheep or goats- one goat; On thirty to forty cattle, one calf of one year, on every forty
cattle, a two year old calf. On every five camels, one goat or sheep.
• Sadaqah-ul-Fitr is an obligatory charity given on the completion of the month of Ramazan.

The Holy Quran tell us how the Zakat money is to be distributed. It says:
“ Alms are for the poor and the needy and those employed to administer the (funds); for those whose
hearts have been (recently) reconciled (to the Truth); for those in bondage and in debt; in the cause of
Allah; and for the wayfarer…” (9:60)
• The poor and the needy in this category are those people who may have some funds but not enough
to meet the threshold for nisab.
• The destitute: these are the people who have no funds and are living on the very basic necessities of
life.
• Zakat collectors: people appointed by the government to collect and distribute zakat.
• Muslims converts in this category are the new converts to Islam, who are genuinely poor and are
given zakat to help them get on their feet.
• Prisoners of war or slaves: so that they may be able to use zakat funds to buy their freedom.
• People in debt: those who may have incurred debts, to meet their needs but cannot pay them back
are eligible for zakat.
• Travellers: Muslims, who in the middle of their journey are out of funds are eligible for zakat
donations.
• Others: zakat funds can also be spent on people and organization that are engaged in services to
Islam.
It must be remembered that zakat is applicable only on the rightful. i.e. halal, earnings. zakat cannot be used
to purify wealth that is wrongly and illegally earned, i.e. through haram means.
Zakat cannot be paid to
• Non-Muslim
• To one’s husband/wife, parents, children, grandparents, grandchildren, the descendants of the
Prophet (P.B.U.H), and to those who meet the threshold of nisabi.e the minimum amount that a
Muslim must have before being obliged to pay zakat.
• To workers, servants, etc. as wages of their services.
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• zakat funds also cannot be used for burial expenses or to pay off the debt of the dead, as it is
imperative according to Sharia that the recipient of zakat should be made owner of it. Therefore,
zakat should not be spent on public project e.g building of road, bridges etc.
Benefits/ importance of Zakat:
M/J 2017 (21)
5(a) Alms-giving (zakat) is an act of worship which benefits the community of Muslims. Write in
detail about its benefits to the giver, the receiver and to society as a whole. [10]
Zakat is the 4th pillar of Islam and it was made obligatory on rich Muslims in the 2nd year of hijra. The word
zakat is mentioned 32 times in the Quran. It has the following benefits for the giver, the receiver and the
society as a whole.
Giver
• zakat purifies the heart of the giver of love of wealth and greed and strengthens the giver’s bonds
with God as they give from their wealth to earn God’s pleasure and mercy. The giver is also fulfilling
one of the Pillars of Islam. Zakat is a blessing to the giver as by this act their wealth is multiplied.

• Quran says, ‘The parable of those who spend their substance in the way of Allah is that of a grain of
corn, it grows seven ears and each ear has a hundred grains.’ (Al Baqarah 2:261) Moreover, zakat
expiates the sins of a person.
• Payment of zakat provides open handedness, generosity, and sympathy in a Muslim towards the
needy person. Allah says: “ Take the charity (Zakat) from their wealth in order to purify and cleanse
them by way of it.” [ 9: 103]
• On one hand it indicates a person’s sincerity of faith, while on the other hand it shows his
commitment to sacrifice something which he covets ( material wealth) in the way of Allah (SWT). It is
abiding by one of the pillars of Islam, upon which rests an individual’s prosperity in this worldly life
and the Hereafter
Receiver
• it is not only a blessing for the receiver but helps them to meet their needs, it fosters good will and
brotherhood in the hearts of the poor and promotes equality.
• Zakat is a source of power for the needy. In addition to providing the financially stricken poor with
desperately needed capital, zakat also injects in them a dynamic energy, instilling in them the
confidence to provide for their own.
Social
• People come closer together like a single family in which those who have the means show compassion
to those who cannot fulfill their needs. It removes the grudges and ill feelings found in the hearts of the
poor and destitute.
• It prevents extreme financial disparity and associated social evils and crimes.
• It leads to anequal distribution of wealth in the society and prevents its accumulation in the hands of
afew.
• Paying Zakat allows wealth to be distributed equally in a society. It eradicates begging because everyone
is getting their rights.(Social)
• Zakat also stimulates investment and discourages hoarding in the community, if people do not invest
their wealth it will gradually be consumed by zakat, therefore it is an effective way of keeping wealth
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in circulation. Prophet said, 'If anyone of you is a guardian of an orphan who owns property, he must
tradewith (invest) it and not leave it till sadaqa (zakat) consumes it' (tirmidhi).
General Question
M/J 2015
5 (a) Write about the practice of fasting in Ramadan and the moral benefits that a Muslim gains from fasting
in this month. [10]
O/N 2019
5(a) Write an account of alms-giving (zakat) and say who is liable to pay it and who it can be paid to. [10]
M/J 2021
5(a) Give an account of the Pillar of Almsgiving (zakat).[10]

Pilgrimage(Hajj)
Method
O/N 2009
5 (a) Describe the main events of the annual pilgrimage (hajj). [10]
M/J 2013
3 (a) Outline the main observances of the annual pilgrimage (Hajj). [10]
O/N 2020
5(a) Write about the rituals that take place on the first three days of the annual pilgrimage (hajj). [10]

The fifth pillar is the Pilgrimage to Makka and its vicinity during a fixed time of the twelfth month of the
Muslim calendar, Dhu al-hajja. To perform the Hajj is a very difficult and strenuous form of worship, though
Muslims should attempt to go once in their lifetime, if they have the means.
“Pilgrimage thereto is a duty people owe to Allah- those who can afford the journey.” [3:97]
There are 3 kinds of Hajj
• Qiran (Combining both Umrah and Hajj)
• Tamatt’u (combining both Hajj and Umrah with a break in between)
• Ifrad (Hajj only)
Pilgrims arrive in Makka by the 7th day of Dhu al-Hijja, they purify themselves and on 8ththe men put on the
Ihram. It is the preparation, entering into a purified state at prescribed Ihram stations, Meeqat, by shedding
ordinary clothes and putting on to seamless cloths, one around the waist and one over one shoulder. Women
do not use these cloths but wear simple modest cloths to cover their bodies, except for their face and hands.
Afetr entering the state of Ihram, the pilgrims start reciting Talbiya.
At the great mosque of Kaaba, Masjid al Haraam , they perform the Tawaaf Qudoom. It is anticlockwise
circumambulation of the Kaaba seven times, at the beginning of the Hajj.
The Pilgrims proceed to the plain of Mina, where they pray their shortened Zuhr, Asr, Maghrib and Isha
prayers. The prayers though shortened are not combined. The pilgrims spend all the available time in worship
and supplication. The night is spent in prayer at Mina.

On the 9th day after Fajr prayer, they leave Mina for Arafat, where they recite the Quran and pray at the Jabal
al-Rahma. This is known as wuquf in which they spend time by reciting appropriate passages from the Quran.
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This is the climax of the Hajj when Muslims believe that the misdeeds of their lives, until this time, are forgiven.
the Prophet (pbuh) said, ‘hajj is staying at Arafat.” Zuhr and Asr prayers of 9th of Dhu al-hajja are performed
together in this plain. The Hajj sermon is also delivered here. Pilgrims pray for the forgiveness of their sins and
remain here till sunset.
At sunset, the pilgrims leave Arafaat for Muzdalifa once again reciting the talbiya, where they perform
Maghrib and Isha prayers together. They spend the night in worship and gather 49 pebbles for the next day.
However, it is permissible for women and weak individuals to proceed to Mina at any time after midnight.

At dawn of 10th of Dhu al-hajja also known as Yawm-an-Nahr which means the Day of Sacrifice, after
performing fajr prayer, pilgrims wait until the brightness of the morning is widespread and following the Sunna
of the Prophet (pbuh) make dua facing the qibla, then they proceed from Muzdalifa to Mina where they perform
Ramy (stonning), by throwing seven pebbles at the Jamarat al Aqba calling ‘Bismillah Allahu Akbar’ every time
they throw a pebble. The stone pillar symbolizes Satan. Recitation of Talbiah is stopped here. The animal
sacrifice is offered at Mina. Men usually have their heads shaved at this time whereas women may cut a lock
of hair equal to fingertips. They can now change into their normal clothes.
Quran says, “The sacrificial camels, We have made for you as among the symbols from Allah: in them is much good
for you. Then pronounce the name of Allah over them as they are lined up for sacrifice. When they are down on their
sides after slaughter, eat from them and feed others.” [22:36]
After this, the pilgrims go to the Kaaba to perform the obligatory tawaf known as Tawaf Ifazah or Tawaf Ziara.
Then they perform two rakat near the Station of Ibrahim.
Then they carry out the Sa’yi between the hills of Safa and Marwa by running between the hills seven times. Only men
are required to walk briskly, women may walk at their normal pace. Quran says,
“Behold! Safa and Marwa are among the symbols of Allah. So if those who visit the house in the season or at
other times, should compass them round.” [2:158]
Ramy is carried out on the eleventh and the twelfth days as well. On the twelfth day, pilgrims return to the Kaaba for
the final Tawaaf (wida).
 M/J 2016
4 (a) ‘And complete the hajj or umra in the service of God’ (al-Baqara 2:196).
What observances does a pilgrim complete in the performance of umra and how is umra
different to hajj? [10]
Method of Umrah:
‘Umrah in Islamic terminology, means paying a visit to Ka’bah, performing Tawaaf (circumambulation) around it, walking
between Safaa and Marwah seven times. A performer of ‘Umrah puts off his Ihraam by having his hair shaved or cut.
‘Umrah can be performed along with Hajj and in other days as well.
1. When the one who wants to perform ‘Umrah arrives at the Meeqaat, it is recommended for him (both man and
woman) to take a bath if convenient. Women only need to make their intention at that time in the clothing they are
already wearing.
As for men, they must assume their Ihraam at the Meeqaat by wearing two pieces of fabric called the Izaar and the
Ridaa’. The Ridaa’ covers the top half of the body, while the Izaar covers the lower half. No other clothing is allowed
to be worn in addition to these. Then the pilgrim makes the intention at the Meeqaat to begin the rites of ‘Umrah by
entering the state of Ihraam. The intention must be made in the heart.
2. After the intention Talbiyyah is recited. Upon arriving at the sacred mosque in Makkah (Al-Masjid Al-Haraam), you
should enter with your right foot and stop reciting Talbiya.
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3. Upon arriving at the Ka’bah, approach the Black Stone, touch it with your right hand and kiss it. If this isn't possible,
you should face the Black Stone and point to it. When touching the Stone, the following is said: (In the name of Allah,
Allah is the Greatest) . If this is difficult for you, then go on performing tawaaf without touching it.
4. When you complete seven circuits of Tawaaf, approach Maqam Ibrahim recite this verse (which means): “And take
you (people) the Maqaam (place) of Ibraheem as a place of Prayer...” [Quran: 2:125] Then pray two short Rak’ahs,
as close as conveniently possible, behind MaqaamIbraheem. Upon completing the two Rak'ahs, return to the Black
Stone and touch it, if convenient
5. The next stage is to go to Safaa. Upon approaching the foot of Safaa, the following verse is recited (which means):
“Verily, As-Safaa and Al-Marwah are from the symbols of Allah.” [Quran; 2:158] Then descend and go towards
Marwah, There are no particular supplications to be recited between Safaa and Marwah. Seven circuits are to be
completed ending the last one on Marwah.
6. Then one is to have his hair cut although shaving it is better. Women should shorten their hair by a finger-tips length
from the end. The rites of 'Umrah have now been completed.
The main differences between Hajj and Umra
• Hajj is one of the five pillars of Islam and is an obligatory act of worship for those of good health and
can afford the journey whereas Umra is not an obligatory act.
• Hajj can only be performed during prescribed month and dates i.e. Zil Hajj (7 th – 12th) whereas Umra
can be performed at any time of the year.
• Wuquf Arafat is one of the most important components of Hajj without which Hajj is void. However,
there is no Wuquf Arafat in Umra.
• Similarly there is no WuqufMuzdailfa (spending the night at Muzdailfa) in Umra or combining Maghrib
and Isha prayers.
• In Hajj, Talbiah is stopped on the 10th of Zil Hajj after the stoning of the devil (Rami) whereas Talbiah is
stopped while starting the Tawaf in Umra.
• In Hajj, a person has to go and stay in Mina, perform Rami at the Jamarat while there is no stay at Mina
or Rami in Umra.
• In Hajj, the pilgrim gives a sacrifice on 10thZil Hajj while no sacrifice is offered in Umra.
Benefits/Importance of Pilgrimage
 M/J 2014
4 (a) How do Muslim individuals and the Muslim community benefit from the annual
pilgrimage (hajj)? [10]
• Hajj is fifth pillar of Islam. It became obligatory in the ninth year of Hijrah. Hajj is an act of
Ibadah[worship] which is obligatory on every Muslim who can afford it once in his lifetime. Hajj literally
means the intenion of going on Pilgrimage. It is an all embracing act of worship in which a Muslims visits
the Ka’bah in the month of Dhul-Hajj and performs him prescribed rites Allah says, “Pilgrimage there
to is a duty people owe to Allah, those who can afford the journey.”
1. Hajj is a form of worship which covers all aspects of human life. It trains a Muslim to sacrifice his wealth
his time his physical and mental energies and his comfort in the way Allah.
2. Allah forgives the sins of those who perform pilgrimage, and does not care for those who die without
performing it. The Prophet (P.B.U.H) said, “He who is not prevented from performing the Pilgrimage
by an obvious necessity, a tyrannical ruler, or a disease which confines him at home, and dies without
having performed the Pilgrimage may die if he wishes to be Jew or Christian.” The Prophet (P.B.U.H)
said, “An accepted Pilgrimage has no reward except paradise.” (Agreed).
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3. One of the most important benefit of Hajj is that it demonstrates equality and brotherhood among the
Muslims. People of all nationalities, all colors, races and the ranks from all over the world assemble at
one place and interact with each other. They come before their creator in extreme humility, wearing
two white sheets without any distinction between the high and the low, the king or the servant, gather
at the same place and utter the same words,
4. Hajj is a great spiritual experience. It brings the pilgrim closer to Allah, and he feels that the entire
barrier between him and his Creator is removed. In the plain of Arafat on this great occasion hundreds
and thousands of people assemble and proclaim together (here I am O Lord! Here I am) and they feel
that nothing stands between them and Allah.
5. Pilgrimage has other economic benefits for Muslims. People have the opportunity to discuss their
economic problem; and the get the chance to devise plans and strategies that may benefits the Muslims
on individual level and evolve common economic strategies that are beneficial to the entire Muslim
world. Trading is allowed during Pilgrimage. Allah says, “It is no crime in you, if you seek of the bounty
of your Lord (during Pilgrimage)” (Al- Baqrah 2:198) Pilgrim may buy and sell and thus he can meet
expanse of his journey.
6. The Muslims assemble every year in Makkah; this annual meeting provides the Muslims leaders an
opportunity to discuss their common problems and formulate a common policy that can be pursued by
all Muslim countries in the United Nations Organizations, the Security Council or other such world
forums. It also provides them with opportunity to discuss and agree on many topics of common interest.
 O/N 2014
4 (a) ‘Pilgrimage to the House is a duty people owe to Allah, those who can afford the
journey.’ (Al ‘Imran 3:97)
(i) For whom is the annual pilgrimage (hajj) compulsory and which Muslims are
exempt from it?
(ii) What things are forbidden to pilgrims while in the state of ihram? [10]

(i)Obligation and exemption:

• Pilgrimage to Makkah once in a lifetime is obligatory on every adult, sane, free Muslim, who can afford
to undertake a journey to Makkah in the month of Dhul Hajja. Allah says, “Pilgrimage thereto is a duty,
people owe to Allah those who can afford the journey.” (Al-Imran 3:97)
• It is obligatory on those who have sufficient money to pay for their return journey to Makkah and meet
expanses of their stay there during the pilgrimage and also have ample funds to provide for their
dependents back at home until their return. Allah says, “ And take a provision(with you) for the
journey” (Al-Baqarah 2:197)
• Pilgrimage is only obligatory on those who are physically fit to undertake the journey.
• Hajj is not binding on people who are sick or very old, and cannot endure the hardships of long journey.
• Journeys must be safe, danger to life or possessions due to war, epidemic or highway robberies free a
person from obligation of Pilgrimage.
• A woman is not allowed to go to Pilgrimage without mahram male. In case, she cannot find a mahram
male to accompany her, it is not obligatory for her to perform Pilgrimage. Abdullah Ibn Abbas reported,
the Prophet (P.B.U.H) said, “A woman should not travel except with a mahram male, and no man may
visit her except in the presence of mahram male”. A man got up and asked, “O Allah’s apostle! I intend
 11

to go with such and such an army and my wife wants to perform Hajj.” The Prophet (P.B.U.H) said,
(to him), “ Go along with her (to Hajj).” (Sahih Bukhari)

(ii) prohibitions of Ihram

There are a number of other rules and restrictions connected with Hajj and Umra such as:
• prohibition against using perfume,
• uprooting or damaging plants or trees,
• doing anything dishonest,
• To use abusive or foul language,
• To hunt or kill an animal or bird/ insects ; however, harmful or dangerous animals/creatures can be
killed,
• carrying weapons,
• covering the head for men, covering the face and hands for women,gloves and socks should not be
worn.
• wearing shoes over the ankles,
• cutting hair or clipping nails,
• having sexual relations.
These restrictions ensure that the pilgrims are focused on what they are doing and concentrating on Allah.
Throughout the Hajj they also offer prayers to Allah while making their observances. Non-observance of these
restrictictions, either intentionally or unintentionally is compensated by penalty known as kaffara.

Specific Acts by name:

 O/N 2017
Q4 (a): Outline the various kinds of circumambulations (tawaf) around the Ka’ba
required during the annual pilgrimage (hajj) and describe the conditions for
performing them. [10]
1. Tawaf and its conditions
Tawaf is the circumambulation of the Ka'ba seven times in anticlock wise direction and there are different
kinds of tawaf which are performed during hajj.
The different kinds of tawaf and the conditions for preforming them are:
Tawaf-e-Qudoom: is the tawaf of arrival for hajj. It is performed on entering the sacred mosque.
Tawaf-e-Ziara (Tawaf Ifadah) is an obligatory act of pilgrimage and if it is not performed the pilgrimage
becomes void. It takes place after the first stoning of the jamarat and it is permissible to perform it from 10th
and 12th Zil Hajj.
Tawaf-e-Wida (the farewell tawaf), this tawaf is wajib and is performed before the pilgrims depart for their
homes. It is done after completing the actions of hajj and when one has decided to leave Mecca. It is
obligatory for all pilgrims except women who are menstruating or bleeding following childbirth, and the one
who fails to do it must sacrifice an animal of the type that is valid as an udhiyah.
Tawaf-e-Nafl It is not required during annual pilgrimage but is however performed by pilgrims to gain extra
rewards
Conditions:
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Each of these tawafs must include seven circuits, men are encouraged to perform the first three circuits at a
hurried pace, followed by the remaining four at a slower pace. Each time they reach the Black Stone, they
should kiss it if possible or raise their hands in salutation saying Allahu Akbar. After which the pilgrim offers
two rak’ah behind Maqaam Ibrahim, if possible; if the pilgrim cannot do that then he/she may offer the
prayer in any other part of the mosque. Pilgrims should before starting their tawaf make intention (niyyat)
and be in the state of wudu. According to some scholars wudu is fard (compulsory) and it is mustahab
(recommended) according to other scholars. If you perform wudu then there is no difference of opinion.
Except for the specific supplication between the last stretch of each tawaf of the Ka’ba, i.e. between ‘Rukne
Yamani’ and ‘Hajar Aswad’, there are no specific or particular duas which one needs to recite during the
tawaf. It is sunna to recite this supplication during the last stretch of each tawaf:
Sura Baqarah 2:201 – ‘O our Lord, give us the good in the world, and give us the good in the Hereafter, and
save us from the torment of the Hell Fire’
M/J 2011
5 (a) What beliefs and practices are involved in:
(i) stoning the Jamarat
(ii) performing sa’y
(iii) assembling at Arafat [10]
O/N 2018
5(a) Write a detailed account of the following: [10]
● ihram;
● tawaf ; and
● sa’i
O/N 2019
4(a) Describe any three of the following elements of pilgrimage (hajj): [10]
• ihram (garments worn for pilgrimage)
• sa’i (running between the hills of Safa and Marwa)
• rami (stoning the Jamarrat)
• Qurbani (sacrifice).
M/J 2022
5 (a) Give an account of the significance of the following:
• Day of ‘Arafah
• Eid-ul Adha

2. Sayiis walking briskly seven times between Safa and Marwa hills. Sayi is commenced from Safa and ends at
Marwa. The commandment about Sayi is contained in the Quran: “Behold! Safa and Marwa are among the
symbols of Allah. So if those who visit the house in the season or at other times, should compass them
round…..” (2:158)
The pilgrim should first climb on the Safa hill. It is not necessary t climb to the top of the hill. He should climb to such a
height only as would afford a view of the Kaaba. After descending from Safa, the pilgrim should move towards Marwa
and, thereafter, walk briskly between the two hills. Only men are required to walk briskly. Women may walk at their
normal pace. HazratHajra, wife of Hazrat Ibrahim, ran several times between these two hills in search of water for her
 13

infant son, Ismail. Sayi is performed in memory of this act. This ritual shows respect for maternal love and gratitude to
Allah.
3. Head Shaving or Shortening Hair
After Sayi pilgrims may shave their head or shorten hair and then may come out of Ihram. The women only cut a lock of
the hair.
The practice of shaving or clipping hair is affirmed by the Quran and the Sunnah of the Prophet (P.B.U.H), Allah says
“Truly did Allah fulfill the vision for his Messenger, you shall enter the Sacred Mosque if Allah wills, with minds
secure, heads shaved, hair cut short and without fear.” (Al-Fat-h 48:27). A person may shorten his hair or shave his
head, but shaving carries more reward the Prophet (P.B.U.H) blessed those who shaved three times more than those
who just shorten their hair Abu Hurairah reported, “Allah’s Apostle said, o Allah! Forgive those who get their heads
shaved, the people asked. “Also those who get their hair cut short?” the Prophet said “O Allah Forgive those who
have their heads shaved.” The people said, “Also those who get their hair cut short?” The prophet (invoke Allah for
those who have their heads shaved and) at the third time said, “also (forgive) those who get their hair cut short.”

4. Rami at Jamarat
The three stone pillars situated in Mina are called Jamarat. One nearest to Makkah is called Jamarat-al-Uqba, the second
which is near the mosque of Mina is called Jamarat-al-Wusta. At a little distance from this place is the Jamarat-al-Sughra.
It is reported that Satan tried to deceive and mislead Hazrat Ibrahim at these three places and Hazrat Ibrahim stoned the
devil. In memory of this, the devil is symbolically stoned at Mina during Hajj. It is to show that we reject the devil and
obey no one but Allah.
The act of stoning the devil is called Rami. The approved method of doing Rami is to stand about five or six feet from the
stone pillar, hold the pebble with the thumb and forefinger of the right hand and throw each pebble one after other and
while doing so, the following is to be recited, “In the name of Allah, the most Gracious, the most Merciful. Allah is great.”
The pebbles should fall as close to the pillar as possible.
5. The Ka’ba was built by Adam, and later restored by Ibrahim and Isma’il, and again in the time of the Prophet.
• It was the first sanctuary in which God was worshipped.
• It is the focus of Muslim prayer from all parts of the world.
• It is the first point in Makka that most pilgrims make for.
• During pilgrimage Muslims circumambulate it seven times.
• They try to kiss the Black Stone as they pass it following the Prophet’s example.

6. Ihram is the state of purity which Muslims enter when beginning the pilgrimage.
• The chief sign is for men two pieces of white cloth worn around them.
• For women it is normal clothes covering the whole body except face and hands.
• It removes signs of distinction and makes all pilgrims appear equal.
• There are a number of other rules and restrictions connected with Hajj and Umra such as:
prohibition against using perfume, uprooting or damaging plants or trees, doing anything dishonest, To use
abusive or foul language, To hunt or kill an animal or bird/ insects ; however, harmful or dangerous
animals/creatures can be killed, carrying weapons, covering the head for men, covering the face and hands
for women,gloves and socks should not be worn. wearing shoes over the ankles, cutting hair or clipping nails,
having sexual relations.
These restrictions ensure that the pilgrims are focused on what they are doing and concentrating on Allah.
Throughout the Hajj they also offer prayers to Allah while making their observances. Non-observance of these
restrictictions, either intentionally or unintentionally is compensated by penalty known as kaffara.
7. Talbiyah
Talbiyah is the proclamation of following words
 14

“I respond to your call o Allah! I respond to your call and I am obedient to your orders, you have no partner, I
respond to your call. All the praises and blessings are for you, all the sovereignty is for you, and You have no partners
with you”
As soon as the pilgrim enters the state of Ihram he must proclaim Talbiyah loudly. The pilgrim proclaims Talbiyah
throughout his journey when he rides his conveyance and sets out for his journey; meets a group or a person early in
the morning and after every prescribed prayer. Jabir reported that the Prophet (P.B.U.H) said, “Whosoever makes
intention to perform Hajj and pronounces Talbiyah all day until sunset, Allah the Almighty will forgive his sins, and
he will be free of sin as he was the day his mother gave birth to him” (Ibn-Majah)

8. ‘Arafat is is a vast empty plain outside Makka where all pilgrims gather during the annual pilgrimage. Here they
perform the wuquf, standing between noon and dusk in order to obtain God’s forgiveness. Day of ‘Arafah is on
the ninth day of Dhul Hijja and is the climax of Hajj and hence significant in Islam and to Muslims. ‘Arafah, and it
was here on the Mount of Mercy (Jabl-al-Rahmah) where the Prophet (pbuh) gave the Last Sermon and received
the last revelation before his passing. Wuqoof-al-‘Arafah is one of the greatest worships. It is the day of
forgiveness of sins, the Prophet (pbuh) said: ‘Hajj is halting at ‘Arafah’. On this day the gathering of people here
from all corners of the world shows that social origin, race, ethnic orientation, wealth and profession have no
bearing on the basic spiritual and human qualities. Pilgrims gather at ‘Arafah where they offer shortened and
combined Zuhr and Asr prayers with one adhan and two iqamats and stay within the boundaries of ‘Arafah till
sunset. This scene is also a reminder of the Day of Judgment where all humanity will assemble to account for
their deeds before God, and where the final judgment will take place.
9. Sacrifice (‘Id al-Adha)
The practice of sacrifice is commemorated annually as a rite of the Hajj on the tenth of Dhul-Hajj on Eid al-Adha in
Memory of the great Sacrifice of Ibrahim and Ismail. The Prophet Ibrahim had a dream ordering him to sacrifice his son,
when he narrated his dream to Ismail he immediately offered to comply with the command of Allah, Allah says, “And
when (his son) was old enough to work with him (Abraham) said o my dear son I have seen in a dream that I must
sacrifice you. So look what do you think? He said o my father! Do that what you are commanded. Allah willing you
shall find me of the steadfast.” (As-Saffat 37:102)
Sacrifice is offered after rammi on jamarattulaqabah. A sacrificial animal may be acamel, a cow or a lamb. A camel must
be atleast five years old, a cow two years old and a goat a year old at least. The animal should be healthy and free from
all physical defects.
Muslims all over the world offer the sacrifice and celebarated Eid ul Adha on that day. Allah’s Messenger (P.B.U.H) said,
“On the day of sacrifice no one does a deed more pleasing to Allah than the shedding of blood. The sacrifice will come
on the day of Resurrection with its horns, its hair and its hooves, and the blood find acceptance with Allah before it
falls on the ground, so be glad about it.” (Trimidhi).
The sacrifice is offered after the Eid prayer by Muslims other than the Pilgrims it may be offered for three days the
Prophet said, “All the Tashriq days are days of slaughtering.”(Ahmad) One may keep a part of the sacrifice meat,
distribute a part and give in charity the third part
10.Maqam-e- Ibrahim.
Maqam-e-e Ibrahim also known as The station of Ibrahim is the large stone block on which Hazrat Ibrahim stood while
building the upper walls of Holy Ka’bah . It is believed that this rock was sent from Heaven to Hazrat Ibrahim along with
three other rocks one of which is the Sacred Black Stone, also Known as hajr-e-Aswad. The second one is the rock of the
children of Israel and the third one is the Maqam-e- Ibrahim.
The block was moved further when the construction of one part was completed and in this way all the upper portion of
Ka’bah was constructed. When the construction was completed the block was left there on eastern side of the Holy
Ka’bah.
 15

One of the Miracle of Hazrat Ibrahim which many of us might be unaware of is that when he stood on that rock it
became soft and his feet dived into the rock which resulted in making the impression of his feet on the rock. After
several hundred years those impression are still on that rock.
Saeed bin Jubair R.A reported tha the Prophet (P.B.U.H) said, “The stone is the station of Ibrahim Allah made it soft
and made it a mercy. Ibrahim would stand on it and Ismail would hand to stone up to him.”
During the Khilafat of Hazrat Umar R.A he got it moved from the eastern side of Holy Ka’bah to the front of Ka’bah just
close to the door of the sanctuary. It was done so that the Muslim may not face any difficulty while performing Tawaf
as it used to come in their way. The present place where it is located now is the place where Hazrat Ibrahim offered
two rakah prayers after finishing the construction of Ka’bah. During Tawaf at the time of Hajj and Umarah it is desirable
if the Muslims offer two rakah prayers behind Maqam-e-Ibrahim. A person may offer prayer from a distance so that no
trouble is caused to other Muslims performing Tawaf. It is mandatory to offer Prayer after finishing Tawaf or will Tawaf
will not be accepted Allah said in Holy Quran Surah Al Baqarah “Remember We made the house a place of assembly
for men and a place of safety; and take ye the station of Abraham as a place of prayer and we covenanted with
Abraham and Ismail that they should sanctify. May house for those who compass it round or use it, as a retreat, or
bow, or prostrate themselves (therein in prayer).” [2:125]
11. Ihram stations [Meeqat]:
Meeqat are the prescribed stations at certain distances from masjid al Haraam and the Kaabah, set for Muslims
by the Prophet pbuh where they must put on the Ihram with the intention of performing Hajj or Umrah. There
are 5 ihram stations [Meeqat]: 1. Al- Juhfa 2. Dhul Hulaifa 3. Zat e Irq 4. Qarn al Manazil 5. Yalmalam. From
here, the pilgrims must be in the state of Ihram and recite the Talbiah which is the traditional invocation
proclaimed by the pilgrims.
12. Hajr-e-Aswad and Istilam
Mounted in silver and set in the southeastern corner of the Ka’bah is the sacred Black Stone. Hajr-e- Aswad received by
Hazrat Ismail from the angel Jibrail during the rebuilding of the Ancient House. According to traditions, this stone was
milky white; it has become black because of the sins of people. This holy stone was touched or kissed by Hazrat Ibrahim
and by the holy prophet (P.B.U.H). Its kissing is symbolic of pure love of Allah and our resolve to obey Him in all matters.
The act of kissing the Hajr-e-Aswad is called istilam. The palms of both hands are placed on it, with the face between the
two palms, And the stone is kissed in such a way that no sound is produced. If it is not possible to kiss the stone in this
manner it may merely be touched with the right hand and the hand kissed or if that is not possible one may rise the
palms of hand towards the Hajr-e-Aswad and kiss the palms.
13.Zamzam:
Zamzam is the name of the famous well in Masjid Al Haraam. Following the practice of prophet Muhammad ( Pbuh) ,is it
recommended to drink zamzam water after which estelam of the black stone again should be done again.if there is a
rush then the estelam should be signaled from a distance and one should move towards safa, reciting the following
invocation. “Indeed, Safa and Marwa are among the sign of Allah. so whoever perform Hajj orUmrah there is no Harm
in walking between them. and for whoever Happily perform further righteous deeds, Allah is the most Appreciative and
all – Knowing.” (Al- Baqarah, 2:158)
14. Forms of Hajj (Ihram):
There are three ways in which Hajj can be performed namely:
1) Hajj al- Tamattu (Interrupted): This means entering into ihram to perform Umrah before Hajj. Then the ihram is
removed on completion of Umrah and put on again on the 8th of Dhul Hijja onwards for the Hajj rites from
Makkah.
2) Hajj al- Qiran (Combined) This means entering into ihram for both Umrah and Hajj at the same time, not taking
off the ihrem after Umrah until the Day of Sacrifice (10 th Dhul Hijja). Alternatively, one may first enter into
ihram for the Umrah and before beginning one’s tawaf, may the intention of ihram for the Hajj as well.
 16

3) Hajj al Ifrad (Single): This means entering into ihram for the Hajj either from the prescribed station of ihrams
(Meeqat) or from Makkah if one lives there, and go to Mina for Hajj. In this case, ‘Umrah is not performed
before the hajj rites
All these three kinds are legitimate. Aishah reported, “We left (Madinah) with Allah’s Messenger (P.B.U.H) to perform
the farewell Hajj. Some of us declared Ihram to perform Umrah while other declared their intentions to perform both
Hajj and Umrah. Yet others declared their Ihram to perform Hajj only. The Prophet (P.B.U.H) declared Ihram for Hajj
only. As for those who intended Umrah they terminated their Ihram as soon as they finished the rituals of Umrah.
Those who intended to combine Hajj with Umrah or those who intended to perform Hajj only they did not terminate
their Ihram until the Slaughtering Day (Yawn un-Nahr), the 10th of Dhul-Hijjah” (agreed)

Mutaf
It is the place inside Masjid-e-Harram and around the Ka’bah on which Tawaf is performed.
Al Multazim
It is a place of holding this is the portion of wall of Ka’bah between its door and Hajr-e-Aswad. Here the pilgrim prays to
Allah for forgiveness.
Mina
It is a plain, which lies between Arafat and Makkah. The path way into this plain passes through Hill called Aqabah which
is famous in the history of Islam as the place where Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) took the two pledges from the Ansars of
Madinah.
Muzdalifah
It is plain between Mina and Arafat about six miles from Makkah and three miles from Mina. In the Holy Quran this place
is called the sacred Monument and Muslim are specially asked to remember Allah at this place “When ye pour down
from Arafat celebrate the praises of Allah at the Sacred Monument” (2:198)
Ramal
This is the memory of an incident that took place when the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) and his companions came to Makkah
from Madinah for performing Ummrah. The unbelievers of Makkah taunted them and said that the climate of Madinah
had made them so weak that they could not perform Tawaf properly. When the Holy Prophet (P.B.U.H) heard this he
ordered his companions to expand their chests and walkbriskly moving their shoulders. Walking in this fashion is called
Ramal. This is done in the first three circuits the normal gait being resumed in the remaining for circuits. There is no
Ramal for women.
(b) In what ways are the prophet Ibrahim and his family important to the annual
pilgrimage? [4]
• The Qur’an says Ibrahim built or rebuilt the ka`ba
• His family lived in Makka
• Hajar ran between Marwa and Safa searching for water (sa’y)
• Isma’il uncovered the well of Zamzam by scraping his heel on the earth
• Ibrahim rejected the devil three times when taking his son for sacrifice (rami)
• An animal was provided for Ibrahim to sacrifice in place of his son (sacrifice)
(b). Give reasons to show how pilgrimage brings an individual Muslim closer to Allah. [4]
- This is a way of showing dedication to Islam, by performing one of the Pillars.
- Pilgrimage is a source of seeking forgiveness from Allah.
-Pilgrim feels that he is standing in the presence of Allah and recites Talbiah (Here I am at your service).
-Remembrance of Allah with extreme concentration and humbleness brings an individual closer to Allah.
-Pilgrim endures hardships in the way of Allah and gets trained to make sacrifice for Him.
-Pilgrim leaves his home, his country, his business and his relatives and come to perform pilgrimage to seek
the pleasure of Allah.
 17

-Pilgrim follows the footprints of Hazrat Ibrahim and Holy Prophet (PBUH).
-During pilgrimage, a pilgrim rejects evil and materialism.
4. (b) Explain how the outward actions performed during umra improve a pilgrim’s inner
spirituality. [4]
• fulfilling the different observances of umra helps a pilgrim to develop their inner spirituality in a number of
ways.
• upon donning the ihram a pilgrim is reminded of the equality of all men before God and this makes him/her
feel humbled.
• The recitation of the talbiya focusses the mind of the pilgrims on the fact that they have come in response to
the call of their Creator, that they are obedient to him and acknowledge that no one is worthy of worship
besides God.
• With the tawaf, each pilgrim is glorifying God, praising him, seeking forgiveness and acknowledging his
greatness and superiority.
• Just to look upon the Ka’ba is a spiritual experience of immense magnitude for every Muslim.
• the two rakah at the station of Ibrahim, the sa’y and the shaving/cutting of hair at the end of the umra improve
the inner spirituality of the pilgrim.
5(b)What is the significance of the Black Stone (Hajr al Aswad) to Muslims? [4]
• some believe it’s a meteor that fell from the sky, whilst others believe that an angel brought the stone to
Hazrat Ibrahim when he was building the Ka’ba.
• Throughout history because of natural disasters the Ka’ba has been destroyed and rebuilt many times but the
Hajr al Aswad has always remained as a reminder of the origin of the Ka’ba.
• it is significant also because it is the only part remaining from the original structure that was built by Ibrahim.
• one is identifying with Ibrahim, when one touches it or raises one’s hand towards it, who is the spiritual father
of monotheism and that by touching it and kissing it a Muslim is following the Sunna of the Prophet.

4(b) Why in your opinion is it desirable that the pilgrims should visit Madina after the
performance of hajj or umra? [4]
• it is desirable for Muslims to visit Madina as it is a sacred city and is significant in the history of Islam as Islam
flourished and spread from Madina,
• it was the city chosen by the Prophet (pbuh) to live in even after the conquest of Mecca
• The Prophet(pbuh) sanctified Madina just as Ibrahim sanctified Mecca.
• Prophet (pbuh) is buried in Madina and a Hadith states that the Prophet (pbuh) said: ‘who makes pilgrimage and
then visits my grave after my death is like one who visits me in my life.’ Hence making it desirable for Muslims
to visit it.

5(b) In your opinion should hajj be performed as many times as possible in a Muslim’s life?
Give reasons for your answer. [4]
• • The Prophet (pbuh) performed hajj once in his lifetime so following his Sunna Muslims should also perform
hajj once in their lifetime.
• • hajj should not be performed more than once in a lifetime so that those who have not performed it get a
chance to fulfil this Pillar.
• • if a Muslim has performed hajj once he could sponsor the hajj of one who cannot afford the journey so
they can experience it and fulfil this Pillar.
 18

• • some Muslims may want to perform hajj more than once to be able to repent for their sins and to seek
God’s forgiveness. They may want to perform a hajj e badal for a deceased loved one who had not performed
hajj in their lifetime.