Road Traffic Signs

Road Traffic Signs
ROAD TRAFFIC SIGNS

A. Regulatory Signs
Signs that inform road users of traffic laws and regulations
which, if disregarded, will constitute an offense
1. Priority Signs
STOP SIGN – driver must stop

at designated STOP LINE. No
parking within 6 meters
GIVE WAY SIGN – yield to the

vehicles on right side of intersection
LEFT TURNER MUST GIVE WAY
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Road Traffic Signs
2. Directional Signs
These signs indicate the direction(s) in which the motorist

is obliged to follow
VEHICLE MAY PASS

EITHER SIDE
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Road Traffic Signs
3. Prohibitive / Restrictive Signs
NO ENTRY FOR ALL TYPES OF VEHICLE
NO ENTRY FOR SPECIFIC TYPES OF VEHICLE
NO CARS NO JEEPNEYS NO BUSES NO TRUCKS
NO BICYCLES NO MOTORCYCLES NO TRICYCLES NO VEHICLES

WITH TRAILER
NO ANIMAL DRAWN NO PUSHCARTS

VEHICLES
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Road Traffic Signs
NO PEDESTRIAN CROSSING –
pedestrians are not allowed to
cross the road
USING OVERPASS OR
USE PED XING – pedestrian
must use an overpass or
pedestrian crossing
NO RIGHT TURN or NO
LEFT TURN – vehicles are
not allowed to turn left or
right
NO U-TURN – vehicles are not

allowed to make a U-turn
NO OVERTAKING ZONE
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Road Traffic Signs
4. Speed Signs
Maximum speed restrictions
End of speed restrictions
Minimum speed restrictions
5. Parking and Stopping Signs
Allowable parking
and loading zone at
a given time and place
No stopping No loading and

anytime unloading zone
No Parking on
Fire Hydrant No waiting
within 4 meters
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Road Traffic Signs
BUS-PUJ STOP BUS STOP ZONE

ZONE – parking – parking is not
is not allowed allowed
PUJ STOP ZONE NO PARKING:

– parking is not TOW-AWAY
allowed ZONE – parked
vehicle will be
towed
No stopping or No parking
parking anytime anytime from
within the yellow Monday to Friday
box
RIGHT TURNER CROSS AT BROKEN

LINES – vehicles from the left lane may
cross the broken line to turn right within
the BUS/PUJ zone
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Road Traffic Signs
6. Miscellaneous Signs
No entry for No entry for

vehicles with vehicles with
gross axle load of gross vehicle
more than 2 tons mass of more
than 5 tons
No entry for No entry for

vehicles with more vehicles with
than 10 meters in more than 2
length meters in width
No entry for No blowing of

vehicles with more horns
than 3.5 meters in
height
USE SEAT BELT Be aware of

sign is used pedestrian
pursuant to R.A. crossing
No. 8750, the
Seat Belt Law
Be aware of
Bicycle lane ahead children
crossing
Be aware of Persons
with Disabilities crossing
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Road Traffic Signs
B. Warning Signs
Signs used to warn motorists of potentially hazardous
conditions on or adjacent to the road. It advises motorists of
road conditions that require caution and may call for a
reduction in speed, in the interest of safety and that of other
road users
1. Horizontal Signs
These signs are used to indicate the type of road curve

ahead of the motorist
SHARP TURN DOUBLE SHARP CURVE

TURN
DOUBLE CURVE WINDING ROAD HAIRPIN BEND
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Road Traffic Signs
2. Intersection Signs
Signs installed before intersection or junctions
T-Junction ahead Y-Junction ahead
Intersection ahead
Roundabout ahead Side road junction ahead

(Rotunda)
Approach to Approach to Approach to

Intersection intersection intersection
side road merging traffic
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Road Traffic Signs
3. Advance Warning / Traffic Control

Device Signs
Used to indicate signalized intersection and to warn the

presence of STOP and GIVE WAY signs
Traffic Lights Ahead – driver must not

park or stop within six (6) meters of this
sign as it reduces visibility for other
drivers
Stop sign ahead Give way sign ahead
4. Road Width Signs
Road narrows ahead Narrow bridge ahead
Divided Road Ahead End of Divided Road Ahead
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Road Traffic Signs
5. Road Obstacle Signs
Opening bridge Uneven road Hump ahead

ahead ahead
Downhill sign Uphill sign Spill way sign
Flood-prone area Landslide-prone Slippery Road

area
Animal crossing Low-flying airplane

ahead zone
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Road Traffic Signs
6. Pedestrian Signs
Pedestrian crossing ahead
Be aware of and stop for children

crossing ahead
Persons with Disabilities (PWDs)

crossing ahead
Advising the pedestrians to cross

at designated areas
Be aware and slowdown on

bicycle lane ahead
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Road Traffic Signs
7. Railway Level Crossing Signs
Railroad crossing – vehicles

must stop at the designated stop
line or drive with caution
Railway crossing warning
Alternative railway crossing is

positioned in an area that can be
easily seen
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Road Traffic Signs
8. Supplementary Signs
Preferred maximum speed during Additional sign on

normal weather traffic conditions roadworks ahead
Signs of PWDs, Senior Citizens, For PUJ / buses

Schools and Playground
WHEN WET – combined with the Distance to next

Slippery Road warning sign hazard area
9. Other Warning Signs
VERTICAL CLEARANCE
Maximum height of a vehicle Maximum height of a vehicle

must be 5.20 meters or less must be 4.80 meters or less
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Road Traffic Signs
C. Guide / Informative Signs
1. Advance Direction Signs

These signs indicate the direction(s) in which the motorists
are given information or direction
2. Intersection Direction Signs

Visible in less than 1 kilometer before an intersection
3. Reassurance Direction Signs

Approximate distance of a particular exit
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Road Traffic Signs
4. Fingerboard Direction Signs

Provides the names of roads and streets that road users
are passing or entering
5. Street Name Signs

Provides the names of roads and streets that road users
are passing or entering
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Road Traffic Signs
6. Town Names and Geographical

Feature Signs
Signs that convey the general information of interest, such
as geographical locations, boundaries and features
7. Service Signs
Hospital First Aid Telephone Gasoline Parking Accommodation

Ambulance Station Area Hotel, Motel
Hospital
Caravan Camping Information Refreshment Restaurant, Rest Area,

Site Area Center Cafes Picnic Ground
Directions of Airport Truck Rest Rooms Disabled Litter Bin

Parking Service
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Road Traffic Signs
8. Tourist Information and Tourist

Destination Signs
9. Route Markers
Identification route number of arterial and national highway
and direction of the route
Philippine Highway Network
Source: Canva Photos
In the Philippines, distance is

measured from Zero Kilometer
Post in each Province which
should be somewhere near the
Provincial Building. In Luzon,
distance is measured between
each Provincial Zero KM Post
and the Zero Kilometer Post is in
Luneta Park, Manila.
77
Road Traffic Signs
10. Asian Highway Route Markers
Our country-assigned number

is AH26. This is to identify the
general direction or arterial
roads of the Asian Highways
that have significance as
“through routes”
Advance directional
signs with route
marker shield
Asian Highway Leg Marker Sign
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Road Traffic Signs
D. Signs on Expressways
These signs are essential for the driver to have an advanced
information to ensure that they can position their vehicles in
the correct lanes
1. Expressway Approach Signs

Installed in advance or at the nearest intersection or
interchange leading to the expressway
2. Expressway Information Signs
LANE DIRECTION –
PROHIBITED ON EXPRESSWAY – used to guide the
prohibits traveling on an expressway motorists into correct
lanes leading to an
interchange
TOLL CHARGES – inform motorists

the amount of toll charges required to
pay at the toll plaza
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Road Traffic Signs
3. Advance Exit Signs
Placed in advance of an exit

toll
4. Expressway Exit Direction Signs

Exit signs posted overhead before the exit ramp of the
interchange
5. Expressway Service Signs
Distance and direction to Distance and direction to

rest areas various expressway services
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Road Traffic Signs
6. Start and End of Expressway Signs
7. Expressway Traffic Instruction and

Regulatory Signs
These special signs are normally seen exclusively for
expressways
Special signs that can be

seen 200 meters from the
toll exit
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Road Traffic Signs
E. Traffic Instruction Signs

These signs instruct the motorists to follow a direction or to
obey a course of action. It is in conjunction with regulatory or
warning signs to form a standard treatment, and support the
operation of traffic rules
Supplementary Signs
Movement Instruction Signs
Driver must Stop on a Vehicle may turn

slow down designated left or right if the
stop line intersection is clear
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Road Traffic Signs
Vehicles with more than 4.8 Detour directional signs

meters in height must detour
Driver must give way Turn right on green

to pedestrians light only
Stay on right lane unless Approaching dead end

passing other vehicles
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Road Traffic Signs
Road is closed Drivers to form

to all vehicles one lane only
Directional signs for trucks

and buses
F. Hazard Markers
These are used to emphasize to the approaching driver a
marked change in the direction of travel and the presence of
an obstruction
Types of Hazard Markers
ONE-WAY HAZARD MARKERS

indicate to the approaching driver
the only direction allowed at the
end of the road
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Road Traffic Signs
Source: Canva Photos Source: Canva Photos
CHEVRON SIGNS guide the drivers through a

change in horizontal alignment of the road
TWO-WAY HAZARD MARKERS

warn the driver ahead that the road
ahead is about to change direction
Sign used on a wide column of

an overpass structure or median
island
WIDTH MARKERS – narrowing

width clearance
OBSTRUCTION MARKERS
– road closure ahead
85
Road Traffic Signs
G. Roadwork Signs
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Pavement Markings
PAVEMENT MARKINGS OUTLINE:
A. LONGITUDINAL LINES
1. Center Line
2. Lane Line
3. Barrier Line
- Double Solid Yellow Line
- Single Solid Yellow Line
- Single Yellow line with Broken White Line
- Broken Yellow Line
4. Edge Line
5. Continuity Line
6. Transition Lines
B. TRAVERSE LINES
1. Stop Line
2. Give Way or Holding Lines
3. Pedestrian Intersection (Signalized and Non-Signalized)
4. Roundabout Holding Lines
C. OTHER LINES
1. Turn Line
2. Parking Bay
3. Loading and Unloading Bay Lane Line
4. Yellow Box
5. Bus and PUJ Lane Line
D. OBJECT MARKINGS
1. Traffic Cones on the Road
2. Concrete Barriers
E. RAISED PAVEMENT MARKINGS

1. Cat’s Eye
F. OTHER MARKINGS
1. Approach Markings to Islands and Obstructions
2. Chevron
3. Rumble Strips
4. Painted Curbs
5. Railroad Crossing Ahead
6. Motorcycle Lanes
7. Bus Lane
8. Bicycle Lane
9. Pavement Arrows
10. Speed Limit
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Pavement Markings
PAVEMENT MARKINGS
These are in the form of lines, symbols, messages, or numerals and
may be set into the surface of, applied upon, or attached to the
pavement. In some cases, pavement markings are used as a
supplement to other traffic control devices, such as traffic signals
and road signs. It simply guides traffic, gives advance warning, or
may impose restrictions supported by traffic regulations.
A. LONGITUDINAL LINES
1. CENTER or SEPARATION
LINE – crossing of solid
white lines requires special
care and is discouraged
2. LANE LINE – changing of

lane is allowed provided
that it is safe and will not
result to obstruction
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Pavement Markings
3. BARRIER LINE
a. DOUBLE SOLID
YELLOW LINES
No overtaking and
no crossing
b. SINGLE SOLID
YELLOW LINE
Crossing is allowed
but no overtaking
c. SINGLE YELLOW LINE

WITH BROKEN WHITE
LINE
No overtaking but
crossing is allowed on
the side of the solid
yellow line
Overtaking and crossing

is allowed on the side of
the broken white line
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Pavement Markings
d. BROKEN YELLOW LINE

Crossing and overtaking
is allowed with necessary
precaution
e. BROKEN AND SOLID

YELLOW LINE
Crossing and overtaking is
allowed on the side of the
broken line with caution but
overtaking is not allowed on
the side of the solid line
4. EDGE LINE – used to

separate the outside edge of
the road from the shoulder
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Pavement Markings
5. CONTINUITY LINE – continuity line on the left side means

the lane is ending or exiting and that the driver must
change lanes if the driver wants to continue in the current
direction. Continuity lines on the right means that the lane
will continue unaffected
6. TRANSITION LINES – guide the traffic safely to pass

obstructions on roadways such as islands, median strips,
bridge piers or indicate changes in the width of the traveled
portion of the roadway and an increase or reduction in
traffic lanes
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Pavement Markings
B. TRAVERSE LINES

1. STOP LINE – vehicles are 2. GIVE WAY or HOLDING LINES

required to stop before the – markings consisting of two
white line adjacent broken white lines
across the carriageway at which
drivers must give way to all
traffic in accordance with the
standard sign
3. PEDESTRIAN INTERSECTION
SIGNALIZED NON-SIGNALIZED
4. ROUNDABOUT HOLDING LINES –

vehicles within the rotunda have the
right-of-way over vehicles which are
just about to enter
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Pavement Markings
C. OTHER LINES
TURN LINE – used to guide PARKING BAY – used to

vehicles through a turning designate parking space, but
movement at intersections take note of PWD Parking
Mark
LOADING AND UNLOADING BAY LANE LINE – a solid

white line used to indicate the proper location of loading
and unloading zone with parking restrictions
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Pavement Markings
DO NOT BLOCK INTERSECTION – lines that form a

yellow box within the intersection and yellow diagonal lines
forming an “X” inside the box. No vehicle should stay inside
the box to avoid obstruction to other motorists
Source: Google images
BUS AND PUJ LANE LINE – a solid yellow line used to separate
other vehicles from buses and PUJs and supplemented by raised
pavement markers
94
Pavement Markings
D. OBJECT MARKINGS
TRAFFIC CONES ON THE ROAD CONCRETE BARRIERS
E. RAISED PAVEMENT MARKERS
Substitute to lane lines
CAT’S EYE
F. OTHER MARKINGS
APPROACH MARKINGS TO
ISLANDS AND OBSTRUCTIONS
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Pavement Markings
CHEVRON – often used to

guide traffic into the right
turning lanes separated by an
island, such as a corner island
at a signalized intersection
RUMBLE STRIPS –
Thermoplastic lane markings
designed to aid and provide
motorists with visual, audio
and motion warnings on the
road. Rumble Strips are highly
visible horizontal lines on the
road that produce a humming
sound and ample bumpy ride
to the motorists when ran over
PAINTED CURBS
No Loading and Unloading No Parking
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Pavement Markings
RAILROAD CROSSING AHEAD
MOTORCYCLE LANES – lanes

allotted for motorcycle riders and
can be shared with other
vehicles. Riders are not allowed
to stay on other lanes unless
instructed by enforcers or the
rider is turning into an intersection
and must signal his/her intention
within 100 meters
BUS LANE – designated lanes

for buses. Bus drivers are not
allowed to use other lanes
except when instructed by
enforcers or when turning into
an intersection
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Pavement Markings
BICYCLE LANE – painted

on the pavement by a solid
line along either side of the
road. Motor vehicles are
not allowed to use this lane
PAVEMENT ARROWS –
used for lane control and in
white color
SPEED LIMIT AT 60KPH – a

speed limit on pavement to
supplement the speed limit
posted on the roadside
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• Checking Motor Vehicle and Documents
A. BLOWBAGETS
B. Essential Parts of Air supply System for Heavy and
Articulated Vehicles
C. Documents
• Before Starting and Driving on the Road
A. Before Starting the Engine
B. Starting to Drive
- Steering
- Backing Up / Reversing
- Helpful Backing Tips to Avoid Road Crash
• Driving on the Road
A. Traffic Lights and Signals
B. Braking
C. Following Distance
D. Speed Restrictions
E. Exception to Speed Restrictions
F. Right-of-Way Rules
G. Exception to the Right-of-Way Rules
H. Driving on the Right Side of the Highway
I. Classification of Roads
J. Turning at Intersections
K. Making a U-turn
L. Roundabout Rules
M. Starting, Stopping or Turning Using Hand Signals
N. Overtaking and Passing Restrictions
O. Proper Parking
P. Expressway Rules and Regulations
• Proactive Vehicle Maintenance
A. Vehicle Maintenance
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Checking Motor Vehicle and Documents
BLOWBAGETS
Before operating a motor vehicle, make a round check of the
following:
Description Remarks
Battery • Limit short rides
• Keep batteries tightly fastened
• Turn off all the lights before
getting off
• Control the corrosion
• Do not use gadgets or
accessories when engine is off
Light
• Always clean lens
• Make sure to switch the lights
ON before sunset
• Switch OFF cabin lights when
engine is off
• Keep windshield and mirrors
clean
• If possible, switch to low beam
lights if you are within 200
meters of the car in front of you
• Avoid too much tint
• Avoid using excessive lights
Oil
• Check the engine oil level
regularly and add if necessary
• Change oil at regular interval
• Check for oil leaks
• Avoid prolonged RPM to avoid
oil leaks
• Check the ball joint grease,
fluids and steering oil or gear oil
100
Description Remarks
Water (Coolant) • Check the water level regularly
• Avoid overfilling the reservoir to
maintain correct back pressure
• Replace radiator cap, if required
to avoid overheating
• Do not condemn thermostat
• Always check upper and lower
hose
Brakes • Check for oil leaks on the brake
master cylinder
• Check for oil leaks on the
caliper or piston
• Check for allowable thickness
of rotors and brake pads
• Regularly wash the rotors and
pads to remove residuals or
dusts
• After repair – drive the vehicle
and apply intermittent brake
Source: Canva Photos within a block
• Always check for leaks on pipes
• Check fluid reservoir (color and
odor)
Accessories
• Check for body scratches / damages, doors and windows, wiper,
side and rearview mirrors, cluster instrument, etc.
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Description Remarks
• Check the horn, spare tire, early warning device, AC

components, horn and seatbelt, parking brake, etc.
Gas / Fuel
• Avoid short trips
• Avoid heavy traffic
• Do not carry too much load
• Close your windows if aircon is ON
• Accelerate smoothly
• Shift smoothly
• Follow the speed limit
• Check tire pressure
• Check for leaks
• Avoid using different brands of fuel
• As much as possible, do not
overfill the fuel tank
• Replace fuel tank cap, if required
Electrical
• Avoid installation of electrical
accessories
• Accessories must be installed or
repaired by a qualified auto
electrician
• Avoid using substandard electrical
wires, fuse, and fuse holders
• Never pour water on dashboard
Source: Canva Photos when cleaning
• Never do a spaghetti wire
102
Description Remarks
Tires • Always check the tire pressure
before leaving or every
scheduled stop
• In the absence of a chart,
usually situated near the driver
seat, the ideal maximum tire
pressure when cold is minus 4
psi
• The common tire problems are
due to toe-in or toe-out. This
may be observed after a long
trip
• Rotate the tires at 45 degrees
whenever the vehicle has been
parked. This will prevent cracks
on sidewalls
• Worn out kingpins and control
arms greatly affect the wear and
tear of tire
Self
• Be physically fit and mentally
prepared before sitting on
driver’s seat and touching the
steering wheel
BLOWBAGETS is a simple do-it-yourself motor vehicle

inspection to avoid road crashes and breakdowns.
For Motorcycle Riders

Aside from BLOWBAGETS, check the following:
• Accelerator and Brake Cable
• Accelerator Throttle
• Drive chain or belt
Be aware of excessive modifications such as tailpipe, lights, and
mirrors.
103
ESSENTIAL PARTS OF AIR SUPPLY SYSTEM

FOR HEAVY AND ARTICULATED VEHICLES
1. Engine Air Compressor – The primary

function of air compressor is to generate
compressed air into the system that requires
air to operate. Some drivers mistakenly
identify engine air compressors as air
condition compressors. An engine air
compressor does not have a magnetic clutch.
2. Air Pressure Regulator – Regulators are

required to primarily regulate the pressure
given into the air dryer to avoid unnecessary
burst of air pipes and lines.
3. Air Dryer or Air Purifier – The air generated

from air compressors includes oil (from the
engine) and moist (water vapor). Air dryer
purifies the generated air and removes oil and
water substances.
4. Four-Way Valve – Valve that controls the

direction of compressed air to serve the front
and rear brakes, the parking brake and
accessories attached to the system such as
front and rear door cylinders.
5. Air Reservoir Tanks – Compressed air are

stored on these tanks. These may be coupled
with other sensors or one-way valve to restrain
the compressed air flowing back into the four-
way valve.
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DOCUMENTS
Certificate of Registration New Official Receipt
Driver’s License
Certificate of Public Convenience / Franchise
105
Before Starting and Driving on the Road
BEFORE STARTING THE ENGINE

Manual Clutch – be sure that the gear is in
neutral position before starting. Know the
gear shift operation of the vehicle > 1st, 2nd,
3rd, 4th, 5th gear, neutral and reverse.
Automatic Clutch – make sure that the
shifting lever is at parking position.
• Do not rest your one arm on the window
• Make sure you are seated comfortably
• Adjust the seat and rearview mirror so that
you can use it without having to lean forward
or backward
• Adjust side mirrors
• Remove everything that blocks your view
• Make sure to wear your seat belt and advise
passenger to do the same
• Lock all doors
• Check and adjust the side mirrors

• Avoid pushing the motorcycle to start the engine
106
STARTING TO DRIVE
STEERING
Hands grip on the steering wheel at a 9:3 or
10:2 position to have a good and full control of
the steering wheel. You must be on the right
distance and sitting position from the steering
wheel.
• Sit comfortably and hold the handlebar firmly
BACKING UP / REVERSING
Reversing (also known as backing up) is the
process of driving a vehicle in the reverse
direction to maneuver. Rearview mirror is the
standard equipment for this endeavor.
Modern motor vehicles have built-in technical
aids or sensors like backup cameras, while
https//wikihow.com
other vehicles may be equipped with the same.
Success in reversing depends on correct driving posture, hearing,
seeing, steering and speed control.
The main problem when reversing is poor visibility resulting to road
crashes. To prevent such, one can install safety equipment
including cameras and sensors. The driver must also be aware of
the surroundings that may pose a danger like:
• Site layout
• Blind spots
• Pedestrians, motorists, and parked vehicles
• Space and lighting
• Defective safety equipment, such as camera and sensors
107
HELPFUL BACKING TIPS TO AVOID ROAD CRASH
• When backing around a corner to the

right or out from a driveway, check
first the traffic, vehicles, and
pedestrians.
• Turn your body to the right and put

your right arm over the back of the
seat. Look at the window as well as
the rear and front of the vehicle.
• While backing, stay at the right side as much as possible.

• During all maneuvers, make quick traffic checks to the front and
sides of the vehicle then continue looking back until you reach
the desired clearance.
• Make quick checks over left and right shoulder and look
through the mirror or rear window.
• Whenever possible, appreciate

assistance from companions inside
the vehicle or a person outside your
vehicle to help you back up.
https//wikihow.com
• If a U-turn is not possible, get out of the seat and push back
the motorcycle by holding the handlebar on one hand and
back seat bracket with the other hand. Avoid turning using
the side stand
108
DRIVING ON THE ROAD
TRAFFIC LIGHTS AND SIGNALS
RED SIGNAL means you must bring your vehicle to a

STOP at a marked line.
FLASHING RED SIGNAL means bring your vehicle to
a STOP and proceed only when it is safe.
YELLOW / AMBER SIGNAL indicates that the RED

signal is about to appear.
FLASHING YELLOW LIGHT means slow down and
proceed with caution.
GREEN SIGNAL means you can proceed, provided

you yield to pedestrian and traffic lawfully using the
intersection.
FLASHING GREEN SIGNAL means proceed with
caution and be prepared for pedestrians who might
cross the street. This signal is usually seen on
intersections where pedestrian crossing button is
available.
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BRAKING
PROPER BRAKING
Avoid tailgating. Staying too close to the vehicle in front of you

leaves no room to maneuver whenever there is obstruction on
your lane.
Maintain a safe distance when following a vehicle. This will give
you adequate space, time to react and to stop safely.
Give motorcycles the same distance you would give to any other
vehicle. Motorcycles are entitled to the same full length and width
as all other vehicles on the road.
BRAKING DISTANCE
It is the distance travelled from the time you start to activate the
brakes until you bring the vehicle to a stop. The vehicle running
at 100 kph in an ideal condition can travel 60 meters when
applying a full brake.
PERCEPTION and REACTION DISTANCE

Allow extra braking distance. It takes a split second for your
reflexes to respond and the brain to react from the time you see
a potential hazard. A vehicle running at 100 kph has a
perception distance of 20 meters.
TOTAL STOPPING DISTANCE
Take into consideration your perception distance, reaction

distance and braking distance based on your speed to come
into a total stopping distance. A vehicle running at 100 kph has
a total stopping distance of 80 meters on a full brake.
110
FOLLOWING DISTANCE
TWO or THREE SECOND RULE

The two or three second rule is an informal rule by which a driver
must maintain a safe distance at any speed. The rule is that a driver
should ideally stay at least two or three seconds behind any vehicle
that is directly in front. It is not a guide to safe distance but more of
a guide to reaction time.
The practice has been shown to considerably reduce the risk of
road crash and the severity of any injury if a collision occurs. It also
helps avoid tailgating or road rage for all drivers, since tailgating
gives lesser collision avoidance time and driver reaction time.
The safe distance is measured in time (seconds) rather than meters
as it can be difficult to accurately judge distances while driving and
what counts as a safe distance varies depending on speed.
To estimate time, a driver can wait until the rear-end of the vehicle
in front passes any distinct and fixed or stationary object on the
roadway – e.g., a road sign, mailbox, lamp post. When the car in
front of you passes the object, you may begin to count (up to three
seconds) until you reach the same object.
The allotted time is a safety buffer to allow the following driver time
to respond and may be adjusted based on the vehicle size, load,
speed, driver’s reflexes, etc.
111
SPEED RESTRICTIONS
Prescribed Rate of Speed as per Section 35 (B) of R.A. No. 4136
Motor
Passenger
trucks
DESCRIPTION Cars and
and
Motorcycles
Buses
1. On open country roads, with no "blind corners" not 80 km. per 50 km.
closely bordered by habitations. hour per hour
2. On "through streets" or boulevards, clear of traffic, 40 km. per 30 km.

with no “blind corners," when so designated. hour per hour
3. On city and municipal streets, with light traffic, when 30 km. per 30 km.
not designated "through streets". hour per hour
4. Through crowded streets, approaching intersections

at "blind corners," passing school zones, passing 20 km. per 20 km.
other vehicles which are stationary, or for similar hour per hour
dangerous circumstances.
Note: Speed Limit posted on the road shall prevail
National Roads Prescribed Rate of as per Joint Memorandum

Circular 2018-001 dated 17 January 2018 of DOTr, DPWH and
DILG
Recommended design speed under DPWH design, guidelines, standards and
criteria, volume IV (2015 ED)
NATIONAL ROADS
PRIMARY
Flat Topography 80 kph
Rolling Topography 60 kph
Mountainous Topography 50 kph
SECONDARY
Flat Topography 70 kph
Rolling Topography 60 kph
Mountainous Topography 40 kph
112
Provincial Roads Prescribed Rate of Speed under DPWH

Memorandum April 14, 2014
Motor
Passenger cars,
trucks,
ROAD motorcycles,
JURISDICTION buses, and
CLASSIFICATION and similar
similar
vehicles
vehicles
Open Road 40 kph 30 kph
Provincial Through Street 40 kph 30 kph
Crowded Street 20 kph 20 kph
Municipal or City
30 kph 30 kph
Streets
Municipal / City
Barangay Roads 20 kph 20 kph
and Barangay
Crowded Streets 20 kph 20 kph
EXCEPTION TO SPEED RESTRICTIONS
1. A physician or his driver when the former responds to

emergency calls;
2. The driver of a hospital ambulance on the way to and from
the place of accident or other emergency;
3. Any driver bringing wounded or sick person for emergency
treatment to a hospital, clinic, or any other similar places;
4. The driver of a motor vehicle belonging to the Armed Forces
while in use for official purposes in times of riot, insurrection or
invasion;
5. The driver of a vehicle, when his/her passengers are in pursuit
of a criminal;
6. A law-enforcement officer who is trying to overtake a violator
of traffic laws; and
7. The driver, who officially operates a motor vehicle of any fire
department, provided that exemption shall not be construed to
allow useless or unnecessary fast driving of drivers
aforementioned.
113
RIGHT-OF-WAY RULES
Republic Act No. 4136 enumerates and expressly defines the Right-
of-Way as:
When two vehicles approach or enter an intersection at

approximately the same time, the driver of the vehicle on the left
shall yield the right of way to the vehicle on the right, except as
otherwise hereinafter provided. The driver of any vehicle travelling
at an unlawful speed shall forfeit any right of way which he/she
might otherwise have hereunder.
The driver of a vehicle (Vehicle B)

approaching but not having entered
an intersection, shall yield the right-
of-way to a vehicle within such
intersection or turning therein to the
left across the line of travel of such
first-mentioned vehicle, provided
the driver of the vehicle turning left
has given a plainly visible signal of
intention to turn as required in this
Act. n
The driver of any vehicle upon a

highway within a business or
residential district shall yield the
right-of-way to a pedestrian crossing
such highway within a crosswalk,
except at intersections where the
movement of traffic is being
regulated by a peace officer or by
traffic signal.
Every pedestrian crossing a highway
within a business or residential
district, at any point other than a crosswalk shall yield the right-of-
way to vehicles upon the highway.
114
The driver of a vehicle upon a

highway shall bring to a full stop such
vehicle before traversing any
"through highway" or railroad
crossing: Provided, that when it is
apparent that no hazard exists, the
vehicle may be slowed down to five
miles per hour instead of bringing it
to a full stop.
F
The driver of a vehicle entering a highway from a private road or
drive shall yield the right-of-way to all vehicles approaching on such
highway.
EXCEPTION TO THE RIGHT-OF-WAY RULE
The driver of a vehicle upon a

highway shall yield the right-of-way
to police or fire department vehicles
and ambulances when such
vehicles are operated on official
business and the drivers thereof
sound audible signal of their
approach.
The driver of a vehicle entering a

"through highway" or a "stop
intersection" shall yield the right-of-
way to all vehicles approaching to
either direction on such "through
highway": Provided, that nothing in this
subsection shall be construed as
relieving the driver of any vehicle being
operated on a "through highway" from
the duty of driving with due regard for
the safety of vehicles entering such "through highway" nor as
protecting the said driver from the consequence of an arbitrary
exercise off such right-of-way.
115
DRIVING ON THE RIGHT SIDE OF THE HIGHWAY
Unless a different course of

action is required in the
interest of the safety and the
security of life, person, or
property, or because of
unreasonable difficulty of
operation in compliance
herewith, every person Source: Canva Photos
operating a motor vehicle or an animal-drawn vehicle on a highway

shall pass to the right when meeting persons or vehicles coming
toward him/her, and to the left when overtaking persons or vehicles
going the same direction, and when turning to the left in going from
one highway to another, every vehicle shall be conducted to the
right of the center of the intersection of the highway.
CLASSIFICATION OF ROADS
1. National Road - road that connects one province to another

province generally with more than six (6) meters in width for a
two-way road.
2. Provincial Road - road that connects the municipalities or cities
within the province generally with more than six (6) meters in
width for a two-way road.
3. Municipal/City Road - road network within a city or municipality
generally with more than six (6) meters in width for a two-way
road.
4. Barangay Road - road that connects the barangays from the
city or town or road within the geographical location of a
barangay with an ideal width of more than 4.50 meters.
5. Farm-to-Market Road - access road from farm to transport of
products to the market outlet with an ideal width of more than
4.50 meters.
116
TURNING AT INTERSECTIONS
MAKING THE RIGHT TURN

1. Proceed to the right lane well
in advance.
2. Reduce to a safe speed and
signal your intention to turn.
3. Check the traffic approaching
from the left and pedestrian or
any other obstruction.
4. At the turn position, keep your
rear right wheel nearest to the
curb or edge of the highway.
MAKING THE LEFT TURN

1. Vehicle B - Drive your vehicle to
the lane, advance to the
intersection where you intend
to make a turn.
2. Vehicles A and B - Reduce to a
safe speed and signal your
intention to turn.
3. Vehicle B - If stopped, keep
your wheels pointed straight
ahead and wait to cross the
intersection.
4. Vehicle B - Make your turn into
the lane nearest to the center
line. Always be aware of
approaching long vehicles in an
intersection.
5. Vehicle B - Approach right-
turning vehicle (Vehicle A),
coming from the opposite
direction, so that they are on
your right.
117
LEFT TURN FROM ONE-WAY STREET TO TWO-WAY STREET

(VEHICLE A)
1. Signal your intention to turn left.
2. Look ahead to the left or to the
right before making a turn.
3. Move towards the left-most
lane.
4. Watch out for motorcycles,
bicycles, pedestrians, and
obstructions.
5. Keep to the left-most lane while
turning.
LEFT TURN FROM ONE-WAY STREET TO ONE-WAY STREET

(VEHICLE A)
1. Signal your intention to turn left.
2. Look ahead for traffic to check if
the way is clear.
3. Position your vehicle nearest to
the curb upon reaching the
intersection.
4. Watch out for motorcycles,
bicycles, pedestrians, and
obstructions.
TURNING FROM ONE-WAY STREET TO ONE-WAY STREET ON

RED SIGNAL
1. Check if you are allowed to make a turn on a Red Signal. If yes,

safely proceed. Otherwise, STOP and wait for a Green Traffic
Light.
2. Position your vehicle nearest to the curb of the intersection.
3. Signal your intention to turn.
118
MAKING A U-TURN
U-turns are risky and prohibited in

some areas. When doing a U-turn:
1. Start turning from the right side of the
inner most lane.
2. Check for traffic in both directions
and make the proper turn signal.
3. When the way is clear, carefully turn
the steering wheel sharply to the left
while moving forward.
4. Do not change lanes until you reach
the correct traffic speed.
• Never overtake a turning vehicle especially on its blind spots.

• Large vehicles such as buses and trucks have more blind
spots than cars and jeepneys.
USING LANES - Changing Lanes

1. Check traffic ahead, behind and on the sides.
2. Check the rearview mirror and side mirrors for approaching
vehicles.
3. Take a quick glance on the blind spots.
4. Switch ON signal light.
5. Steer into the new lane while looking forward.
6. Switch OFF your signal.

• Most road crashes for riders are due to habitual and
unnecessary changing of lane. This is tantamount to
reckless driving.
• Stay on the designated motorcycle lane and avoid racing
with other riders.
119
ROUNDABOUT RULES
If you are about to enter a roundabout or rotunda, yield the right-of-

way to vehicles already inside the roundabout.
Signal your intention and check your side mirror before you exit the
roundabout.
STARTING, STOPPING OR TURNING

USING HAND SIGNALS
The driver of any vehicle upon a highway,

before starting, stopping or turning from a
direct line, shall first see that such
movement can be made in safety, and if any
pedestrian may be affected by such
movement, shall give a clearly audible
signal by sounding the horn, and whenever
the operation of any other vehicle
approaching or following may be affected by
such movement, shall give a signal plainly
visible to the driver of such other vehicles of
the intention to make such movement.
The signal herein required shall be given by means of extending the

hand and arm beyond the left side of the vehicle, or by an approved
mechanical or electrical signal device.
• Use of hand, head or foot signals that are not mentioned in

this topic are not recognized as a lawful signal.
• Other international signs may be used for group riding only.
• Avoid using other signals that may tend to confuse other
motorists. Example, raising your left foot to turn left is not a
recognized and lawful signal. Besides, it is not safe.
120
OVERTAKING AND PASSING RESTRICTIONS
1. The driver of a vehicle shall not

drive to the left side of the
centerline of a highway in
overtaking or passing another
vehicle proceeding in the
same direction, unless such
left side is clearly visible, and
is free of oncoming traffic for a
sufficient distance ahead to
permit such overtaking or
passing to be made in safety.
2. The driver of a vehicle shall not overtake or pass another

vehicle proceeding in the same direction, when approaching the
crest of a grade, not upon a curve in the highway, where the
driver's view along
the highway is
obstructed within a
distance of five
hundred feet ahead,
except on a highway
having two or more
lanes for movement
of traffic in one
direction where the
driver of a vehicle
Source: Canva Photos may overtake or
pass another vehicle: Provided, that on a highway within a
business or residential district, having two or more lanes for
movement of traffic in one direction, the driver of a vehicle may
overtake or pass another vehicle on the right.
121
3. The driver of a vehicle shall not overtake or pass any other

vehicle proceeding in the same direction, at any railway grade
crossing, not at any intersection of highways unless such
intersection or crossing is controlled by traffic signal, or unless
permitted to do so by a
watchman or a peace officer,
except on a highway having two
or more lanes for movement of
traffic in one direction where the
driver of a vehicle may overtake
or pass another vehicle on the
right. Nothing in this section shall
be construed to prohibit a driver
overtaking or passing upon the
right another vehicle which is
making or about to make a left
turn.
4. The driver of a vehicle shall not overtake or pass, or attempt to
pass, any other vehicle, proceeding in the same direction,
between any points indicated by the placing of official temporary
warning or caution signs indicating that men are working on the
highway.
5. The driver of a vehicle shall not overtake or pass, or attempt to

overtake or pass, any other vehicle proceeding in the same
direction in any "no-passing or overtaking zone”
• Never overtake on a curve especially on an uphill or downhill

road.
• Overtake only at a safe and manageable speed.
• Always consider the quality of rear tires when overtaking on
a curve. Inferior tires will cause the motorcycle to skid.
122
PROPER PARKING
DOWNHILL AND UPHILL PARKING
With a curb - When parking downhill or uphill, turn the front wheels
into the curb or toward the sidewalk. When parking on a sloped
driveway, turn the wheels so that the vehicle will not roll into the
street if the parking brake fails. Always engage the parking brakes.
If possible, leave the vehicle in gear position.
Without a curb – The main purpose of parking is to avoid road

crashes. Park your vehicle in such a way that whenever the parking
brake is inadvertently released, the vehicle will roll out off the road
and not into the road.
ANGLE PARKING
Where angle parking is required, vehicles
shall be parked at an angle of about forty-
five degrees (45°) to the curb and with one
of the front wheels touching or within one
foot of the curb.
PARALLEL PARKING
A method of parking a vehicle parallel to the
road and in line with other parked vehicles.
parallel parking initially requires driving
slightly past the parking space, parallel to
the parked vehicles in front of that space,
keeping a safe distance, then followed by
reversing into that space.
123
PERPENDICULAR PARKING
Means parking the vehicle on the side of
another vehicle, perpendicular to a wall or
curb. This parking area is mostly located in
malls or garages with limited space.
PARKING PROHIBITIONS IN SPECIFIED PLACES

No driver shall park a vehicle, or permit it to stand, whether attended
or unattended, upon a highway in any of the following places:
a. Within an intersection
b. On a crosswalk
c. Within six meters of the intersection of curb lines
d. Within four meters of a driveway entrance to a fire station
e. Within four meters of a fire hydrant
f. In front of a private driveway
g. On the roadway side of any vehicle stopped or parked at the
curb or edge of the highway
h. At any place where official signs have been displayed
prohibiting parking
• Never park downhill.

• As much as possible, use the center stand when parking for
longer hours.
• Never forget to lock the handlebar before leaving the area.
• If parking inside a mall or parking bay, see to it that there is
enough maneuvering space for others and for yourself.
124
EXPRESSWAY RULES AND REGULATIONS
1. No person or vehicle shall have any right of ingress or egress

to, from or across the Limited Access Facility and to or from
abutting lands, except at such designated entry/exit
points/interchanges.
2. It is unlawful to remove or cause the removal of right-of-way

fences along the sides of the Limited Access Facilities.
3. A person or group of persons is not allowed or permitted to

stand, stop, load, unload, or park a vehicle in the Limited Access
Facilities except in designated places.
4. In case of vehicle emergency, breakdown or accident, impaired

vehicle/s shall be removed from the travel way by authorized
towing operators without delay at the expense of the owner
and/or driver.
5. The following vehicles are not allowed to enter the Expressway

at any time:
a. Motorcycles (below 400 cc), tricycles, all kinds of scooters
and bicycles; exceptions - only 1 back ride is allowed;
helmets must be worn at all times
b. Vehicles being towed, except those which are being
removed from the expressway
c. Dilapidated and not roadworthy vehicles (i.e., vehicles
without headlights, taillights, brake lights, vehicles with
misaligned chassis, bald tires, etc.)
d. Smoke belchers (as per Clean Air Act R.A. No. 8749)
e. Trucks carrying construction aggregates (including sand,
gravel, and fill materials) not leveled and/or without cover
f. Vehicles with cargo not battened down and/or not firmly
fastened
125
6. Lane No. 1 (innermost lane) or the lane nearest the Median

Barrier or Median shall be used only for overtaking another
vehicle but within the allowed speed. Overtaking vehicles,
however, do not have right-of-way. Cargo trucks, buses, and
slow-moving vehicles are NOT allowed in Lane No. 1 at all
times.
7. The owner/driver of the vehicle shall be responsible for the

payment of damages to expressway property such as rail
guards, lamp post, perimeter fence, median barrier, building,
etc. The dues shall be assessed by the responding/
apprehending officer and paid to the Manila North Tollways
Corporation.
8. Speed limits (except in areas where specific speed limits are

posted)
a. Minimum: 60 kph
b. Maximum: 100 kph
USE OF EXPRESSWAY LANES

LANE LANE PERMITTED VEHICLES
(EACH DIRECTION)
Vehicles from lane 2 may use this lane for passing and
1
overtaking
Passenger cars, small and medium passenger buses,
2
4 lanes freight vehicles with under -1.5 cargo
Large passenger bus and freight vehicle with over -1.5
3
cargo
4 Special vehicles and construction equipment
Vehicles from lane 2 may use this lane for passing and
1
overtaking
Passenger cars, passenger buses, freight vehicles with
3 lanes 2
under -1.5 ton cargo
Freight vehicles with over -1.5 ton cargo, special
3
vehicles, construction equipment
1 Lane for passing or overtaking

2 lanes
2 All vehicles
126
A. Two-lane
1 2
Passing for vehicles from Lane 2 All vehicles
B. Three-lane
Freight Vehicles with over 1.5
ton cargo, special vehicles,
construction equipment
Cars, Buses, Freight Vehicles

with under 1.5 ton cargo
1 2 3 Passing for vehicles from

Lane 2
C. Four-lane
1 2 3 4
Passing for vehicles from Lane 2 Special Vehicles and

construction equipment
Cars, small and medium
passenger buses, freight Large passenger buses
vehicles with under 1.5 and freight with over 1.5
ton cargo ton cargo
127
EXPRESSWAY DRIVING TIPS

1. Look ahead, enter slowly, and accelerate before merging.
2. Drive in designated lanes.
3. Slow down at the entry and exit tolls.
4. Do not slam on the brake in case of tire blowout or a flat tire.
5. Maintain safe distance.
6. Be aware of crosswinds.
7. Rest in a safe place when tired or sleepy. Don’t take chances –
do take a break.
8. Never provoke an aggressive driver.
9. Switch on hazard warning light only when stopping for
emergencies.
10. Plan at least 1 km ahead of the exit toll.
11. Slightly press the brake when approaching the toll gate.
12. Keep tickets and cash (e-cards) within reach.
13. No distractions – avoid using mobile phones and chatting with
passengers.
14. Never stare at the oncoming headlights.
15. Never stare or look at the eye of the other driver when
overtaking.
16. Say/indicate, “sorry” if a mistake is committed.
17. Say/indicate, “thank you” if the right-of-way is given to you.
18. Be calm but aware and alert.
128

Road Traffic Signs

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Road Traffic Signs

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Road Traffic Signs

ROAD TRAFFIC SIGNS

STOP SIGN – driver must stop

GIVE WAY SIGN – yield to the

LEFT TURNER MUST GIVE WAY

These signs indicate the direction(s) in which the motorist

VEHICLE MAY PASS

3. Prohibitive / Restrictive Signs

NO ENTRY FOR ALL TYPES OF VEHICLE

NO ENTRY FOR SPECIFIC TYPES OF VEHICLE

NO CARS NO JEEPNEYS NO BUSES NO TRUCKS

NO BICYCLES NO MOTORCYCLES NO TRICYCLES NO VEHICLES

NO ANIMAL DRAWN NO PUSHCARTS

NO U-TURN – vehicles are not

Maximum speed restrictions

End of speed restrictions

Minimum speed restrictions

5. Parking and Stopping Signs

No stopping No loading and

BUS-PUJ STOP BUS STOP ZONE

PUJ STOP ZONE NO PARKING:

RIGHT TURNER CROSS AT BROKEN

No entry for No entry for

No entry for No entry for

No entry for No blowing of

USE SEAT BELT Be aware of

These signs are used to indicate the type of road curve

SHARP TURN DOUBLE SHARP CURVE

DOUBLE CURVE WINDING ROAD HAIRPIN BEND

Signs installed before intersection or junctions

T-Junction ahead Y-Junction ahead

Roundabout ahead Side road junction ahead

Approach to Approach to Approach to

3. Advance Warning / Traffic Control

Used to indicate signalized intersection and to warn the

Traffic Lights Ahead – driver must not

Stop sign ahead Give way sign ahead

4. Road Width Signs

Road narrows ahead Narrow bridge ahead

Divided Road Ahead End of Divided Road Ahead

5. Road Obstacle Signs

Opening bridge Uneven road Hump ahead

Downhill sign Uphill sign Spill way sign

Flood-prone area Landslide-prone Slippery Road

Animal crossing Low-flying airplane

Pedestrian crossing ahead

Be aware of and stop for children

Persons with Disabilities (PWDs)

Advising the pedestrians to cross

Be aware and slowdown on

7. Railway Level Crossing Signs

Railroad crossing – vehicles

Railway crossing warning

Alternative railway crossing is

Preferred maximum speed during Additional sign on

Signs of PWDs, Senior Citizens, For PUJ / buses

WHEN WET – combined with the Distance to next

9. Other Warning Signs

Maximum height of a vehicle Maximum height of a vehicle