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English on Phone
Companion - 4
Grammar worksheets for daily practice
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Welcome to English on Phone
Dear Student,

It gives us great pleasure to welcome you to BodhiSutra English on Phone, a proven course
backed by both scientific research and awesome results.

Attend all classes, speak a lot in your daily exercises and complete all companion exercises.

If you face any issues, feel free to get in touch with us. We are committed to making you
impressive and confident in your English communication and would be glad to hear from you.

Call us at 9811352221 or 9015682339 for any feedback or complaint.

Best wishes,

Team BodhiSutra

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English on Phone – Best Practices
BodhiSutra English on Phone has helped thousands of working professionals, college students
and housewives speak fluent English in their professional, personal and social spheres.
Following best practices have emerged from their collective experience.

We strongly recommend you to follow them to get the maximum out of this program:

a) Attend all classes, yes, do not miss a single one

b) You may take two leaves in a month. For this, please inform Operations Team before
your class timing that you would not be able to take the class.
c) All leaves beyond the permissible 2 leaves will be counted and you will lose those
sessions. If you don’t inform the Operations in advance about taking a leave, it would be
counted as Student Absent and you will lose that class.
d) If you face any issues like your trainer missed a class or you do not understand
something or any other problem, please inform Customer Support immediately at
9811352221 or 9015682339.
e) Watch English news for at least 30 mins every day. Make it a routine practice even if you
do not understand it.
f) Read for 30 mins everyday. Read something entertaining, interesting and easy. It could
be children’s story books or text books of kids in your family or novels or non-fiction –
absolutely anything. You need to have a reading habit to become a good communicator.
g) Feel free to talk to us whenever you feel like giving us any feedback or have any
comments on the course, training methods or any other process.
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Chapter 1
Imperative sentences for advice, suggestion, command, invite and emphasis
Study the following sentences:
1. Come here.
2. Switch on the light
3. Give me food.
4. Never tell a lie.
5. Be kind to animals.
6. Show me your homework.
7. Go out and play.
8. Pay your taxes
9. Work hard.

Also, see this set of sentences:

1. Don’t talk.
2. Do not smoke.
3. Don’t be late.
4. Don’t sleep in class
5. Don’t drink and drive
6. Don’t worry. It will be alright.
7. Don’t cry.
8. Don’t be selfish.

Such sentences are called imperatives.

The subject, “you” in such sentences is usually hidden.

Usage of Imperatives
Imperative sentences are used in following cases:
1. To give instructions
Examples:
a) Start the car
b) Turn left
c) Pick the phone and dial 100
d) Turn off your computer
2. To give commands
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Examples:
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a) Stop this nonsense

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 b) Get out
c) Stand up
d) Get lost
e) Come here
3. To give advice
Examples:
a) Go see a doctor. You are not well
b) Work hard, the exams are near.
c) Be careful, it is getting dark
d) Read newspaper daily
e) Get your BP checked
4. To invite
Examples
a) Please come to my party
b) Have some tea
c) Here, have a drink
d) Join us this weekend
e) Run with us for good health
f) Practice yoga with us every morning
5. To emphasize your point
Examples:
1. Do write down the correct account number
2. Do let me know if you go out tomorrow
3. Do think of my offer
4. Do visit me when you come to Delhi
5. Do see Disneyland when you to the US

Exercise 1: Which of the following sentences are imperative? Mark a tick ( )

1. Never tell a lie. __________
2. Don’t play near the fire. _________
3. Honesty is the best policy. ________
4. Come, join the fun. __________
5. Hard work always pays. __________
6. Work hard, sleep less. __________
7. Be brave. ________
8. Get out! _________

Exercise 2: Fill up the blanks by choosing the correct option:

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1. _______ (Go/Went) inside the class.

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2. It is raining. __________ (Take/Taking) an umbrella.

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3. __________ (Stand/Stood) up, all of you.
4. _________ (Getting/Get) lost!
5. __________ (Love/Loving) your neighbor.
6. _______ (Run/Running) for fun.
7. ________ (Sit/Sat ) down.
8. ________ (Shut/Shutting) up!

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Chapter 2
Simple present tense form of the verb ‘to be’
The verb “to be” is the commonly used verb in English.
In simple present tense, verb ‘to be’ is used in the following forms:

Subject Full form Short form Example

I Am ‘m 1. I am a doctor, I’m a heart specialist.

2. I am a policeman. I’m an inspector.
3. I’m a Tamilian. I am from France.

He/She/It Is ‘s 1. He is in the office. He’s always on time.

2. She is very intelligent. She’s the topper.
3. It is very costly. It’s not worth thousand rupees.
4. He’s my brother. He is a soldier.

We Are ‘re 1. We are Indians. We’re one.

2. We are very busy. We’re always busy.
3. We are in Delhi. We’re not in Mumbai.

You Are ‘re 1. You are the wisest here. You’re the oldest too.
2. You are not alone. You’re with friends.

They Are ‘re 1. They are busy. They’re not free.

2. They are in the field. They’re at work.

When asking questions, the verb ‘to be’ takes following forms:

Verb forms Examples

Am I… 1. Am I a foreigner?
2. Am I in trouble?
3. Am I dead or alive?

Are you… 1. Are you an American?

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2. Are you out of your mind?

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3. Are you alright?

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 4. Are you tired?

Is he/she/it…… 1. Is he serious?
2. Is she in Delhi?
3. Is it Monday today?
4. Is it the right time?
5. Is he eating?

Are we… 1. Are we ready now?

2. Are we all fine?

Are they…. 1. Are they king’s soldiers?

2. Are they brave?
3. Are they honest?

When saying ‘no’, it takes the following forms:

Negative form Short form Examples

I am not I’m not 1. I’m not afraid of death.

2. I am not interested in circket.
3. I’m not in the army, I’m a doctor.

You are not You aren’t 1. You aren’t ready for the test yet.
2. You are not in the team.

He/she/it is not He isn’t 1. He isn’t Sunil. Sunil is much taller.

2. She isn’t a doctor. She is a lawyer.
3. It isn’t true. Sunil didn’t come here.

We are not We aren’t 1. We aren’t brothers. We’re friends.

2. We are not college students. We’re engineers.

They are not They aren’t 1. They are not in school. They aren’t at home either.
2. They aren’t good in studies. They’re good in sports.
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Usage of Simple Present
Simple present tense is used to express:

1. Routine actions and habits

Examples:
a. I get up at six every morning.
b. He doesn’t go to gym. He does yoga.
c. They are not in the Air force. They are in the Army
d. You don’t like movies, do you?
e. She goes to the temple every morning.

2. Facts
Examples:
a. The sun rises in the east.
b. Water boils at 100 degrees.
c. Delhi is very cold in winter.
d. He is a police inspector with Delhi Police.
e. They are professors in the university.

Exercise 3: Answer the following questions. For some, yes or no is indicated in the brackets.
1. Is Delhi in Bangladesh?
_______________________________________________________________

2. Are you a policeman? (No)

_______________________________________________________________

3. Is this true? (Yes)

_______________________________________________________________

4. Are Anushka Sharma and Virat Kohli engaged?

_______________________________________________________________

5. Is Sachin the greatest cricketer ever?

_______________________________________________________________

6. Are you a tennis player? (No)

_______________________________________________________________

7. Does the train stop at Ghaziabad? (Yes)

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_______________________________________________________________
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8. Is the new CM his cousin? (No)
_______________________________________________________________

9. Are you a European?

_______________________________________________________________

10. Are you in Mumbai next week?

_______________________________________________________________

11. Are you an honest person?

_______________________________________________________________

12. Are all politicians thieves? (No)

_______________________________________________________________

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Chapter 3
Simple present tense continued

Read the following passage and note how the verbs are used:
Raghav is a taxi driver. He drives a taxi from New Delhi railway station. On Sundays, he takes an off. He
doesn’t drive his taxi. He stays at home and plays with his son. His son, Tinku is two years old. He smiles
whenever he sees his father.
The underlined words are the verbs in simple present tense.
Study the following forms of simple present carefully:

Forms Examples

I/you/we/they play 1. This boy tells lies. He deserves to be punished.

2. I work hard for my wealth.
3. They practice everyday for four hours.
4. You waste a lot of time.
5. We run five kilometers everyday.
6. I go to the gym every alternate day.

He/she/it plays 1. Suman writes great stories.

2. He gets up early and sleeps late.
3. Modi sleeps only for three hours.
4. This is my new bike. It gives great mileage.
5. My new house looks beautiful.

Rules:
1. When using third person singular (he/she/it/Ramesh/Suresh etc), add –s to the verb.
2. If two singular subjects are connected with ‘and’, it becomes plural so no need to add –s to the
verb.

Examples:
a) Sudhir plays cricket
b) Sajan and Rajan play flute.
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c) He runs very fast.

d) Both the brothers run very fast.
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e) The children play in my garden every evening.

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 f) Sanjeev works in a software company.

When asking questions, the forms of simple present tense are as follows. Read them carefully and notice
the usage of the verb.

Forms Examples

Do + I/you/we/they/play or plurals 1. Do you know who I am?

2. Do I look like a model?
3. Do we know the correct show time?
4. Do they play loud music everyday?
5. Do Ram and Shyam trouble you daily?
6. Do the students know the exam dates?

Does + he/she/it 1. Does he understand his duties?

2. Does it run on petrol or diesel?
3. Does she come here everyday?
4. Does he attend his classes regularly?

When saying ‘no’ use the following forms:

Forms Examples

I/you/we/they + do not play 1. I don’t work on Sundays.

I/you/we/they + don’t play 2. They don’t like to talk about their work.
3. We don’t go to college these days.
4. You don’t listen to me.

He/she/it + does not play 1. Dishonesty does not pay.

He/she/it + doesn’t play 2. Shyam does not like sweets.
3. Capt Rajan doesn’t play football now.
4. She doesn’t like reading.

Uses of Simple Present Tense

1. To give opinions
Examples:
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a. Money doesn’t grow on trees.

b. Hard work is a must.
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c. If you laugh, the world laughs with you.

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 d. India needs more jobs.
e. The Gurkhas are brave fighters.

2. To talk about schedules

Examples:
a. The train leaves at three in the morning.
b. My office starts at 10.
c. She goes to her dance class every evening.

3. To talk about daily habits

Examples:
a. He smokes a lot but his father is a non-smoker.
b. Swami Ji bathes daily in cold water.
c. Virat arrives at five in the morning for practice

4. To give facts
Examples:
a. Oxygen and hydrogen combine to form water.
b. Trees release carbon dioxide in the night.
c. A dog bite can cause rabies.
d. Daily exercise keeps you healthy.

Important Rule
Verbs add –s at the end when used with third person singular (He, she, it, Ramesh, Indians etc.)
Exercise 4
Fill up the blanks with the correct form of the verb in the brackets.
1. I usually _______ (go) to the playground.
2. They don’t _______ (visit) us often.
3. Do you_______ (play) cricket on Sundays.
4. Ramesh _______ (work) all seven days of the week.
5. My grandmother _______ (tell) me funny stories every night.
6. She never ________ (help) me with my homework!
7. Suresh and Mahesh _______ (swim) twice a week.
8. In this park people usually _______ (exercise) a lot.
9. Lakshmi _______ (take care) of her sister.
10. Mr Mahesh rarely _______ (leave) the country.
11. We _______ (live) in the hills most of the year.
12. Dholu _______ (travel) to Dehradun every Sunday.
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13. I _______ (fry) pakoras twice a month.

14. Dad always _______ (teach) me new things.
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15. He _______ (teach) the kids of the neighborhood.

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Exercise 5
Fill up the blanks with the correct form of the verb in brackets.
1. The train …………………………….. at 6.30. (arrive)
2. I will call you when he …………………………. back. (come)
3. Unless you …………………………………. now you can’t reach on time. (start)
4. The sun ………………………………… in the east. (set)
5. The next semester ……………………………… on Monday. (begin)
6. He ………………………………… an engineer. (be)
7. They ……………………………. our friends. (be)
8. When does the ship ………………………………? (depart)
9. Let’s wait till he ……………………………….. his homework. (finish)
10. Please call me as soon as he ……………………………………. (arrive)

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Chapter 4
Forms and usage of Present Continuous Tense
Study the following forms of the present contionuous tense:

Affirmative form

I Am, ‘m eating 1. I am driving

2. I am talking on phone.

You, we, they Are, ‘re eating 1. You are wasting your time.
2. We are doing our homework.
3. They are practicing for the match.

He, she, it, Sunil Is eating 1. He is preparing for IAS.

2. She is writing a book.
3. It is raining outside.
4. Sunil is travelling in a bus.

Interrogative (Question form)

Am I eating 1. Am I reading the wrong page?

2. Am I taking the right medicine?
3. Am I eating right?

Are You, we, they eating 1. Are you preparing for the exam?
2. Are we working tomorrow?

Is He, she, it, Sunil eating 1. Is he sleeping?

2. Is she playing with her son?
3. Is Rahim sitting on his shop?

Negative forms

I Am not, ‘m not eating 1. I am not sleeping.

2. I’m not watching a movie.
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You, we, they Are not, aren’t eating 1. You’re not dreaming.
2. We are not fighting, we’re playing.
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 3. They’re not attending the class.

He, she, it, Rahul Is not, isn’t eating 1. He isn’t listening to you.
2. She is not feeling happy.
3. Rahul is not feeling well today.

Uses of Present Continuous Tense

Present continuous tense is used for the following purposes:
1. Actions happening at the time of speaking
Examples:
a. You are learning Mathematics now.
b. You are not reading now.
c. Are you crying?
d. I am sitting.
e. I am not standing.
f. Is he sitting or standing?
g. They are reading in the library.
h. They are not watching television.
i. What are you doing?
j. Why aren't you doing your homework?

2. For an action that started but hasn’t finished yet

Examples:
a. I am studying to become a lawyer.
b. I am not studying to become a doctor.
c. I am reading Chetan Bhagat’s latest novel.
d. I am not reading any books right now.
e. Are you working on your thesis?
f. Aren't you teaching at the college now?
3. Definite future engagements
Examples:
a. I am meeting some friends after work.
b. I am not going to the party tonight.
c. Is he visiting his parents next weekend?
d. Isn't he coming with us tonight?
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Special Verbs
These are the verbs which are not generally used in the present continuous tense:
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Examples:
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be, believe, belong, hate, hear, like, love, mean, prefer, remain, realize, see, seem, smell, think,
understand, want, wish
Therefore, it is wrong to say:
1. He is wanting to go to the US
2. I am not hearing music.
3. I am loving you.
4. She is preferring to remain in Delhi.
5. I am not wanting to become a doctor.

Exercise 6
Fill in the blanks using is, are, or am:
1 ________ they coming over for dinner?
2 Manju _________ not sleeping on our sofa.
3 My father-in-law _________ staying at our house this week.
4 I ________ eating my dinner right now.
5 My sister ________ learning German.
6 I _______ working at the factory until November.
7 We ________ at a highway dhaba tonight.
8 When _________ you starting your art classes?
9 They __________ setting up a new showroom here.
10 Manjusha _________ lying on her bed.

Exercise 7
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb in brackets:
1 Raman _____________ (read) a book now.
2 What __________ (you do) tonight?
3 Suresh and Mahesh _______________ (work) late today.
4 Sanjeev ___________ (not listen) to music.
5 Puneet ___________ (sit) next to Paul.
6 How many other students ___________ (you study) with?
7 The phone __________ (not ring).
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Chapter 5
Simple past tense forms of the verb ‘to be’
Study the simple past tense forms

Affirmative forms

I, she, he, it Was 1. I was in London in 1999.

2. Pam was in London in 1999, too.
3. She was my girlfriend.

You, we, they Were 1. We were together.

2. They were here.
3. You were in the house.

Interrogative forms (questions)

Was I, she, he, it 1. Was Sunil with you last night?

2. Was it very expensive?
3. Was I angry? No, not at all.

Were You, we, they 1. Were you with your friend?

2. Were they in their hostel?
3. Were we on the right track?

Negative forms (saying no)

I, you, he, she Was not, wasn’t 1. I was not in the class.
2. He was not in Delhi in 1990.
3. She wasn’t an actress in 1999.

You, we, they Were not, weren’t 1. You weren’t well that day.
2. We weren’t old enough to drive.
3. They were not happy with the food.

Usage of Simple Past

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Simple past tense is used to mention past happenings.

1. I was married for six years.
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2. She was unwell last month.

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 3. It was not her fault!
4. We were worried about the exam results.
5. They were busy working all day.
6. He was supposed to help me.
7. You were asleep when the phone rang.
8. Where were you yesterday?
9. Whom were you talking to?

Exercise 8
Fill up the blanks with was or were:
1. I _______ in Germany last October.
2. We __________ at the museum last Saturday.
3. Manisha __________ at home yesterday.
4. He _________ happy with his job.
5. Rahul and Sudip ________ Sanjiv’s friends.
6. You _________ very busy on Sunday.
7. They __________ in front of the superstore.
8. I __________ in the stadium.
9. She _________ in the USA last month.
10. Arav and Aryan __________ late for school.

Exercise 9
Complete the sentences using was/were
1. How many people __________ at your house yesterday?
2. The book _______ not difficult.
3. Those __________ my best shirts.
4. __________ your friends at the stadium yesterday?
5. Sandhya __________ not at school yesterday.
6. You __________ rude to me!
7. __________ your grandparents doctors.
8. Raman and I __________ in the garden.
9. __________ your parents in the restaurant?
10. My grandmother __________ a teacher.
11. I __________ thin when I was in school.
12. We __________ away on vacation last week.
13. _________ you at the mall last night?
14. Ten years ago, I __________ a school boy.
15. __________ the test difficult?
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16. The film __________ (not) interesting.

17. __________ there many people in the park?
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18. __________ the girls in the park?

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19. Her name wasn´t Krishna. It ________ Karishma.
20. Paramjit wasn’t happy. He __________ sad.
21. __________ the boys at the IPL match?
22. The books __________ (not) on the table.
23. __________ Rahul at the magic show?

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Chapter 6
Usage and forms of Simple Past Tense
Read the following passage and note the usage of highlighted verbs:
Pablo Picasso was a Spanish painter. He lived from 1881 to 1973. He started drawing and painting at an
early age. He died in France at an advanced age.
The verbs ‘was’, ‘lived’, ‘started’ and ‘died’ are in simple past tense.
Note
Verbs are divided into two categories based on how they form their simple past forms.

Regular verbs Irregular verbs

RULE: No rule to form simple past tense. You have to

Add –ed to make the simple past form learn them by heart.

Live Lived Be Was

Start Started Write Wrote

Die Died Come Came

Visit Visited Do Did

Play Played Sleep Slept

Watch Watched Read Read

Phone Phoned Sting Stung

Marry Married Speak Spoke

Create Created Meet Met

Usage and forms of Simple Past

Study the following forms of simple past tense:

Affirmative Forms

I, she, he, it, they, you + Played 1. I saw a movie yesterday.

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2. Raman studied German for three years.

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3. Last year, I travelled to the US.

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 4. They sat in the park all day.
5. He sang a song in the party

Negative Forms

He/she/it/they/I/you + did not + Play 1. You didn’t study well.

2. They didn’t win the final match.
3. It did not break on its own.
4. My dog did not bite him.

Interrogative Forms

Did + I/he/she/it/they/you + Play 1. Did you hear that sound?

2. Did she call you yesterday?
3. Did your English class help you speak well?

Usage of Past Tense:

Simple past tense is used in the following cases:

1. Completed actions in the past

Examples:
a. I saw a play yesterday.
b. I didn't see a movie yesterday.
c. Last year, I traveled to Brazil.
d. Last year, I didn't travel to Japan.
e. Did you have dinner with Suresh?
f. She washed her scooty.
g. He didn't finish his homework.

2. Durations in the past

Examples:
a. I lived in Korea for two years.
b. Sudhir studied German for five years.
c. They sat in the park all day.
d. They did not stay in the stadium for long.
e. We talked on the phone for ten minutes.
f. We waited for two hours and then came back

3. Past habits
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Examples:
a. I practiced Yoga when I was a child.
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b. He played the guitar in college.

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 c. He didn't play hockey.
d. Did you play a game when you were a kid?
e. She worked in the ad film when she was in college.
f. They never went to school, they worked in the fields.

4. Past facts
Examples:
a. She was shy as a child, but now she is very confident.
b. He didn't like potatoes.
c. Did you live in Ranchi in your childhood?
d. People paid a lot for mobile phone calls in 2000.

Exercise 10
Fill up the blanks using the correct form of the verb:
1. Last year I _________ (go) to Bahamas on holiday.
2. It _________ (be) fantastic.
3. I __________ (visit) lots of interesting places. I _________ (be) with two friends of mine .
4. In the mornings we _________ (walk) in the streets of Pondicherry.
5. In the evenings we _________ (go) to restaurants and eateries.
6. The weather _________ (be) perfectly fine.
7. It _________ (not / rain) a lot.
8. But we _________ (see) a beautiful rainbow across the hills.
9. Where _________ (go / you) for your summer vacation last year?

Exercise 11
Fill up the blanks:
1. It was warm, so I __________ off my sweater. (take)
2. The film was boring. I ___________ it very much. (enjoy)
3. I knew Mr Sharma was very busy, so I ____________ him. (disturb)
4. I was tired, so I _________ to sleep early. (go)
5. The bed was uncomfortable. I __________ very well. (sleep)
6. Sanju was not hungry do he ____________ anything. (eat)
7. We went to Ravi's house but she _________ at home. (be)
8. He told a funny joke but nobody __________ (laugh)
9. The door was open and a crow ___________ into the room. (fly)
10. The food wasn't very expensive. It ___________ very much. (cost)
11. I was busy so I _______________ time to phone you. (have)
12. It was difficult to carry those bags. They ___________ very heavy. (be)
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Chapter 7
Spellings of –ed (simple past tense) forms of verbs
Regular verbs make their simple past forms by adding –ed or –d at the end.
Examples:

Destroy Destroyed

Create Created

Marry Married

Carry Carried

Study Studied

Miss Missed

Cook Cooked

The rules of the simple past tense forms

1. Add ‘d’ to the verbs ending in silent ‘e’:
Example:
a. Fire --- Fired
2. Add –ed to the verbs ending in a vowel + y:
Example:
a. Play --- played
3. Add –ed and change ‘y’ to ‘I’ for verbs ending in a consonant + y (marry, carry, bury)
Example:
a. Marry --- married
4. Add –ed to the end of the verb for other regular verbs:
Example:
a. Visit --- visited

Special cases of the -ed forms

Follow these rules when there is a consonant after a vowel (stop, ban, open, offer...)
1. If there is a consonant after a stressed vowel at the end of the word, double the consonant
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a. stop – stopped
b. ban - banned
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c. swap - swapped

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 2. If the vowel is not stressed, we do not double it:
a. open - opened (Here the stress is on'o', not the 'e'.)
b. offer - offered ( Here the stress is on 'o', not the 'e'.)
c. travel - travelled
d. cancel - cancelled
e. level - levelled
f. marvel – marveled

List of three forms of irregular verbs

Study the following three forms of irregular verbs:
Simple Present Simple Past Past Participle
Arise arose arisen
Awake awoke awoken
Be was, were been
Bear bore borne
Beat beat beaten or beat
Become became become
Begin began begun
Bend bent bent
Bet bet bet
Bite bit bitten
Bleed bled bled
Blow blew blown
Break broke broken
Bring brought brought
Build built built
Burn burned or burnt burned or burnt
Burst burst burst
Buy bought bought
Catch caught caught
Choose chose chosen
Cling clung clung
Come came come
Cost cost cost
Creep crept crept
Cut cut cut
Deal dealt dealt
Dig dug dug
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Dive dived or dove dived

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Do did done

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Draw drew drawn
Dream dreamed or dreamt dreamed or dreamt
Drink drank drunk
Drive drove driven
Eat ate eaten
Fall fell fallen
Feed fed fed
Feel felt felt
Fight fought fought
Find found found
Fit fit, fitted fit, fitted
Flee fled fled
Fling flung flung
Fly flew flown,
Forbid forbade or forbad forbidden or forbade
Forget forgot forgotten
Forgive forgave forgiven
Forgo forwent forgone
Freeze froze frozen
Get got gotten or got
Give gave given
Go went gone
Grind ground ground
Grow grew grown
Hang hung or hanged hung or hanged
Have had had
Hear heard heard
Hide hid hidden
Hit hit hit
Hold held held
Hurt hurt hurt
Keep kept kept
Kneel knelt or kneeled knelt or kneeled
Knit knitted or knit knitted or knit
Know knew known
Lay laid laid
Lead led led
Leap leapt or leaped leapt or leaped
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Leave left left

Lend lent lent
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Let let let

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lie (down) lay lain
Light lit or lighted lit or lighted
Lose lost lost
Make made made
Mean meant meant
Meet met met
Pay paid paid
Prove proved proved or proven
Put put put
Quit quit quit
Read read read
Ride rode ridden
Ring rang rung
Rise rose risen
Run ran run
Saw sawed sawed or sawn
Say said said
See saw seen
Seek sought sought
Sell sold sold
Send sent sent
Set set set
Sew sewed sewn or sewed
Shake shook shaken
Shave shaved shaved or shaven
Shear sheared sheared or shorn
Shine shone or shined shone or shined
Shoot shot shot
Show showed shown or showed
Shrink shrank or shrunk shrunk or shrunken
Shut shut shut
Sing sang sung
Sink sank sunk
Sit sat sat
Slay slew slain
Sleep slept slept
Slide slid slid
Sneak sneaked or snuck sneaked or snuck
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Speak spoke spoken

Speed sped sped
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Spend spent spent

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Spill spilled or spilt spilled or spilt
Spin spun spun
Spit spat or spit spat or spit
Split split split
Spread spread spread
Spring sprang sprung
Stand stood stood
Steal stole stolen
Stick stuck stuck
Sting stung stung
Stink stank or stunk stunk
Strew strewed strewn
Strike struck struck or stricken
Strive strove or strived striven or strived
Swear swore sworn
Sweep swept swept
Swim swam swum
Swing swung swung
Take took taken
Teach taught taught
Tear tore torn
Tell told told
Think thought thought
Thrive thrived or throve thrived or thriven
Throw threw thrown
Undergo underwent undergone
Understand understood understood
Upset upset upset
Wake woke or waked woken or waked
Wear wore worn
Weave wove woven
Weep wept wept
Win won won
Wind wound wound
Withdraw withdrew withdrawn
Wring wrung wrung
Write wrote written
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Study the following list of regular verbs and its three forms
Study the following three forms of the verbs.
First Form Second Form Third Form
Accept Accepted Accepted
Achieve Achieved Achieved
Add Added Added
Admire Admired Admirer
Admit Admitted Admitted
Adopt Adopted Adopted
Advise Advised Advised
Agree Agreed Agreed
Allow Allowed Allowed
Announce Announced Announced
Appreciate Appreciated Appreciated
Approve Approved Approved
Argue Argued Argued
Arrive Arrived Arrived
Ask Asked Asked
Assist Assisted Assisted
Attack Attacked Attacked
Bake Baked Baked
Beg Begged Begged
Behave Behaved Behaved
Boil Boiled Boiled
Borrow Borrowed Borrowed
Brush Brushed Brushed
Bury Buried Buried
Call Called Called
Challenge Challenged Challenged
Change Changed Changed
Chase Chased Chased
Cheat Cheated Cheated
Cheer Cheered Cheered
Chew Chewed Chewed
Clap Clapped Clapped
Clean Cleaned Cleaned
Collect Collected Collected
Compare Compared Compared
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Complain Complained Complained

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Confess Confessed Confessed

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Construct Constructed Constructed
Control Controlled Controlled
Copy Copied Copied
Count Counted Counted
Create Created Created
Cry Cried Cried
Cycle Cycled Cycled
Damage Damaged Damaged
Dance Danced Danced
Deliver Delivered Delivered
Destroy Destroyed Destroyed
Divide Divided Divided
Drag Dragged Dragged
Earn Earned Earned
Employ Employed Employed
Encourage Encouraged Encouraged
Enjoy Enjoyed Enjoyed
Establish Established Established
Estimate Estimated Estimated
Exercise Exercised Exercised
Expand Expanded Expanded
Explain Explained Explained
Fry Fried Fried
Gather Gathered Gathered
Greet Greeted Greeted
Guess Guessed Guessed
Harass Harassed Harassed
Hate Hated Hated
Help Helped Helped
Hope Hoped Hoped
Identify Identified Identified
Interrupt Interrupted Interrupted
Introduce Introduced Introduced
Irritate Irritated Irritated
Joke Joked Joked
Jump Jumped Jumped
Kick Kicked Kicked
Kill Killed Killed
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Kiss Kissed Kissed

Laugh Laughed Laughed
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Lie Lied Lied

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Like Liked Liked
Listen Listened Listened
Love Loved Loved
Marry Married Married
Measure Measured Measured
Move Moved Moved
Murder Murdered Murdered
Need Needed Needed
Obey Obeyed Obeyed
Offend Offended Offended
Offer Offered Offered
Open Opened Opened
Paint Painted Painted
Park Parked Parked
Phone Phoned Phoned
Pick Picked Picked
Play Played Played
Pray Prayed Prayed
Print Printed Printed
Pull Pulled Puled
Punch Punched Punched
Punish Punished Punished
Purchase Purchased Purchased
Push Pushed Pushed
Question Questioned Questioned
Race Raced Raced
Relax Relaxed Relaxed
Remember Remembered Remembered
Reply Replied Replied
Retire Retired Retired
Return Returned Returned
Rub Rubbed Rubbed
Scold Scolded Scolded
Select Selected Selected
Smoke Smoked Smoked
Snore Snored Snored
Stare Stared Stared
Start Started Started
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Study Studied Studied

Talk Talked Talked
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Thank Thanked Thanked

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Travel Travelled Travelled
Trouble Troubled Troubled
Type Typed Typed
Use Used Used
Visit Visited Visited
Wait Waited Waited
Walk Walked Walked
Want Wanted Wanted
Warn Warned Warned
Wink Winked Winked
Worry Worried Worried
Yell Yelled Yelled

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Chapter 8
Past continuous tense – forms and usage
Past continuous tense is used to refer to actions that were continuous at a particular time in the past.
Please read and study the usage of the verbs in bold in the following sentences:
They were watching a movie yesterday. Sachin played a movie on his laptop. They began at 10 pm and
finished at 1 am.
Thus, at 10:30 pm, they were watching the movie.
They were watching the movie means they had started watching the movie but not finished it yet.

The form of the past continuous

Affirmative

I, he, she, it was playing 1. I was watching TV when she called.

2. When the phone rang, she was writing a letter.
3. I was listening to my iPod so didn’t hear the phone
ring.

You, we, they were playing 1. While we were having the picnic, it started to rain.
2. The cat drank the milk while you were sleeping.

Interrogative

Was I, she, it, he playing 1. Was the security guard sleeping on duty?
2. Mohit was waiting for us when we got off the plane.
3. I was sleeping when it started raining.

Were You, we, they playing 1. What were you doing when the earthquake started?
2. Were we thinking that they will not attack us?

Negative

I, he, she, it was not playing 1. Sachin was not playing in that match.
2. It was not raining when she came.

You, we, they were not playing 1. You were not listening to me when I told you to turn
the oven off.
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2. They were not listening to his pleas.

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Usage of Past Continuous Tense:
Past continuous is used in the following cases:
1. To express that somebody was in the middle of doing something at a certain time in the past.
Examples:
a. This time yesterday, I was driving my car.
b. They were fighting for their country on that cold November morning.
2. We use the past continuous to say that something happened in the middle of something else:
Examples:
a. Raman burnt his hand while he was cooking Biriyani.
b. I hurt my leg while playing football.

Exercise:
Fill in the blanks using the right form of the verb in the brackets.
1. What _____ (you do) when the bell rang?
2. She _____ (watch) TV at three o'clock.
3. They _____ (not sleep) at six o'clock.
4. Patel _____ (work) when I came in.
5. Tiwari _____ (study) French while his brother was studying Chinese.
6. I _____ (not pay attention) during the conference.
7. _____ (Vibhuti talk) during the lesson?
8. We _____ (not cook) when she rang the bell.
9. Jagjit _____ (play) the guitar at one o'clock last night.
10. Arun _____ (not expect) you to finish so early!
11. What _____ (you think) when you said that?!
12. _____ (Mrs Sharma do) the housework when Mr Sharma came.
13. Karan _____ (drink) coffee when I walked into the room.
14. They _____ (meet) with his client at exactly 2.35 pm.
15. My cousin _____ (not have) a good time when she called me.
16. They _____ (discuss) the issue when she knocked.
17. _____ (they work) on their homework when you arrived?
18. She _____ (sleep) so he did not knock the door.

Exercise
Fill in the blanks with the best choice – was or were
1 My brother and sister _________ playing scrabble at 10am yesterday.
2 ___________you still working at 6pm last night?
3 At 9 am today, today I ___________ driving to work.
4 We ____________ sleeping at three in the afternoon.
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5 Why ______________ he having lunch at 5 pm?

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6 I met Jagan in the market yesterday. He ____________shopping.

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7 Manish _________ waiting for me when I arrived.
8 __________he having a shower when I called?
9 The telephone rang when we __________ watching TV.
10 I got my car repaired because it ___________ working properly.

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Chapter 9
Talking about future plans (Using going to or present continuous form)
We use Future Simple Tense to talk about future events. However, we can also use present continuous
tense or ‘going to’ to talk about future plans and events.

However, there are a few differences between these two forms:

1. Present Continuous Tense for talking about future
The present continuous is used when we say what we have planned and arranged to do at a
specific time in the future. These are fixed plans with definite time and/or place.
Examples:
a. I'm watching a movie this evening.
b. I'm starting college in September.
c. Sanjana is meeting Suresh at seven o'clock this evening in a restaurant.

2. To be + going to + verb
Use 'going to' to express the future when we intend to do something or have decided to do
something but did not arrange it. It is just an intention.
Example:
a. A: The car is dirty.
B: Yes I know. I'm going to clean it later.
= I've decided to clean it but I haven't arranged to clean them.

We also use 'going to' to make predictions.

a. Watch out! You are going to slip.
b. It's so cloudy! I think it's going to rain.

Two ways to talk about Future Plans

Present Use when planned and arranged – 1. I am visiting Ahmedabad next week.
Continuous fixed time and/or place 2. He is singing a song in the New Year
bash.
3. They are coming for my marriage.

To be + Going to Use when intention exists but no 1. I am not going to let you misuse your
+ Verb plans and arrangements yet position.
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2. They are going to attack us with all

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 their strength

Exercise:

Fill in the blanks using the correct form of ‘going to’ with the verb mentioned in the bracket:

1. It _______________ (rain).
2. They (eat) __________________ biriyani.
3. I (wear)________________ red shoes tonight.
4. We (not / help) ________________ him if he doesn’t do his work in time.
5. Jagat (not / walk) ________________ home in this rain.
6. (cook / you) ________________ dinner or should I order something?
7. Sangeeta (share / not) ________________ her biscuits.
8. (leave / they) ________________ shift to Chandigarh?
9. (take part / she) ________________ in the competition?
10. I (not / spend) ________________ my bonus on shopping this festive season.

Exercise: Answer the following questions as illustrated in the example:

1. What is Anushka doing on Monday evening? (to meet Amit)
She is meeting Amit

2. What is she doing on Tuesday afternoon? (look after her brother’s kids)
_________________________________________________________________

3. What is she doing on Tuesday evening? (play squash)

_________________________________________________________________

4. What is she doing on Wednesday morning? (see the doctor)

_________________________________________________________________

5. What is she doing on Wednesday evening? (going on a date with John)

_________________________________________________________________

6. What is she doing on Thursday afternoon? (pick up Jatin from the bus stand)
_________________________________________________________________

7. What is she doing on Friday evening? (go to a crafts fair)

_________________________________________________________________
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8. What is she doing on Saturday morning? (go on a Delhi Darshan tour with Amar)
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_________________________________________________________________
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9. What is she doing on Saturday evening? (have a party)
_________________________________________________________________

10. What is she doing on Sunday morning? (take Jatin to the airport)
_________________________________________________________________

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Chapter 10
Form and usage of Simple Future Tense
Simple future tense is used to talk about future plans, intentions, actions and happenings.
Carefully study the forms and usage of the simple future tense in following examples:

Affirmative

I, you, he, she, it, we, will go 1. I will to go the movie tonight
they 2. They’ll come here next week
‘ll go
3. The Afghans will be happy if the Americans leave.
4. India will become a superpower in ten years.

Interrogative

Will I, you, he, 1. Will you come with me?

she, it, we, 2. Will the Chinese support the Pakistanis?
they + go 3. Will she agree to marry Sunil?

Negative

I, you, he, she, it, we, will not go. 1. I will not yet you get away with this.
they 2. They won’t come tomorrow.
won’t go
3. She won’t play in the next match.

Usage of Simple Future Tense:

1. We use the simple future tense for instant decisions.
Example:
a. “I've left the door open; I'll close it”.
b. “Hold on. I’ll check it”
c. “You stay here”, he said, “Arun will lay the food”

2. We use simple future tense , when we predict a future situation:

39

Example:
a. "She'll pass the exam. She's hardworking"
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b. Modi will make India a powerful country.

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 c. This confusion will sink you.
d. Next two months will be crucial for him.

3. We use the simple future when talking about your expectations of things will be in future: "I
(don't) think...", "I expect...", "I'm sure...", "I wonder...", "probably".
Example:
a. "It will probably rain tonight"
b. "I wonder what will happen?”
c. “I don’t think he will meet me”
d. Probably, the price of petrol will come down after elections.
e. I am sure you will do well.

4. We use the simple future in conditional sentences.

Example:
a. "If I have enough time, I'll watch the film."
b. “If you come this weekend, we will go to Chandigarh”
c. When you grow up, you will understand.

Things to remember:
1. Don't use the simple future to say what somebody has already decided or arranged to do in the
future. We use instead either the present continuous or "going to + verb" (Future plan) :
Examples:
a. Amit is traveling to Delhi next week. (NOT, "Amit will travel")
b. Are you going to watch the movie? (NOT "will you watch").
c. I am buying Tata Safari next month (NOT “will buy”).
d. Mummy is going to visit Amritsar this year (NOT “will visit”)

2. You can use shall instead of will for I and we:

Examples:
a. I shall play football.(Or, I will play ...)
b. We shall play football. (Or, we will play ...)

3. 'll is the short form of will. You can say either:

Examples:
a. I will go, or I 'll go.
b. He will go or he’ll go
c. They will come or they’ll come
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4. Won't is the short form of will not. You can say either:
5. Examples:
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a. I will not go, or I won't go.

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 b. She will not come or she won’t come
c. Sudhir will not agree or Sudhir won’t agree

Exercise: Fill in the blanks

Manish asked Parrot Baba, the famous astrologer about his future. Parrot Baba told him the following:
1. You (earn) ___________ a lot of money.
2. You (travel) ___________ around the world.
3. You (meet) ___________ lots of interesting people.
4. Everybody (adore) ___________ you.
5. You (not / have) ___________ any problems.
6. Many people (serve) ___________ you.
7. They (anticipate) ___________ your wishes.
8. There (not / be) ___________ anything left to wish for.
9. Everything (be) ___________ perfect.
10. But all these things (happen / only) ___________ when you are 70 years old.

Exercise
Fill in the blanks with the right form of the phrase as shown in the example:
1. You / call / me
Positive: _______________________
Negative: ______________________
Question: _____________________
2. she / remember / us
Positive: _______________________
Negative: ______________________
Question: _____________________
3. you / be / in the US
Positive: _______________________
Negative: ______________________
Question: ______________________
4. I / buy / vegetables
Positive: _______________________
Negative: ______________________
Question: _____________________
5. you / see / the hut
Positive: _______________________
Negative: ______________________
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Question: _____________________
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6. Ganesh / empty / the bin

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 Positive: _______________________
Negative: ______________________
Question: _____________________
7. Arun / help / me
Positive: _______________________
Negative: ______________________
Question: _____________________
8. we / lose / the match
Positive: _______________________
Negative: ______________________
Question: _____________________

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Chapter 11
Future Continuous Tense
Carefully study the forms of future continuous tense as follows:

Affirmative

I, you, he, she, it, they Will be + playing 1. He will be performing in college play
next week
2. I will be watching TV

Negative

I, you, he, she, it, they Will not be + playing 3. I will not be visiting Sudhir next week
4.

Interrogative

Will + I, you, he, she, it, they be playing

Usage of Future Continuous Tense

When you have to talk about action that will be taking place at some time in future, use future
continuous tense.
Examples:
Fill up the blanks with the right form of a suitable verb.
1. I ______________________ a cricket match next Sunday afternoon.
2. We______________________ on our thesis this morning..
3. When you arrive, I______________________ TV.
4. I ______________________ in a few minutes.
5. We ______________________ this Sunday.
6. _________ you ______________________ tomorrow? (Come)
7. They ______________________ in Airtel Half Marathon.

Exercise:
Change the verb into the correct form:
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1. He _________________ (wait) for quite some time.

2. Tomorrow at this time I _________________ (enjoy) at Rahul’s birthday party.
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3. Next week at this time I _________________ (swim) in the Goa sea.

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4. At 5 o'clock you _________________ (cook) biriyani.
5. This evening at 8 o'clock, she _________________ (watch) circus with family.
6. Naresh _________________ (have) a hard time at his new job.
7. We _________________ (study) when they ____________________ (cry).
8. Raman _________________ (clean) the house, and Ratna _____________ (cook) dinner.
9. Tonight we _______________ (sing) and ___________________ (dance) to welcome New Year.
10. I _________________ (drive) to Manali tonight.
11. The team ______________ (rest) and ___________________ (chill out) this weekend.
12. Will you be _______________ (write) a letter to the PM about corruption issue.
13. Next week, he _________________ (move) his apartment.
14. They _____________________ (practice) hard while you _________________ (party) tomorrow
evening.

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Chapter 12
The forms and usage of the Present Perfect Tense
Carefully study the following forms of present perfect tense.

Affirmative

I, you, we, they have + worked 1. They have gone to college.

2. They have bought a new bike.
3. I have started a new course.
4. The Sharmas have arrived

He, she, it has + worked 1. It has rained.

2. Samar has left for home

Negative

I, you, we, they have not + worked 1. I haven’t eaten at McDonald’s in a long time.
haven’t worked 2. My friends haven’t ever gone to Goa.
3. I have not forgotten you!

He, she, it has not+ worked 1. Rahul hasn’t worked on Saturdays since he
hasn’t worked joined the company.
2. It hasn’t rained in Delhi this year.

Interrogative

Have they, you, I + worked 1. Have you finished your home work?
2. Have they painted the house?

Has he, she, it, Ramesh + worked 1. Has he met you?

2. Has she talked to you?

The uses of the present perfect simple tense:

1. To emphasize on the result of a past action without mentioning the actual time when it
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happened:
Examples:
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a. I have met that man before.

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 b. We have discussed this matter a few times.
2. Action performed in a period that has not finished yet (the same day, week, month, etc.):
Examples:
a. Have you seen Lakshmi today? (The day is not over yet.)
b. I have had several tests this month. (The month has not finished yet.)
3. Action that started in the past and has continued until now. Often used with since (indicating
the beginning of action) or for (indicating the duration of action):
Examples:
a. They have lived here for five years.
b. I have not seen her since we left college.
c. Karan and Shirin have known each other since they were at primary school.
4. It is used to indicate completed activities in the immediate past (with just).
Example:
a. "He has just eaten his lunch."

Important distinction between Present perfect and past simple tense:

1. The use of past simple instead of present perfect requires clear reference to a past
period/moment:

Present Perfect Simple Past

I have met Mr Prem before. I met Mr Prem last year.
Have you seen Mahesh lately? Did you see Mahesh last Sunday?
I haven’t exercised in a while. I didn’t exercise yesterday.
I have eaten my lunch. I didn’t eat lunch yesterday.
They have missed several classes. They missed classes day before yesterday.

Exercise
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs in brackets:
1) Kamal __________________ me an e-mail. (to send)
2) Pawan and Manish __________________ the museum. (to visit)
3) I __________________ at the museum. (to be)
4) They already __________________ their luggage. (to pack)
5) Mahesh __________________ an accident. (to have)
6) We __________________ the shopping for our grandmother. (to do)
7) I __________________ just my table. (to clean)
8) Mihika __________________ her room. (to paint)
9) Lalit and Manisha __________________ to a concert. (to go)
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10) Suresh __________________ smoking. (to give up)

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Exercise

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Write the present perfect forms of the following verbs.
1) go _______________________________
2) read _____________________________
3) sing ______________________________
4) be _______________________________
5) drink _____________________________
6) buy ______________________________
7) do _______________________________
8) swim _____________________________
9) eat _______________________________
10) write ______________________________

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Chapter 13
Forms and usage of Present Perfect Continuous
Carefully study the following forms of Present Perfect Continuous Tense

Affirmative

I, she, he, it, they, you Have + been + 1. They have been singing for the last hour.
playing 2. She has been working with IBM for three
years.
3. Jyoti has been teaching at the university
since June.
4. I have been waiting here for over two
hours!

Negative

I, she, he, it, they, you Have not + been + 1. I haven’t yet understood why you want to
playing marry him.
Haven’t + been + 2. He hasn’t yet finished the thesis.
playing

Interrogative

Have + I, she, he, it, been + playing 1. What have you been doing for the last 40
they, you minutes?
2. Have you been exercising lately?
3. What have you been doing?

The use of the present perfect continuous:

1) Use the Present Perfect Continuous to talk about something that started in the past and has
continued up until now indicating a duration, "For an hour", for two weeks", etc ...are used to
indicate duration.
Examples:
a. They have been watching the match for the last three hour.
b. She has been studying Philosophy for three years.
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c. What have you been doing for the last sixty years?
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 2) You can use the present perfect continuous without indication of duration as well. This use
indicates an action that has occurred "lately" or "recently".
Examples:
a. I have been feeling really unwell, recently.
b. She has been drinking too much lately.

Exercise
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verb indicated in the brackets.
1) It ______________________________ (rain) a lot this week.
2) __________ your brother and sister ______________ (get along)?
3) Rajeev ______________________________ (study) hard this year.
4) I look fit because I ______________________________ (work out).
5) Naman __________________________ (live) in Canada since May.
6) How long ___________ you _________________ (study) Sanskrit?
7) We ___________________________ (play) cricket for three hours.
8) You ______________________________ (work) hard today.
9) ___________it ________________________ (rain) since I left?
10) My brother __________________________ (travel) since he finished college.

Exercise
Fill in the blanks
1) Manish ___________________________ this comic book. (not/to read)
2) How long ___________________________ martial arts? (they/to learn)
3) I ___________________________ for three months now. (not/to drive)
4) ___________________________ the whole morning? (she/to walk)
5) Who ___________________________ in the garden? (to dig)
6) It ___________________________ much in this city. (not/to rain)
7) How long ___________________________ this shirt? (you/to wear)
8) Mahima ___________________________ in her diary. (not/to write)
9) ___________________________cartoons the whole lesson? (he/to draw)
10) What ___________________________? (we/to do)
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Chapter 14
Forms and usage of ‘for’ or ‘since’ with the Present Perfect Tense

For and since are used with the present perfect tense to indicate time.
For is used to say how long something has been the case (i.e. the duration.)
Since is used to say that something has been true from a particular point in timein the past until now
(the point).

For
Use ‘for’ to talk about duration.
Example: for two years, for three minutes, for years, seven years.
1) She’s been learning guitar for seven years
2) I have been in this city for a long time.
3) He has known her for six years.

Since
Use since to say that something has been true from a particular time in the past until now.
Examples: Since 1920, since yesterday, since March, since yesterday.
1) I have been in this town since I was five years old.
2) He has known her since 2009.
3) They’ve been regular at the gym since last April.

Exercise:

Fill in the blanks using ‘for’ or ‘since’

1) I have been living in Delhi ________________ one year.

2) I haven't seen you ________________ a month.
3) I have been waiting ________________12:30.
4) I've lived here ________________ six years.
5) I've lived here ________________ 2013.
6) ________________she became my boss, I've been very nervous.
7) She has been married ________________ ten years.
8) She has been a doctor________________ 1990.
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9) I have been living in Pune ________________ last June.

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10) I haven't seen you ________________ last week.

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 11) Yesterday I studied ________________ three hours.
12) She has been studying French ________________ two months.
13) She has been studying French ________________ last January.
14) She has been studying Sanskrit ________________12.00.
15) She has been studying German ________________your birthday.
16) She has been studying Chinese ________________two hours.
17) She has been studying German ________________six minutes.
18) She has been studying English ________________a long time.
19) I've been living here ________________ the last two years.
20) I have loved her ________________ the first time I saw her.

Exercise:
Use the correct word out of ‘for’ or ‘since’
1) I have been waiting _______________ three o'clock.
2) Sharmila has only been waiting _______________ 20 minutes.
3) Ram and Shyam have been learning English _______________ six years.
4) Manish and Jyoti have been learning French _______________ 1998.
5) Virat and Anushka have been going out together _______________ Valentine's Day.
6) I haven't been on holiday _______________ last October.
7) Pratibha has been saving her money _______________ many years.
8) I haven't eaten anything _______________ breakfast.
9) You have been playing video games _______________ hours.
10) We have been living here _______________ 3 months.

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Chapter 15
Carefully study the forms of past perfect tense given below:
Affirmative

I, he, she, it, they, had played 1. He worked all night because he had received
we, you a lot of homework.
2. They had established their company before
2014.

Interrogative

Had I, she, we, it, they, you 1. Had you finished your homework before
played submission time?
2. Had they submitted their tax reports before
the deadline?

Negative

I, she, he, it, they, had not played 3. Sanjeev hadn’t lost hope and finally, he got
we, you justice.
hadn’t played
4. We hadn't prepared at all before we took
that test.

Use of the past perfect simple:

1) Use the past perfect tense to show an action that was completed prior to another action that
took place in the past.
Examples:
a. "Mahatma Gandhi had attended evening prayers regularly before his assassination."
b. "They had finished the painting when I arrived."

Exercise
Put the verbs into the correct form (past perfect simple).
1) The storm destroyed the huts that we _________________________ (build).
2) He (not / be) _________________________ to San Francisco before 1999.
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3) When she went to the park, she (do / already) _________________________ her homework.
4) My brother ate all of icecream that our mum _________________________ (make) .
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5) The doctor took off the bandage that he_________________________ (put on) two days ago.
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 6) The waiter brought food that I_________________________ (not / order) .
7) I could not remember the lesson we (learn) _________________________ the week before.
8) The children collected the flowers that (fall) _________________________ from the tree.
9) (he / phone) _________________________ Amar before he went to see her in Mumbai?
10) She (not / ride) _________________________ a camel before that day.

Exercise

Fill in the blanks with the right form of the verbs in brackets.

1) Before we reached the school, classes ___________________________ (start) .

2) I felt breathless because I ___________________________ (run) ten kilometers.
3) He ___________________________ (study) that book before he arrived for the interview.
4) He ___________________________ (sell) all the copies of the dictionary before we reached.
5) We went to their place for dinner but to our great surprise they
___________________________ (finish) their dinner.
6) When I got up, the sun ___________________________ (rise)
7) Before we got there, the show ___________________________ (begin).
8) He ___________________________ (finish) his work before I even started.
9) It ___________________________ (begin) to rain when I got out of the house.
10) Soon after they ___________________________ (complete) their homework they ran out to
play cricket.

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Chapter 16
Forms and usage of Past Perfect Continuous
Carefully study the following forms of past perfect continuous tense

Affirmative

I, you, me, he, she, it, they had been playing 1. I had been working on this
problem for two years before
Prof Ghosh joined.
2. You had been playing.

Interrogative

Had + I, you, me, he, she, it, they been playing 1. How long have you been
working at NTPC?

Negative

I, you, me, he, she, it, they had not been playing 1. I haven’t been wasting my
years.

Usage of the past perfect continuous tense:

1) Use the past perfect continuous to show that something started in the past and continued up
until another action stopped it.
Example:
a) We had been playing soccer when the accident occurred
b) The boys had been dancing when the tiger attacked.
c) They had been studying when they heard a loud knock on the door.
2) Use the past perfect continuous to show that something started in the past and continued up
until another time in the past. "For five minutes" and "for two weeks" are both durations which
can be used with the Past Perfect Continuous.
Example:
a. I had been living in that small town for three years before I moved to Mumbai.
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b. Raj had been working in NTPC for three years when he got married.
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3) Use the Past Perfect Continuous before another action in the past to show cause and effect.

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 Example:
a. I was so tired. I had been revising my lessons for hours.
b. The train had left when I reached the station.

Exercise
Put the verbs into the correct form (past perfect progressive).
1. We (sleep) _____________________________ for ten hours when he woke us up.
2. They (wait) _____________________________ at the station for sixty minutes when the
train finally arrived.
3. We (look for) _____________________________ the shampoo bottle for two hours and
then we found it in the bathroom.
4. I (not / walk) _____________________________ for a long time, when it suddenly began to
rain.
5. How long (learn / she) _____________________________ English before she went to the
US?
6. Tansen caught the flu because he (sing) _____________________________ in the rain too
long.
7. He (drive) _____________________________ less than an hour when he ran out of diesel.
8. They were very tired in the evening because they (help) _____________________________
on the farm all day.
9. I (not / work) _____________________________ all day; so I wasn't tired and went to party
at night.
10. They (cycle) _____________________________ for full two days so their legs were sore.

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Chapter 17
Future Perfect Simple
Study the following forms of future simple tense

Affirmative

I, he, she, it, they, will have played 1. I will have finished my thesis by next
you, Ramesh month.
2. We will have finished construction by next
March.

Negative

I, he, she, it, they, will not have played 1. I will not have finished the project by the
you, Ramesh time mom arrives.
won’t have played

Interrogative

Will + I, he, she, it, have played 1. Will you have finished your English
they, you, Ramesh homework by the time your mother
arrives?

Use of the future perfect tense:

Future perfect tense is used to say that something will occur before another action happens sometime
in future or before a specific time in future.
Examples:
1. By the end of this weekend, I will have revised my lessons.
2. By the time her husband arrives home, she will have prepared dinner.
3. I won't have finished this task by the end of June

Exercise

Fill up the blanks with the correct form of the verb in the brackets.
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1. Amit _____________________________ his house next week. (to repair)

2. We _____________________________ the cooking by 8 o'clock. (to do)
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3. She _____________________________ Goa by the end of next year. (to visit)

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 4. I _____________________________ this by 6 o'clock. (to finish)
5. Sandeep _____________________________ for the US by next week. (to leave)
6. She _____________________________ this with her boss tonight. (to discuss)
7. The police _____________________________ the accused driver. (to arrest)
8. They _____________________________ their thesis by tomorrow. (to write)
9. Paramjit _____________________________ the teams very well. (to manage)
10. If we can do that - then we _____________________________ our goal. (to fulfil)

Exercise

Fill up the blanks with the right form of the verb.

Change the verb into the correct form:

1. By this time tomorrow, I ___________________________ (finish) the presentation.

2. By 8 o'clock, Tinku ___________________________ (fall) asleep.
3. By tomorrow morning, he ___________________________ (sleep) wonderfully.
4. By next year, she ___________________________ (receive) her increment.
5. Raman ___________________________ (sell) his car by next week.
6. Manish ___________________________ (clean) the entire house by lunch.
7. We ___________________________ (sing) a few songs before midnight.
8. At this time tomorrow morning, they ___________________________ (reach) the camp.
9. At this time next week, we ___________________________ (catch) the accused.
10. By 2016, I ___________________________ (live) in Mumbai for ten years.
11. In 2020, they ___________________________ (work) here for 25 years.
12. By September, Jagriti ___________________________ (teach) us for over a year.
13. By November, I ___________________________ (study) German for 3 months.
14. On Tuesday, she ___________________________ (wait) for 2 weeks already.
15. Before next week, you ___________________________ (do) all of your homework.

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Chapter 18
Future Perfect Continuous (progressive)
Carefully study the forms of future continuous tense

Affirmative

I, he, she, it, they, you, will have been playing I will have been teaching for more than 35
we, Ramesh years when I retire.

Negative

I, he, she, it, they, you, will not have been playing I will not/won't have been teaching for less
we, Ramesh than twenty years when I retire.
won’t have been playing

Interrogative

Will + I, he, she, it, they, have been playing Will you have been teaching for more than 35
you, we, Ramesh years when you retire?

Use of the future perfect continuous:

Use the future perfect continuous tense to express an action that will go up to a particular event of time
in future.
You can also use duration phrases (for three minutes, for five years etc) with future perfect continuous
tense.
Examples:
1. She will have been working for over seven are industry in 2015.
2. He will have been studying Sanskrit for three years next month.

Exercise

Fill up the blanks with the right form of the verb in the brackets.

Change the verb into the correct form:

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1. By midnight, you ____________________________ (sing) non-stop for 4 hours.

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2. By dinner, she _____________________ (clean) the whole afternoon.

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3. He _____________________ (work) in the army for 10 years by 2015.
4. By next year, I _____________________ (study) Sanskrit for 7 years.
5. By next week, we _____________________ (protest) for over a month.
6. In 2012, they _____________________ (live) here for 4 years.
7. Before December, Prof Misra _____________________ (teach) for a year.
8. By this time tomorrow, I _____________________ (do) this exercise for a long time.
9. Manisha _____________________ (help) them for two years.
10. Bidhan and Manoj _____________________ (stand) for 2 hours at 8 o'clock.
11. Tomorrow at 9 o'clock I _____________________ (sleep) for nine hours.
12. On Thursday, I _____________________ (fix) the car for a whole month!
13. In 10 minutes, Tripti _____________________ (wait) for 2 hours.
14. They _____________________ (stand) for a whole day.
15. By this time next week, we_____________________ (holiday) for a month.

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Chapter 19
Forms and usage of conditional simple
When you talk about a hypothetical situation or an uncertain event that depends on another ser of
conditions, use conditional simple form.
It is structured as follows:

Affirmative

I, she, he, it, they, you, we would + play I would travel around the world.

Negative

I, she, he, it, they, you, we would not + play I would not play if I am not made the captain.

Interrogative

Would + I, she, he, it, they, play Would Sunil come to your wedding?
you, we

Usage of Conditional simple:

Use this form when talking about hypothetical actions that may take place in future.
Examples:
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of verbs in the brackets.
1. They (walk) __________________ to Jantar Mantar.
2. He (tell) __________________ you the truth and only the truth.
3. I (go) __________________ home now.
4. They (watch) __________________ a comedy movie.
5. You (not / say) __________________ that to him.
6. She (not / do) __________________ this to her.
7. (give / you) __________________ her the dismissal letter?
8. I (not / wait) __________________ any longer now.
9. (wake / she) __________________ me up at six o'clock?
10. (help / they) __________________ him in the shop?

Exercise
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Fill in the blanks using hints given in the brackets.

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1. If I had time, I (go) _________________________ to the zoo with you.

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2. If we had more money, we (buy) _________________________ a bigger car.
3. If we were on vacations, I (have/not) _________________________ to study now.
4. If you were smart, you (do/not) _________________________ this.
5. If she had been well, she (sing) _________________________ beautifully .
6. (he/go) _________________________ to the party if he had an invitation?
7. (what/you/say) _________________________ if someone gave you the chance to become the
PM for a day?
8. (why/she/go/by bus) _________________________ every day if she had a bike?
9. If you could choose any place on earth, (where/you/want)__________________ live?
10. (Who/meet/me) _________________________ at the airport if I took an earlier flight?

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Chapter 20
Forms and usage of the Conditional Progressive
Study the following forms of conditional progressive. It refers to an action that might take place in
future.

Affirmative

Would be + Verb + ing 1. If he had a lot of money, he would be traveling around

the world.
2. If I were free, I would be watching the movie.
3. If the music were better, everybody would be dancing.

Negative

Would not be + Verb + ing 1. I wouldn't be sleeping all day long?

Interrogative

Would + Be + verb + ing 1. Would you be watching the match?

you/he/she/it/they/I

Usage of the Conditional Progressive

Use Conditional progressive for actions that might take place in future and emphasizes the course of an
action.
Examples
1. I would be having a good time if I met my friends.
2. They would be rotting in jail if the police caught them.

Exercise
Fill in the blanks using the correct forms of the verbs
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1. Usually she (work) ____________________________ at this time.

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 2. The old man (sleep) ____________________________ now.
3. They (write) ____________________________ a test now but their college was closed.
4. If the music were better, you (dance) ____________________________ now.
5. If I had not hurt my leg, I (dive) ____________________________ in the sea now.
6. If the weather were better, she (sit) ____________________________ outside now.
7. We (watch) ____________________________ TV now if Rahul had not pulled out the plug.
8. She (go out) ____________________________ with that hottie if her best friend had not
snapped him first.
9. If you had taken the other route, we (not / stand) ______________________ in the traffic jam.
10. (wait / you / still) ____________________________ for me now if I had not picked her up?

Exercise
Fill up the blanks using the hints in brackets.
1. Rahul (work) ____________________________ when the accident happened. But that day he
left office early.
2. If the storm had not frightened them, the baby (sleep) ______________________ all night.
3. If I had not sent him outside, he (sit) _________________________ in front of the TV all day.
4. If he had won, he (celebrate) ____________________________ three days in a row.
5. If he had not had to go home, we (play) ____________________________ tennis all night.
6. They (shop) ____________________________ all day. But they ran out of money.
7. He (fly) ____________________________ to Munich, if he had not missed the plane.
8. She (not / study) ____________________________ in the US for 2 years if her parents had not
wanted her to.
9. We (not walk) ___________________________ around in the forest if they had told us it was
dangerous.
10. (drink / he) ____________________________ all night long if we had not stopped him?

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Chapter 21
Forms and usage of Conditional Perfect
Carefully study the following forms of conditional perfect

Affirmative

Would have played I would have traveled around the world.

Negative

Would not have played I wouldn't have stayed in my hometown.

Interrogative

Would + played Would you have traveled around the world?

you/he/she/it/they/I/we

Usage of Conditional Perfect

Use the Conditional Perfect for something that might have happened in the past – something which did
not actually happen.
Examples
1. She would have met him if he had come earlier.
2. You would have got more money, if you had worked harder.
3. He would have passed the test, if he had studied harder.
4. We would have arrived on time, if the car hadn’t broken down.

Exercise
Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs in brackets.
1. If I (have) _________ enough money, I (travel) _________________ around the world. But,
unfortunately, I am broke.
1. If I (have) _____________ enough money as a student, I (travel) _____________________
across India but I was broke.
2. She would have been here earlier if she (miss, not) __________________ the flight.
3. Thank you for helping me practice. If you hadn’t guided me, I (fail) _______________ the test.
4. If I exercised more, I (be) ____________ fitter and (have, not) _________________ so many
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health problems.
5. It's too bad Ramesh isn't with us. If he (be) _______________ here, he (can,
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decode)________________ this message for us.

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6. Stop asking me what Rahul told the police. Even if I (know) __________________ what he
bought you, I (tell, not) __________________ you.
7. My business trip to Mumbai was only two days. If the trip (be) _________________ longer, I
(visit) _______________ my friends in Andheri.
8. I'm sorry, I didn't know you were allergic to cake. If I (know)___________ , I (bring)
______________ an ice cream.
9. Did you hear that Mohit won one Crore in KBC? If I (win) ______________ that much money, I
(go) ________________ to Hawaii for a couple of weeks.
10. Sanjana's alarm didn't go off, and she was almost late to the interview. If she (arrive)
__________________ late, she (might, not, get) ____________the job.
11. Pratibha is polite and well mannered. She (say, never) ___________________ anything rude.
12. Pramod said that Bharat called Nalin a jerk at the party. I don't believe that! Bharat is polite and
well mannered. He (say, never) ___________________ anything rude or insulting like that.
13. Manish’s baby daughter almost drank some of the nail polish kept on the bed. If she (drink,
actually) __________________ the polish, she (could, get) _______________ sick or even died.
14. If I (can, go) _______________ anywhere on the earth, I (go) ________________ to the US to
see the Grand Canyon.

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