Presented By

Sanjay Kr. Upadhyay

 SQL
Structured Query

Language
Lets do practical on DATABASE…
 SQL– Structured Query Language
 Is a language that enables you to create and operate on
relational databases
 It is the standard language used by almost all the
database s/w vendors.
 Pronounced as SEQUEL
 Original version was developed by IBM’s Almanden
Research Center
 Latest ISO standard of SQL was released in 2008 and
named as SQL:2008
 SQL – Features

 Allows creating/modifying a database’s structure

 Changing security settings for system

 Permitting users for working on databases or tables

 Querying database

 Inserting/modifying/deleting the database contents

 MYSQL Elements

 Literals

 Data types

 Nulls

 Comments
 Literals
 It means the fixed value or constant value. It may be of
character, numeric or date time type.

 Character and date/time literals are always in single quotes

whereas numeric literals must be without single quotes.
For example – ‘Virat’, 12, 12.56, ‘04-20-2018’

 Date and time values are always in the given format:

YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS
 Special character like quotes are always written be preceding
it back-slash(\).
For example if we want to store value as Tom’s Cat then it
should be written as Tom\’s Cat
 Data Type

Means the type of value and type of operation

we can perform on data.
For example on numeric value we can store numbers
and perform all arithmetic operations and so on.

MySQL support three categories of data types:

Numeric
Date and time
String types
 Numeric Data Types
Data type Description
INT Numbers without decimal. Store up to 11 digits. -2147483648 to 2147483647

TINYINT Small integer value between 0 – 255 (4 digits)

SMALLINT More than TINYINT between -32768 to 32767 (5 digit)

MEDIUMINT Integer values up to 9 digits

BIGINT Very large integer value up to 11 digits

FLOAT(M,D) Real numbers i.e. number with decimal. M specify length of numeric value
including decimal place D and decimal symbol. For example if it is given as
FLOAT(8,2) then 5 integer value 1 decimal symbol and 2 digit after decimal
TOTAL – 8. it can work on 24 digits after decimal.

DOUBLE(M,D) Real numbers with more precision up to 53 place after decimal.

DECIMAL It is used to store exact numeric value that preserve exact precision for e.g.
money data in accounting system.
DECIMAL(P,D) means P no. of significant digits (1-65), D represent no. of digit after
decimal(0-30), for e.g DECIMAL(6,2) means 4 digit before decimal and 2 digit after
decimal. Max will be 9999.99
 Date and Time Types
Data type Description

DATE A date in YYY-MM-DD format between 1000-01-01 to 9999-12-31

In oracle data format is DD-MON-YYYY for e.g 10-SEP-2019

DATETIME Combination of date and time. For example to store 4th December
2018 and time is afternoon 3:30 then it should be written as –
2018-12-04 15:30:00

TIMESTAMP Similar to DATATIME but it is written without hyphen for example the
above date time is stored as 20181204153000

TIME To store time in the format HH:MM:SS

YEAR(M) To store only year part of data where M may be 2 or 4 i.e. year in 2
digit like 18 or 4 digit like 2018
 String Types
Data type Description
CHAR(M) Fixed length string between 1 and 255. it always occupy M size for each
data for example if size is CHAR(20) and we store value ‘MOBILE’ ,
although the size of MOBILE is 6 but in a table it will occupy 20 size with
space padded at right side for remaining place.
Mostly use in the case where the data to be insert is of fixed size like
Grade (A,B,C,..) or Employee code as E001, E002, etc. In this case CHAR
will give better performance than varchar
VARCHAR(M) Variable length string between 1 and 65535 (from MySQL 5.0.3) , earlier it
was
255. it takes size as per the data entered for example with VARCHAR(20) if
the data entered is MOBILE then it will take only 6 byte. It is useful for the
data like name, address where the number of character to be enter is not
fixed.
VARCHAR2 It is supported in ORACLE, both are almost same with minor difference.
The difference is in the way they are handling Empty String and NULL,
for VARCHAR these two are different where as VARCHAR2 treats both
same.
Difference between CHAR & VARCHAR

CHAR VARCHAR

Fixed length string Variable length string

Used where number of character to enter Used where number of character to be

is fixed like Grade, EmpCode, etc enter is not fixed like name, address etc.

Fast, no memory allocation every time Slow, as it take size according to data so
every time memory allocation is done

It takes more memory It takes less space

 NULL VALUE
• NULL means missing information

• NULL can appear in any type of column if it is not

restricted by NOT NULL or PRIMARY KEY

• Always remember NULL is neither equal to 0 nor space.

NULL means nothing

• Used in situation like if email id is not available with

studentsthen we will insert NULL
 COMMENTS
• It is a text that is not executed, only for documentation
purpose. Comments in MySQL can be written as

– Begin the comment with /* and */

– Begin the comment with – (followed by space)
– Begin then comment with #

For example
/* Select * from emp where empno=4 */
Select * from emp; -- it will fetch all details
 SQL COMMAND SYNTAX

Commands Description

Keywords That have special meaning in SQL. They are the commands in mysql

Clause They are used to support mysql commands like FROM, WHERE etc.

Values passed to clause like table name to FROM clause conditions

to WHERE clause for e.g.
SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE SALARY>12000;
Arguments In the above command,
SELECT is keyword
FROM AND WHERE is clause
EMP is an argument to FROM
SALARY>12000 is argument to WHERE
 CREATING and USING DATABASE

To Create a Database :
CREATE DATABASE <DATABASE NAME>
Eg. CREATE DATABASE MYDB;

To see list of databases:

SHOW DATABASES;

To open any Database :

USE DATABASE_NAME;
USE MYDB
 CREATING TABLE
Syntax:-
Create Table TableName(ColumnName
datatype(size), ColumnName datatype(size),…..);

Example:-
Create Table emp (empno int, name varchar(20),
dept varchar(20), salary int);

Create table Student (roll int, name varchar(20),

stream varchar(20), per int);
 INSERTING RECORDS IN TABLE
Syntax:-
Insert into tablename values(value1,value2,..)

Note:-
1) char, varchar and date value must be in single
quotes

2) Values must be passed in the order of their column

3) Date values are passed in the format

dd-mon-yyyy i.e. 20-Sep-2015(in oracle)
yyyy-mm-dd (in mysql)
 Examples of INSERT INTO

Insert into emp values(1, ‘Rakesh’,’Sales’,34000) ;

Insert into student values(1,’Mahi’,’Science’,89);

Inserting in selected columns

Insert into emp (empno, name, dept ) values
(2,’dipanker’,’IT’) ;
 SELECTING RECORD
SELECT Statement allows to send queries to table
and fetch the desired record. Select can be used
to select both horizontal and vertical subset.

Syntax:-

SELECT */columnnames FROM tablename

[ where condition ] ;
 SELECTING RECORD
Selecting all record and all columns
select * from emp;
Selecting desired columns
select empno, name from emp;

Changing the order of columns

select dept, name from emp;
 DISTINCT keyword
DISTINCT keyword is used to eliminate the duplicate
records from output. For e.g. if we select dept from
employee table it will display all the department from the
table including duplicate rows.
Select dept from emp;
Empno Name Dept Salary
Output will be:-
1 Ravi Sales 24000
Dept 2 Sunny Sales 35000
--------
Sales 3 Shobit IT 30000
Sales
IT 4 Vikram IT 27000
IT
5 nitin HR 45000
HR
 DISTINCT keyword
If we don’t want to see the duplicate rows in output we have to
use DISTINCT keyword.

Select DISTINCT dept from emp;

Output will be:- Empno Name Dept Salary
1 Ravi Sales 24000
Dept
-------- 2 Sunny Sales 35000
Sales
IT 3 Shobit IT 30000
HR
4 Vikram IT 27000
5 nitin HR 45000
PERFORMING SIMPLE
CALCULATION
While performing SQL operations sometimes
simple calculations are required, SQL provides
facility to perform simple arithmetic operations in
query. In MySQL we can give these queries
without FROM clause i.e. table name is not
required for these queries.

For Example :-
Select 10*2;
Select 10*3/6;
 PERFORMING SIMPLE
CALCULATION
MySQL also provides DUAL table to provide compatibility with
other DBMS. It is dummy table used for these type queries
where table name is not required. It contains one row and one
column. For example:
Select 100+200 from DUAL;
Select curdate() from dual;

CALCULATION WITH TABLE DATA

Select name, salary, salary * 12 Annual_Salary from emp;
Select empno, salary+1000 from emp;
Update student set total=phy+chem+maths+cs+eng;
 COLUMN ALIAS
It is a temporary name/label given to column that will appear in
output. For example if column name is dept and you want
Department to appear as column heading then we have to give
Column Alias. If we want alias name of multiple words then it
should be enclosed in double quotes. Its format is :

ColumnName [AS] ColumnAlias

Example :-
(i) Select empno Employee_Number, name, dept Department,
Salary Income from emp;

(ii) Select name, Salary*12 as “Annual Income” from emp;

 HANDLING NULL

From the above table we can observe that salary of Shaban is NULL i.e.
not assigned. Now if we want 0 or “not assigned” for the salary
information of shaban, we have to use IFNULL()
Select empno,name,IFNULL(Salary,"not assigned") from emp;

Column value to substitute if NULL found

 PUTTING TEXT IN QUERY OUTPUT

SQL allows to put user defined symbols or text with

table output. Like ‘Rs’ with Salary or ‘%’ symbol
with commission:

For e.g.

Select name, dept, ‘Rs.’, salary from emp;

Select name, ‘works in department’, dept,'and getting salary
Rs.', salary from emp;

Select name, concat(‘Rs. ‘, salary) from emp;

 WHERE clause
WHERE clause is used to select specified rows. It
allows to select only desired rows by applying
condition. We can use all comparison(>, <, >=, <=, =,
<>) and logical operator (AND, OR, NOT).
AND ( &&), OR (||) , NOT (!)
For example
Select * from emp where salary>4000;
Select * from emp where empno=1;
Select name,dept from emp where dept=‘HR’;
 WHERE clause
AND(&&) means both conditions must be true,
OR(||) means any condition must be true
NOT(!) will do the reverse checking.

Select * from emp where salary>4000 and salary<8000;

Select * from emp where dept=‘Sales’ and salary<30000;
Select name,dept from emp where dept=‘HR’and salary>=20000
and salary<=40000;
Select * from emp where dept=‘HR’ or dept=‘IT’;
Select * from emp where NOT empno=4;
 SQL operators

1)BETWEEN

2)IN

3)LIKE

4)IS NULL
 BETWEEN Operator
BETWEEN allows to specify range of values to search in
any column. It is used with AND clause and it will include
the specified values during the searching.
For e.g.

Select * from emp where salary between 18000 and 30000;

Select name from emp where empno between 2 and 5;

Select * from emp where salary NOT between 25000 and 35000;
 IN operator
IN allows to specify List of values in which searching
will be performed. It will return all those record that
matches any value in a given list of values. It can be
thought as an alternative of multiple ORs.

Select * from emp where dept IN(‘sales’,’it’);

Select name from emp where empno IN (2,4,5);

Select * from emp where dept NOT IN(‘sales’,’it’);

 LIKE Operator
LIKE allows to search based on pattern. It is used when we
don’t want to search an exact value or we don’t know that
exact value, and we know only the pattern of value like
name starting from any particular letter, or ending with and
containing any particular letter or word.
LIKE is used with two wildcard characters:
a) % : used when we want to substitute multiple
characters. With % length is not fixed

b) _ (underscore) : used when we want to substitute

Single character
 LIKE Operator
Search for employee whose name begins from ‘s’
Select * from emp where name like ‘s%’;

Search for employee whose name ends with ‘r’

Select * from emp where name like ‘%r’;

Search for employee whose name contains ‘a’ anywhere

Select * from emp where name like ‘%a%’

Search for employee whose dob is in feb

Select * from emp where dob like ‘%-02-%’

Search employee whose name is of 5 letters begins from ‘s’

Select * from emp where name like ‘s_ _ _ _ ’;
 IS NULL
IS NULL is used to compare NULL values present in any
column.

As NULL is not considered as value so we cannot compare

with = sign, so to compare with NULL, SQL provides IS NULL.

SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE SALARY IS NULL;

SELECT * FROM EMP WHERE SALARY IS NOT NULL;

 OPERATOR PRECEDENCE
When multiple operators are used in expression, then
evaluation of expression takes place in the order of
precedence. Higher precedence operator will execute First.
! HIG
H
*, /, DIV, %, MOD
-+
<, >
==, >=, <=, !=, IS, LIKE, IN, BETWEEN
NOT
AND
OR
LO
W
 SORTING OUTPUT
A process of arranging records in ascending or descending
order is called SORTING.
By default records will come in the output in the same order in
which it was entered. To see the output rows in sorted manner,
SQL provide ORDER BY clause.

By default output will be ascending order(ASC).

To see output in descending order, we use DESC clause with
ORDER BY.
SELECT * FROM EMP ORDER BY NAME; (ASCENDING ORDER)
SELECT * FROM EMP ORDER BY SALARY DESC;
SELECT * FROM EMP ORDER BY DEPT ASC, SALARY DESC;
 MYSQL FUNCTIONS
A FUNCTION is built–in code for specific purpose
that takes value and returns a single value.

Values passed to functions are known as

arguments/parameters.
There are various categories of function in
MySQL:-
1) String Function
2) Mathematical function
3) Date and time function
 STRING FUNCTIONS
Function Description Example
CHAR() Return character
for given ASCII
Select Char(65);  A
Code
CONCAT() Return Select concat(name,‘ works in ‘,
concatenated
String
dept,’department);
LOWER( ) Return string in Select lower(‘INDIA’);  india
LCASE( ) small letters
Select lower(name) from emp;
SUBSTRING(S,P,N) Return N chars of Select SUBSTRING(‘LAPTOP’,3,3);  PTO
MID(S,P,N) string S, beginning Select SUBSTR(‘COMPUTER’,4,3);  PUT
from P
UPPER()/ UCASE() Return string in Select Upper(‘india’);  INDIA
capital letters
LTRIM() Removes leading Select LTRIM(‘ Apple’);  ‘Apple’
space
RTRIM() Remove trailing Select RTRIM(‘Apple ‘);
space
Output- ‘Apple’
 STRING FUNCTIONS
Function Description Example

Remove spaces Select TRIM(‘ Apple ‘); Output-’Apple’

TRIM() from beginning and
ending Select * from emp where trim(name) = ‘Suyash’;
It search one string Select INSTR(‘COMPUTER’,’PUT’); Output-4
in another string
INSTR() and returns Select INSTR(‘PYTHON’,’C++’); Output – 0
position, if not
found 0

Returns number of Select length(‘python’); Output- 7

LENGTH() character in string Select name, length(name) from emp
Return N characters Select LEFT(‘SVM’,2); Output- SV
LEFT(S,N) of S from beginning

Return N characters Select RIGHT(‘VIDYA’,3); Output- DYA

RIGHT(S,N) of S from ending
 NUMERIC FUNCTION
Function Description Example

MOD(M,N) Return remainder M/N Select MOD(11,5); Output- 1

POWER(B,P) Return B to power P Select POWER(2,5); Output-32

Return number rounded Select ROUND(11.589,2); 11.59

ROUND(N,D)
to D place after decimal Select ROUND(12.999,2); 13.00

Return -1 for –ve number 1 Select sign(-10);  -1

SIGN(N)
for +ve number Select sign(10);  1

SQRT(N) Returns square root of N Select SQRT(144); Output: 12

Return number upto N

TRUNCATE Select Truncate(15.789,2);
place after decimal
(M,N) Output: 15.79
without rounding it
 DATE AND TIME FUNCTIONS
Function Description Example
CURDATE () Return the current date Select curdate();
CURRENT_DATE() Select
CURRENT_DATE current_date();
Return date part from Select date(‘2018-08-15 12:30’);
DATE()
date- time expression Output: 2018-08-15
Return month from date Select month(‘2018-08-15’);
MONTH()
Output: 08
Return year from date Select year(‘2018-08-15’);
YEAR() Output: 2018
Return weekday name Select dayname(‘2018-12-
DAYNAME() 04’); Output: Tuesday
Return value from 1-31 Select dayofmonth(‘2018-08-15’)
DAYOFMONTH() Output: 15
Return weekday index, Select dayofweek(‘2018-12-
DAYOFWEEK() for Sunday-1, Monday- 04’);
2, .. Output: 3
Return value from 1-366 Select dayofyear(‘2018-02-
DAYOFYEAR() 10’) Output: 41
 Date and Time Function
Function Description Example
NOW() Return both current Select now();
date and time at
which the function
executes
SYSDATE() Return both current Select sysdate();
date and time

Difference Between NOW() and SYSDATE() :

NOW( ) function return the date and time at which function was executed
even if we execute multiple NOW() function with select.

whereas SYSDATE( ) will always return date and time at which each SYDATE()
function started execution. For example.
mysql> Select now( ), sleep(2), now( );
Output: 2018-12-04 10:26:20, 0, 2018-12-04 10:26:20
mysql> Select sysdate(), sleep(2), sysdate();
Output: 2018-12-04 10:27:08, 0, 2018-12-04 10:27:10
 AGGREGATE FUNCTIONS
AGGREGATE FUNCTION is used to perform calculation
on group of rows and return the calculated summary like
sum of salary, average of salary etc.

Available aggregate functions are –

1. SUM()
2. AVG()
3. COUNT()
4. MAX()
5. MIN()
6. COUNT(*)
Aggregate Function : SUM( )
Empno Name Dept Salary
1 Ravi Sales 24000
2 Sunny Sales 35000
3 Shobit IT 30000
4 Vikram IT 27000
5 nitin HR 45000

SELECT SUM(SALARY) FROM EMP;

Output – 161000
SELECT SUM(SALARY) FROM EMP WHERE
DEPT=‘SALES’;
Output - 59000
Aggregate Function : AVG( )
Empno Name Dept Salary
1 Ravi Sales 24000
2 Sunny Sales 35000
3 Shobit IT 30000
4 Vikram IT 27000
5 nitin HR 45000

SELECT AVG(SALARY) FROM EMP;

Output – 32200
Select AVG(salary) from emp where dept=‘sales’;
Output - 29500
Aggregate Function : COUNT()
Empno Name Dept Salary
1 Ravi Sales 24000
2 Sunny Sales 35000
3 Shobit IT 30000
4 Vikram IT 27000
5 nitin HR 45000

SELECT COUNT(NAME) FROM EMP;

OUTPUT – 5
SELECT COUNT(SALARY) FROM EMP WHERE DEPT=‘HR’;
OUTPUT - 1
SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT DEPT) FROM EMP;
OUTPUT - 3
Aggregate Function : MAX( )
Empno Name Dept Salary
1 Ravi Sales 24000
2 Sunny Sales 35000
3 Shobit IT 30000
4 Vikram IT 27000
5 nitin HR 45000

SELECT MAX(SALARY) FROM EMP;

OUTPUT – 45000
Select max(salary) from emp where dept=‘sales’;
Output - 35000
Aggregate Function : MIN( )
Empno Name Dept Salary
1 Ravi Sales 24000
2 Sunny Sales 35000
3 Shobit IT 30000
4 Vikram IT 27000
5 nitin HR 45000

Select MIN(Salary) from emp;

Output – 24000
Select MIN(salary) from emp where dept=‘IT’;
Output - 27000
Aggregate Function : COUNT(*)
Empno Name Dept Salary
1 Ravi Sales 24000
2 Sunny Sales 35000
3 Shobit IT 30000
4 Vikram IT 27000
5 nitin HR 45000
6 Krish HR
Select COUNT(*) from emp;
Output – 6
Select COUNT(salary) from emp;
Output - 5
 COUNT(*) VS COUNT()
COUNT(*) function is used to count the
number of rows in query output

whereas COUNT() is used to count values

present in any column excluding NULL
values.

Note:
All aggregate function ignores the NULL
values.
 GROUP BY
GROUP BY clause is used to divide the
table into logical groups and we can
perform aggregate functions in those
groups. In this case aggregate function
will return output for each group.

For example, if we want sum of salary of

each department we have to divide table
records.
Aggregate functions by default takes the entire table as a
single group that’s why we are getting the sum(), avg(), etc
output for the entire table. Now suppose organization wants
the sum() of all the job separately, or wants to find the
average salary of every job. In this case we have to logically
divide our table into groups based on job, so that every group
will be passed to aggregate function for calculation and
aggregate function will return the result for every group.
For Example :-

SELECT SUM(SAL) FROM EMP GROUP BY

DEPT;

SELECT JOB,SUM(SAL) FROM EMP GROUP

BY DEPT;

SELECT JOB,SUM(SAL),AVG(SAL),MAX(SAL),
COUNT(*) EMPLOYEE_COUNT FROM
EMP;

NOTE :- when we are using GROUP BY we can use only aggregate

function and the column on which we are grouping in the SELECT
list because they will form a group other than any column will gives
you an error because they will be not the part of the group.
For e.g.

SELECT ENAME,JOB,SUM(SAL) FROM EMP GROUP BY

JOB;
 HAVING WITH GROUP BY
• If we want to filter or restrict some rows from the output produced by
GROUP BY then we use HAVING clause. It is used to put condition of
group of rows. With having clause we can use aggregate functions
also.
• WHERE is used before the GROUP BY. With WHERE we cannot use
aggregate function.

E.g.
• SELECT DEPT,AVG(SAL) FROM EMP GROUP BY DEPT
HAVING JOB IN (‘HR’,’SALES’)

• SELECT DEPT,MAX(SAL),MIN(SAL),COUNT(*) FROM

EMP GROUP BY DEPT HAVING COUNT(*)>2

• SELECT DEPT,MAX(SAL),MIN(SAL) FROM EMP

WHERE SAL>=2000 GROUP BY DEPT HAVING
DEPT IN(‘IT’,’HR’)
 PRACTICE WORK
1. Create the following table and add the records :
ItemNo Item Dcode Qty UnitPrice StockDate

5005 Ball Pen 0.5 102 100 16 2018-03-10

5003 Ball Pen 0.25 102 150 20 2017-05-17

5002 Gel Pen Premium 101 125 14 2018-04-20

5006 Gel Pen Classic 101 200 22 2018-10-08

5001 Eraser Small 102 210 5 2018-03-11

5004 Eraser Big 102 60 10 2017-11-18

5009 Sharpener Classic NULL 160 8 2017-06-12

 PRACTICE WORK
Write down the following queries based on the given table:
1) Select all record of table
2) Select ItemNo, name and Unitprice
3) Select all item record where Unitprice is more than 20
4) Select Item name of those items which are quantity between
100-200
5) Select all record of Items which contains pen word in it
6) Select unique dcode of all items
7) Display all record in the descending order of UnitPrice
8) Display all items which are stocked in the month of March
 PRACTICE WORK
Write down the following queries based on the given
table:

11)Change the unitprice to 20 for itemno 5005

12)Delete the record of itemno 5001

13)Display all the item name in capital letters

14)Display first 4 character of every item name

15)Display all record whose dcode is not assigned

 EXPORTING DATABASE
• Exporting means creating the text file containing all
the database contents which can be imported to any
other computer. We use mysqldump command for
this purpose. To export:
• Open cmd from Start button
Or
• Press Window Key + R and type cmd and press
Enter
At cmd prompt like C:\....> type mysqldump
command
 EXPORTING DATABASE
• To export all database
– mysqldump --all-databases > c:\mydb.sql
(It will create mydb.sql in C:\, we can check it by open it.)

• To export single database

– mysqldump myworks > c:\mydb2.sql

• To export multiple datbase

– mysqldump myworks company c:\mydb3.sql
 IMPORTING DATABASE
STEP 1.1: Open Notepad and type the following commands
 IMPORTING DATABASE
STEP 1.2:
– Save this file with mydb.sql or any name, in
your desired location for e.g. C:\
STEP 2:
– Open MySQL and type
• SOURCE C:\mydb.sql
– It will create database myworks, 2 tables
emp, students with records. We can check
it by “SHOW TABLES” or “SELECT”
command.