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    Exact Differential Equations

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    q3ok8rs3
    The document discusses partial derivatives and exact differential equations. Partial derivatives are derivatives of multivariable functions where one variable is treated as a constant. An exact differential equation is one where the left hand side can be written as the differential of some function, and the criterion for an equation to be exact is that the partial derivatives of the coefficients must be equal.

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    Exact Differential Equations

    Uploaded by

    q3ok8rs3
    10 views5 pages
    The document discusses partial derivatives and exact differential equations. Partial derivatives are derivatives of multivariable functions where one variable is treated as a constant. An exact differential equation is one where the left hand side can be written as the differential of some function, and the criterion for an equation to be exact is that the partial derivatives of the coefficients must be equal.

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    © © All Rights Reserved

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    The document discusses partial derivatives and exact differential equations. Partial derivatives are derivatives of multivariable functions where one variable is treated as a constant. An exact differential equation is one where the left hand side can be written as the differential of some function, and the criterion for an equation to be exact is that the partial derivatives of the coefficients must be equal.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    10 views5 pages

    Exact Differential Equations

    Uploaded by

    q3ok8rs3
    The document discusses partial derivatives and exact differential equations. Partial derivatives are derivatives of multivariable functions where one variable is treated as a constant. An exact differential equation is one where the left hand side can be written as the differential of some function, and the criterion for an equation to be exact is that the partial derivatives of the coefficients must be equal.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    You are on page 1of 5

    What is partial derivative?

    The derivative of multivariable function(functions having more than one independent variables) is called
    𝜕𝑓
    partial derivative. If 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) is a function then the partial derivatives 𝜕𝑥(taking derivative of 𝑓 treating y as
    𝜕𝑓
    a constant) and 𝜕𝑦 (taking derivative of 𝑓 treating x as a constant).

    Example: 𝒇(𝒙, 𝒚) = 𝒙𝟐 𝒚
    𝜕𝑓 𝜕 2 𝜕
    = (𝑥 𝑦) = 𝑦 (𝑥 2 )
    𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
    𝝏𝒇
    = 𝒚(𝟐𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙𝒚
    𝝏𝒙

    𝜕𝑓 𝜕 2 𝜕
    = (𝑥 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 (𝑦)
    𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦
    𝝏𝒇
    = 𝒙𝟐 (𝟏) = 𝒙𝟐
    𝝏𝒚

    Exact Differential Equations

    Although the simple first-order equation

    𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0

    is separable, we can solve the equation in an alternative manner by recognizing that the expression on the
    left-hand side of the equality is the differential of the function

    𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥𝑦

    That is,

    𝑑(𝑥𝑦) = 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑦

    In this topic, we examine first-order equations in differential form

    𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0


    By applying a simple test to 𝑀 and 𝑁, we can determine whether 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 is a
    differential of a function 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦). If the answer is yes, we can construct 𝑓 by partial integration and its
    solution will be of the form 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑐.

    What is an exact equation?

    A differential expression 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 is an exact differential in a region 𝑅 of the 𝑥𝑦 −plane
    if it corresponds to the differential of some function 𝑓 (𝑥, 𝑦) defined in 𝑅. A first-order differential
    equation of the form

    𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0

    is said to be an exact equation if the expression on the left-hand side is an exact differential.

    Criterion for an Exact Equation

    Let 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) and 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) be continuous and continuous first order partial derivative in a rectangular
    region 𝑅 define by 𝑎 < 𝑥 < 𝑏, 𝑐 < 𝑦 < 𝑑. Then a necessary and sufficient condition that

    𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 be an exact differential is

    𝜕𝑀 𝜕𝑁
    =
    𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥

    In simple words, a 1st order ODE be in the form:

    𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0

    Is exact if

    𝝏𝑴 𝝏𝑵
    =
    𝝏𝒚 𝝏𝒙

    METHOD OF SOLUTION

    Given

    𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0

    𝝏𝒇
    𝝏𝒙
    = 𝑴(𝒙, 𝒚) (1)
    𝝏𝒇
    = 𝑵(𝒙, 𝒚) (2)
    𝝏𝒚

    We can find f by integrating 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) with respect to x while holding y constant:

    𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = ∫ 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑦) (5)

    where the arbitrary function 𝑔(𝑦) is the “constant” of integration.

    Now differentiate (5) with respect to y

    𝜕𝑓 𝜕
    = ∫ 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑔′(𝑦)
    𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

    Using (2)

    𝜕
    𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) = ∫ 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑔′(𝑦)
    𝜕𝑦

    This gives

    𝜕
    𝑔′ (𝑦) = 𝑁(𝑥, 𝑦) − 𝜕𝑦 ∫ 𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 (6)

    Finally, integrate (6) with respect to y and substitute the result in (5). The implicit solution of the
    equation is 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑐.
    Example: Solve the following differential equation

    2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑥 2 − 1)𝑑𝑦 = 0
    Solution:

    𝑀 = 2𝑥𝑦 𝑁 = 𝑥2 − 1
    𝜕𝑀
    𝜕𝑦
    = 2𝑥

    𝜕𝑁
    𝜕𝑥
    = 2𝑥

    Thus the equation is exact, and so the criterion suggests that there exists a function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) such that
    𝜕𝑓
    𝜕𝑥
    = 2𝑥𝑦 (1)
    𝜕𝑓
    𝜕𝑦
    = 𝑥2 − 1 (2)

    Integrating (1) w.r.t x


    2𝑥 2 𝑦
    𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 2
    + 𝑔(𝑦)

    𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑔(𝑦) (3)

    Taking partial derivative wrt y


    𝜕𝑓
    = 𝑥 2 + 𝑔′(𝑦)
    𝜕𝑦
    Using (2)

    𝑥 2 − 1 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑔′(𝑦)
    𝑔′ (𝑦) = −1
    Integrating both sides

    𝑔(𝑦) = −𝑦
    Equation (3) becomes

    𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 2 𝑦 − 𝑦

    So the solution of the DE in implicit form is

    𝑐 = 𝑥2𝑦 − 𝑦
    Example: Solve the following differential equation

    (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 + (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 )𝑑𝑦 = 0


    Solution:

    𝑀 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑁 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦


    𝜕𝑀
    𝜕𝑦
    = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

    𝜕𝑁
    𝜕𝑥
    = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦

    Thus the equation is exact, and so the criterion suggests that there exists a function 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) such that
    𝜕𝑓
    𝜕𝑥
    = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 (1)
    𝜕𝑓
    𝜕𝑦
    = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 (2)

    Integrating (1) w.r.t x

    𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 sin 𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑔(𝑦) (3)

    Taking partial derivative wrt y


    𝜕𝑓
    = 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑔′(𝑦)
    𝜕𝑦
    Using (2)

    𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑦 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑔′(𝑦)


    𝑔′ (𝑦) = 0
    Integrating both sides

    𝑔(𝑦) = 𝑐1

    Equation (3) becomes

    𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥 sin 𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑐1

    So the solution of the DE in implicit form is

    𝑐 = 𝑥 sin 𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥

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