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Biology Notes Created by

Waqar Ahmed Mirani

Chapter 05
Acellular Life

( Short Questions )

Q:01:- Discuss living and non – living status of virus ?

Ans :- Virus is considered as borderline between living and non – living because
they don’t grow or reproduce by them . This makes them non – living .
However when a virus enters into a living cell of an organism it obtains energy
from host cell and starts reproductuion , This makes them living .

Q:02:- What do you mean by positive and negative sense virus ?

Ans :- Positive sense virus :- They have a single stranded RNA . Positive
sense means their RNA function as mRNA and directly translated by host cell
without involving transcription .
Ex:- Corona Virus .
Negative sense Virus :- They have a single stranded RNA . Negative sense
means when they enter into host cell , They prepare mRNA from their RNA in
host cell for any transcription .
Ex:- Rhabdo Virus .

Q:03:- Name the group of viruses from Baltimore classification ?

Ans:- The Baltimore group of viruses are classified into 7 groups .
1)Single stranded DNA viruses
2)Double stranded DNA viruses
3)Double stranded RNA viruses
4)Positive sense single stranded RNA viruses
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5)Negative sense single stranded RNA viruses
6)Single stranded RNA virus with DNA intermediate
7)Double stranded DNA virus with RNA intermediate .

Q:04:- How does Bacteriophage virus infect bacteria ?

Ans :- A phage attaches to a bacterium and injects its DNA into bacterial cell .
The bacterium then turns into phage factory , producing 100 new phages
before it bursts , releasing the phage to attach new bacteria .

Q:05:- Differenciate between lytic and lysogenic cycle of

bacteriophage ?
Ans :- Here is the difference :
Lytic cycle of Bacteriophage Lysogenic cycle of
Bacteriophage
=>The lytic cycle involves the =>The lysogenic cycle doesn’t
reproduction of viruses using a host involves in the reproduction of viruses
cell to manufacture more viruses . using host cell to manufacture more
viruses .
=>In the lytic cycle , the viral genome =>In lysogenic cycle , the viral
doesnot incorporate into host genome genome incorporates into host
genome .
=>The entire process is completed in =>It is a time consuming process .
short period of time .
=>The productivity of viral DNA is high =>The productivity of viral DNA is low .
=>The cycle doesn’t have a prophage =>The cycle have a prophage stage .
stage .

Q:06:- What is reverse Transcription ? How it performs by HIV in

humans ?
Ans :- The viral RNA makes a new DNA . This process is a reverse
transcription . In this process virus uses its own enzyme called reverse
transcriptase to convert its RNA into DNA .

Q:07:- List down five animal and plant viruses with their vector ,
transmission and symptoms ?
Ans :- Here are the five animal and plant viruses :
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Name Vector Transmission Symptoms

1)Chikungunya Aedes mosquito Blood Headache , body
Virus and non human muscles and joint
primate . pain , nausea ,
Vomiting , painful
eyes .
2)Dengue Virus Aedes mosquito Blood Vomiting , rashes
human with pain , Nausea
pain typically
behind eyes and in
body .
3)Ebola Virus Canid animals Body fluid Haemorrhagic
dogs and bats Fever
4)Hepatitis C Human infected Transmission Fever , yellow skin
Virus blood occur mainly , Fatigue , muscle
during blood and joint pain ,
transfusion . Nausea and loss
of apetite ,
Stomach pain .
5)Measles Virus Airborn droplets Sneezing and Fever , cough and
from nose through coughing of a runny nose ,
mucous in human infected person . followed by body
rash .

Q:08:- List down the lytic and lysogenic cycle of Bacteriophage ?

Ans :- Lytic cycle Sequence :
Lytic cycle have five steps of sequence .
1)Phage attachment
2)Genome penetration
3)Replication of phage DNA
4)Maturation
5)Lysis and release of phage viruses .
Lysogenic Cycle Sequence :
Lysogenic cycle have a four steps of sequence .
1)Attachment
2)Entry of phage DNA
3)Integration
4)Cell division .
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Q:09:- How a virus survive without host discuss ?

Ans :- Virus survive without host if four wnvironmental condition is favorable
for them which is given :
1)Temperature
2)Humidity
3)Light
4)PH factor .

Q:10:- What are the symptoms of AIDS ?

Ans :- In beginning of HIV infection which cause AIDS the short duration fever ,
flu , headache appear , immune system weaken other infection like T.B ,
Pneumonia , Cancer may cause and destruction of T – lymphocytes , weight
loss , night sweats , diarrhea , septicema dimentia like infection may cause
death of a person .

Q:11:- What is prevention and control of AIDS ?

Ans :- Prevention is a method which used to reduce the spread of any virus like
HIV which cause AIDS it can be control to follow such preventive measures
like to take measures in sexual intimacy to avoid the reuse of syringes of drugs
, and keep distant from infected person .

Q:12:- Differenciate between prions and Viroids ?

Ans :- Here’s the difference :
Prions Viroids
=>Prions are infectious protein =>Viroids are non – enveloped single
particle . stranded RNA infectious particle .
=>Prion is made up of 29 amino acid =>Viroids are made up of nucleotide
sequence . sequence .
=>Prions cause neurodegenerative =>Vioroids can cause disease only on
disease in animals and humans . plants , and also infect only on plants .
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( Long Questions )

Q:01:- Explain lytic cycle of bacteriophge with labelled diagram ?

Ans :- Labelled Diagram of Bacteriophage

Ans :- The lytic cycle is a series of evernts that results in reproduction and
penetration of phage as well as destruction of host bacterium .
Step:01: Attachment :- The phage attaches to the surface of host bacterium
through specific receptors on its capsid the protein shell that is encloses the
genetic material of phage .
Step:02: Penetration :- The phage injects its genetic material ( Either DNA
or RNA ) into a bacterium through a process called Peneetration .
Step:03: Replication :- Once inside bacterium , the phage’s genetic material
is replicated and transcribed , resulting in the production of new phage
particles .
Step:04: Assembly :- The newly synthesized components come together to
form new phage particles .
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Step;05: Lysis :- As the number of phages increases , the bacterium become
stressed and eventually ruptures , relesing new formed phages . This process
of lysis is accompained by destruction of host bacterium .

Q:02:- Explain the Life cycle of HIV with labelled diagram ?

Ans :- The life cycle of HIV includes several stages , which are illustrated in
following diagram :
Labelled Diagram

Step:01: Attachment :- at first the virus attaches with a lymphocyte cell

surface glycoprotein reeeeeceptor that allow HIV to enter the cell .
Step:02: Fusion :- While remain attached with virus injects its RNA into host
cell .
Step:03: Reverse transcription :- The viral RNA makes a new DNA this
process is called reverse transcription . In this process virus uses its own
enzyme called reverse transcriptase .
Step:04: Integration :- The viral DNA enters the host cell’s nucleus , where
it integrates with host DNA by an enzyme integrase . This DNA is called
provirus , which may remain inactive for several years , producing few or no
new copies of HIV .
Step:05: Transcription :- Now integrated host DNA develops mRNA for the
process of protein synthesis to make viral protein and also by using host cell
enzyme called RNA polymerase it creates the copies of HIV genomic material
as mRNA which is used to direct the making of long chains of HIV proteins .
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Step:06: Assembly :- When protein are formed HIV uses its nother enzyme
called protease to cut down protein into small fragments that later join
together with the HIV genome and develop new progeny .
Step:07:- Budding :- New progeny of virus when matures it connects with
the cell membrane and forms a small projection as bud from infected cell . The
bud acquired some of the glycoproteins part of cell membrane for its own
covering . They released out of the cell and move on to other cells .
Q:03:- Explain the pathogenicity and economic losses caused by
viruses to humans ?
Ans :- Viruses are tiny infectious agents that can replicate only inside living
cells of an organisms . They can infect all type of life forms , from animals and
plants to microorganisms and cause a wide range of diseases . In humans
viruses can cause variety of symptoms , ranging from mild to severe ,
depending on type of virus , the age nd health of infected person and other
factors .
The pathogenicity of virus refers to its ability to cause disease . Some
viruses are highly pathogenic and can cause severe and life threatening
diseases , while others are less pathogenic and may cause only mild diseases .
The economic losses caused by viruses to humans can be significant
ourbraks of viral diseases can have a major impacts on public health systems
and economy , and reduced trade and tourism .