DELHI PUBLIC SCHOOL, HOWRAH

CLASS- XII SUBJECT- BIOLOGY

STUDY MATERIALS AND WORKSHEET

NUMERICALS FROM THE CHAPTERS

CHAPTER: SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN FOLLOWING PLANTS

1. In Oryza sativa (Rice plant), the male gamete has seven chromosomes. Find out the number of
chromosomes in female gamete and in zygote?

Ans: No. of chromosomes in male gamete (n) = 7

No. of chromosomes in female gamete (n) = 7; Zygote (2n) = 7+7 = 14

2. The number of chromosomes in the shoot tip cells of a maize plant is 20. The number of
chromosomes in the Microspore Mother Cells (MMC) of the same plant shall be:
Ans: No. of chromosomes in Shoot tips (2n) = 20
No. of chromosomes in MMC (2n) = 20
3. A bilobed, dithecous anther has 100 microspore mother cells per microsporangium. How many
male gametophytes can this anther produce?
Ans: 400 male gametophytes

SOLVE ON YOUR OWN:

4. The female gametes of green plant have 20 chromosomes in their nucleus. What will be the
chromosome number in the male gamete, zygote and the cells of the seedling?
5. How many pollen grains and ovules are likely to be formed in the anther and the ovary of
angiosperms bearing 25 microspore mother cell and 25 megaspore mother cells respectively?

CHAPTER: HUMAN REPRODUCTION

1. How many sperms will be produced from 10 primary spermatocytes and how many eggs will be
produced from 10 primary oocytes?
Ans: 40 sperms, 10 eggs

2. How many eggs do you think were released by the ovary of a female dog which gave birth to 6
puppies?
Ans: six eggs are released by the ovary of a female dog if it gave birth to six puppies (actually
dog is a polyovulatory animal)

SOLVE ON YOUR OWN:

3. How many eggs do you think were released by the ovary of a female dog which gave
birth to 8 puppies?

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 4. How many ova and sperms would be produced from 100 secondary oocytes and 100
secondary spermatocytes, during gametogenesis in humans?

CHAPTER: PRINCIPLES OF INHERITANCE AND VARIATION

KEY CONCEPT/FORMULA
• Genotype: Genetic constituent of an organism
• Phenotype: Physical appearance of an organism
• Karyotype: The number and appearance of chromosomes in the nucleus
• Locus: Location of a gene in a chromosome
• Punnett’s square: Graphical representation to calculate the probability of all
• possible genotype.
• Allele: Alternative form of a gene
• Body chromosomes are called autosomes
• Sex chromosomes are called allosomes
• Linkage group: Number of chromosomes in one set or haploid condition

• Higher Recombination %: If two genes are located relatively far apart on a chromosome (loosely
linked) there are more chances of crossing over.
• Lower Recombination %: If two genes are located relatively close together on a chromosome
(tightly linked), the chances of crossing over are less
• All the genes that are present on the same chromosomes are linked genes
• Test cross: A crossing of a F1 hybrid with recessive parent.
• Back cross: A crossing of a F1hybrid with one of its parents

Figure out the gamete produced by each parent using 2n

Example:

Monohybrid cross-Rr-(heterozygous parent)-21 = 2 gametes

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Dihybrid cross-RrYy-(heterozygous parent)-22 = 4 gametes

Tri hybrid cross-RrYyAa-(heterozygous parent)-23 = 8 gametes

Tetra hybrid cross-RrYyAaIi-(heterozygous parent)-24 = 16 gametes

1. The ‘egg’ of an animal contains 10 chromosomes, of which one is X chromosome. How many
autosomes would there be in the Karyotype of this animal?
Ans: It will have 18 (9 pairs) autosomes.
2. A diploid organism is heterozygous for 4 loci, how many types of gametes can be produced?
Ans: 2n=24 (16 types of gametes can be produced)
3. In a flowering plant, tallness is dominant over dwarfness, and red colour of flowers is dominant
over the white colour. When a tall plant bearing red flowers was pollinated with a dwarf plant
bearing white flowers, the different phenotypic groups were obtained in the progeny in
numbers mentioned against them:
Tall, Red = 138
Tall, White = 132
Dwarf, Red = 136
Dwarf, White = 128
Mention the genotypes of the two parents and of the four offspring types.

Therefore, the result that the four types of offspring are in a ratio of 1: 1: 1: 1. This type of
result is observed in a test-cross of a dihybrid cross to determine if the individual is
homozygous dominant or heterozygous.

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 4. Given above is a pedigree chart showing the inheritance of a certain sex-linked trait in humans.
Which is the trait traced in the above pedigree chart?

Ans: The pedigree is showing that in generation 1, the male is affected and the female is
unaffected. In generation 2, the females are affected and the males are unaffected. This means
the female in generation 1 was a carrier for a particular trait.
In generation 3, both males and females are affected.
From this information, it can be predicted that the trait is Dominant X-linked because it is
appearing in both males and females and occurring in every generation.

SOLVE ON YOUR OWN:

5. In a monohybrid cross of plants with red and white flowered plants, scientist got only red
flowered plants. On self-pollinating these F1 plants got both red and white flowered plants in
3:1 ratio. Explain the basis of using RR and rr symbols to represent the genotype of plants of
parental generation.
6. A, B and C are three genes lying in a sequence on a chromosome. Between A & C, there is 11%
recombination and between B & C there is 5% recombination. How many map units are found
between A and B?
7. In certain portions of the Jewish population, there is a genetic disease called Tay Sachs disease,
which is fatal to infants within the first five years of life. This disease is caused by a recessive
allele of a single gene. Why does this disease persist, even though it is invariably fatal long
before the afflicted individual reaches reproductive age? (In other words, why doesn’t the allele
for Tay Sachs disease simply disappear?)
8. A man with dark (dominant), curly (see problem I.5.) hair marries a woman with light, straight
hair. Their daughter, who happens to have dark hair, marries a man with light, wavy hair.
Answer the following questions about this dark-haired daughter and her family.
a. Draw a Punnett’s square for this marriage, and predict the phenotypic ratio among the
offspring of the daughter and her husband.
b. What is the chance that they will have a child with hair just like his or her father’s?
9. Study the pedigree chart of a certain family given above and write conclusions which can be
drawn for the character.

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 10. The gene for hair color in rabbits has two alleles Q and q. Q is dominant and codes for brown
hair. q is recessive and codes for white hair.
a. Write out all the possible genotypes and phenotypes.
b. Using the above example, fill in the Punnett's Square of offspring genotypes if one parent is
heterozygous and the other is white haired. If the pair of rabbits have a litter of 24 babies,
write out the expected number of each genotype and phenotype

CHAPTER: MOLECULAR BASIS OF INHERITANCE

KEY CONCEPT/FORMULA
• The distance between two adjacent base pair (bp) = 0.34 × 10-9 m
• Base pair values
The number of base pairs is characteristics of every organism/species. e.g., bacteriophageϕ174
has 5386 bp., Lambda phage has 48502 bp., E. coli has 4.6 × 106 bp. and human has 3.3 × 109
bp. (haploid number).

• Base pair/ Chargaff’s rule

Adenine-Thymine (A=T) pair has two hydrogen bonds.
Guanine-Cytosine (G C) pair has three hydrogen bonds.
• DNA contains four different bases called Adenine (A), Guanine (G) Cytosine (C), and Thymine (T).
• RNA contains four different bases called Adenine (A), Guanine (G) Cytosine (C), and Uracil (U).

1. If the length of E. coli DNA is 1.36 mm, calculate the number of base pairs it contains.

Ans: The distance between two adjacent bp = 0.34 × 10-9 m

Length of DNA = Total No. of base pairs x Distance between two consecutive base pairs
Length = Total no. of bp × distance between two bp.
Therefore, Total no. of bp =length of the DNA/ distance between two adjacent bp
No. of bp. = 1.36 × 10-3/0.34× 10-9
= 4 × 106bp
2. If a double stranded DNA has 30 percent of cytosine, calculate the percentage of adenine in
DNA.
Ans:
Given data, percent of cytosine = 30

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 As per base pair rule A=T & C G, therefore Guanine = 30
The percent of Thymine + Adenine will be 100-(30+30) = 40
Therefore, the percent of Adenine will be 40/2 = 20%

SOLVE ON YOUR OWN:

3. If Escherichia coli is allowed to grow for 80 minutes, what would be the proportions of light and
hybrid densities of DNA molecules.
4. A DNA segment has a total of 1000 nucleotides, out of which 240 of them are adenine
containing nucleotides. How many pyrimidine bases does this DNA segment possess?
5. Given below is a part of the template strand of a structural gene:
TAC CAT TAG GAT
Write its transcribed mRNA strand with its polarity.
6. If the length of E. coli DNA is 2.01 mm, calculate the number of base pairs it contains.

CHAPTER: EVOLUTION

KEY CONCEPT/FORMULA

1. In a population 49% are homozygous with genotype tt, find out the gene frequency of alleles T
and t.
Ans: Given data, Recessive homozygous ‘tt’ = 49%

Assume that total individual in the given population = 100

Frequency of recessive homozygous ‘tt’ = 49/100 = 0.49
By Hardy-Weinberg principle,
Let us assume the frequency of homozygous ‘tt’ = q2 = (0.49)

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 Therefore q = 0.49 = 0.7
Again, by definition,
p+q=1
p = 1-q
= 1-0.7
Therefore, p = 0.3
Hence, the frequency of ‘T’ is 0.3 and frequency of ‘t’ is 0.7 respectively.

2. If the frequency of allele ‘a’ is 0.4, what about the percentage of individuals homozygous for
allele ‘a’?
Ans:
Given data,
Frequency of allele ‘a’ = 0.4
By Hardy-Weinberg principle,
Frequency of aa individuals in the population = q2 = (0.4)2 =0.16
Hence, the percentage of individuals homozygous for allele ‘a’ = 16%

SOLVE ON YOUR OWN:

3. In a sampled population the frequency of the recessive trait is 16%. Find out the frequency of
homozygous dominant and heterozygous dominant individuals.
4. There are 100 students in a class. Ninety-six did well in the course whereas four blew it totally
and received a grade of F. Sorry. In the highly unlikely event that these traits are genetic rather
than environmental, if these traits involve dominant and recessive alleles, and if the four (4%)
represent the frequency of the homozygous recessive condition, please calculate the following:
a. The frequency of the recessive allele.
b. The frequency of the dominant allele.
c. The frequency of heterozygous individuals.
5. In a certain population, the frequency of three genotypes is as follows:

What is the likely frequency of B and b alleles?

CHAPTER: MICROBES IN HUMAN WELFARE KEY CONCEPT/FORMULA

1. BOD level of three samples of water labeled as A, B and C are 30 mg/L, 10mg/L and 500mg/L
respectively. Which sample of water is most polluted?

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 Ans.:
Sample ‘c’ is most polluted because it has highest BOD level among the three samples of water.

SOLVE ON YOUR OWN:

2. BOD level of three samples of water labeled as X, Y and Z are 31mg/L, 12 mg/L and 500mg/L.
Which sample of water is most polluted?
3. The generation time of bacterial population present in activated sludge is 30 minutes. If these
bacteria are allowed to grow for 20 hours, how many generations would have taken place?

CHAPTER: ORGANISMS AND POPULATIONS

KEY CONCEPT/FORMULA

• Sex ratio expressed as the number of females and males per given individual of a population in a
given time
• Interrelation of Productivity, Gross Primary Productivity (GPP), Net Primary Productivity(NPP)
and secondary productivity
• Productivity is rate of biomass production

R-Respiration loss

NPP - biomass available to consumers for secondary productivity

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 1. If 8 individuals in a laboratory population of 80 fruit flies died in a week, then what would be the
death rate of population for that said period?
Ans: Death rate = No. of individuals dead/ Total no. of individuals = 8/80 = 0.1
Hence, the death rate will be 0.1 individuals per week
2. In a pond there were 20 Hydrilla plants. Through reproduction 10 new Hydrilla plants were added
in a year. Calculate the birth rate of the population.
Ans:
Birth rate = No. of individuals added/ Total no. of individuals; = 10/20 = 0.5
Hence, the birth rate will be 0.5 plants per year.

SOLVE ON YOUR OWN:

3. In a pond there were 200 frogs. 40 more were born in a year. Calculate the birth rate of the
population.
4. Recently the Zoological Survey of India (ZSI) had studied (2017) the crane population and
expressed as following,
Nt+1 = 1200 + [(600+700) - (200+ 800)]
On the basis of the above, answer the following,
a) Natality rate
b) Morality rate
c) No. of cranes immigrated
d) No. of cranes emigrated
e) Population cranes in India in 2017

CHAPTER: ECOSYSTEM

KEY CONCEPT/FORMULA

Net Primary Productivity (NPP) = Gross Productivity (GPP) – Respiration (R)

➢ 1% Law: The transfer of energy from sunlight to the producer.
➢ 10% Law: The transfer of energy from one trophic level to the next.

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1. Construct an ideal pyramid of energy when 1,000,000 joules of sunlight is available. Label all its
trophic levels.

2. What will be the amount of energy available to the organism of the 2nd trophic level of a food
chain, if the energy available at the first trophic level is 10,000 Joules?
Ans:
According to 10% law, only 10% of energy entering a particular trophic level of
organism is available for transfer to the next higher trophic level.
Energy in 2nd trophic level = 10,000 Joules
As per 10% law = 10% of 10000 Joules =10/100 x 10000 Joules = 1000 Joules
Hence, the energy available in the 2nd trophic level is 1000 joules

SOLVE ON YOUR OWN:

3. In the given food chain, suppose the amount of energy at fourth trophic level is 6 J. what will be the
energy available at the producer level and sunlight?

4. Construct an ideal pyramid of energy if 200,000 joules of sunlight is available.

5. In the given food chain, suppose the amount of energy at fourth trophic level is 5 kJ, what will be
the energy available at the producer level?

Grass → Grasshopper → Frog → Snake → Hawk

6. If 10,000 J solar energy falls on green plants in a terrestrial ecosystem, what percentage of solar
energy will be converted into food energy?

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