Eni

Eni S.p.A. (Italian pronunciation: [ˈɛːni]) is an Italian multinational energy company

headquartered in Rome. One of the "supermajor" oil companies in the world, with a market
capitalization of €50 billion, as of 31 December 2023.[1] The Italian government owns a
30.33% golden share in the company, 4.37% held through the Ministry of Economy and
Finance and 25.96% through the Cassa Depositi e Prestiti.[2] The company is a component of
the Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index.[3]
 Eni

Palazzo Eni, the Rome headquarters

Company type Società per azioni

Traded as NYSE: E (https://ww

w.nyse.com/quote/X
NYS:E)
BIT: ENI (https://ww
w.borsaitaliana.it/bor
sa/azioni/scheda/IT
0003132476.html?la
ng=en)
 FTSE MIB
component
ISIN IT0003132476 (http
s://isin.toolforge.or
g/?language=en&isin
=IT0003132476)
Industry Oil and gas

Founded 10 February 1953

Founder Enrico Mattei

Headquarters Rome, Lazio, Italy

Area served Worldwide

Key people Giuseppe Zafarana

(Chairman)
Claudio Descalzi
(CEO)
Products Petroleum, natural
gas, petroleum
products
 Revenue €93.72 billion
(2023)[1]
Operating income €8.257 billion
(2023)[1]
Net income €4.771 billion
(2023)[1]
Total assets €142.6 billion
(2023)[1]
Total equity €53.64 billion
(2023)[1]
Number of 33,142 (2023)[1]
employees

Subsidiaries Enilive, Eni Plenitude,

Versalis, Eni Rewind,
EniPower,
EniProgetti, Saipem
Website eni.com (https://eni.
com)
 Eni S.p.A. logo (corporate website)

The name "ENI" was initially the acronym of "Ente Nazionale Idrocarburi" (National
Hydrocarbons Board). However, through the years after its foundation, it operated in many
fields including contracting, nuclear power, energy, mining, chemicals and plastics,
refining/extraction and distribution machinery, the hospitality industry and even the textile
industry and news.

With revenues of around €92.2 billion, Eni ranked 111th on both the Fortune Global 500 and
the Fortune Global 2000 in 2022, making it the third-largest Italian company on the Fortune
list (after Assicurazioni Generali and Enel) and second largest on the Forbes list (after Enel).
On the Fortune Global 500, Eni is the largest petroleum company in Italy, the second largest
based in the European Union (after TotalEnergies), and the 13th largest in the world.[4][5] In
2023, the company’s seat in Forbes Global 2000 was 81,[6] while in Fortune Global 500 was
61.[7]

History

1950s–1960s

Palazzo ENI, Rome, built 1959–

1962.[8] Photo by Paolo Monti, 1967
Eni was founded in 1953 by an existing company, Agip, which was created in 1926 with the
aim to explore for oilfields, and acquire and commercialize oil and derivatives.[9][10] In March
1953, Enrico Mattei was nominated Eni's chairman.[11][12]

Eni was originally an acronym for the company's full title Ente Nazionale Idrocarburi (National
Hydrocarbons Board).[13] After 1995, the meaning ceased to be relevant but the name was
maintained.[14] In 1952, the logo of the then nascent Eni was selected. The logo is a six-
legged dog, an imaginary animal symbolizing the sum of a car's four wheels and the two legs
of its driver.[15][16]

Starting in 1954, Eni acquired extensive exploration rights in North Africa, signing an
agreement with the Egyptian government led by Nasser while providing an active and equal
role for the crude producing countries through the establishment of joint ventures.[13][17] In
1957, Eni pushed for a similar agreement, known as the "Mattei formula",[18][19] to be signed
with Persian Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi and the National Iranian Oil Company.[20][21][22] In
1960, during the Cold War period, Eni signed an agreement with the Soviet Union for the
importation of Russian crude at low prices.[23][24]

On 27 October 1962, Enrico Mattei's airplane mysteriously exploded near Bascapè, on his way
to Milan from Catania.[25][26] His death was initially considered an accident, but later it was
confirmed to be a murder with the aim to protect and hide important economical and political
interests in Italy and especially abroad, as it is clearly stated in the records of the trial on the
assassination of the journalist Mauro De Mauro, who was investigating on the death of Enrico
Mattei.[27]

During the following years, Eni signed joint venture contracts with foreign companies to
supply crude from Egypt to Iran and from Libya to Tunisia.[28] In 1963, Eni acquired a majority
stake in Italgas.[29]

1970s–1980s
In October 1973, after the Yom Kippur War and the OPEC embargo[30][31] against the United
States and the Netherlands by OPEC members and Arab countries, a serious oil crisis
occurred,[32] causing Eni to consolidate its position in the international market by signing an
agreement with Sonatrach,[33] the Algerian state oil entity for natural gas supply.[34]
In 1974, Eni signed an agreement with the Libyan government, followed by additional
agreements with Egypt, Nigeria and Tunisia.[35][36][37][38]

During the mid-1970s, Eni planned a major infrastructure for transporting natural gas over
long distances, by building a pipeline network of thousands of miles throughout Europe and
the Mediterranean.[39][40][41]

After the inauguration of the Trans-Mediterranean Pipeline connecting Algeria to Sicily

through Tunisia,[42] Eni signs a new agreement with Libya for the exploitation of Boùri,[43] the
biggest oilfield in the centre of the Mediterranean,[44] and develops its international role within
the oil industry.[45]

1990s–2000s
In 1992, Eni became a joint stock company by Law Decree,[46][47][48][49][50] and was listed to
the Italian and New York Stock Exchange in 1995.[51][52][53]

From 1995 to 1998, Eni successfully put four share offers, as 70% of its capital assets were
sold to private shareholders.[54][55][56]

As the price of oil collapsed in 1998 as other major companies Eni got to turn into a race
through merges, international acquisitions, new explorations and the foundation of real
super-companies.[57][58][59]

2000s–2010s
Since 2000, Eni has been developing the Kashagan[60] oilfield a major offshore discovery,
along the Caspian Sea.[61][62]

In 2005, the Blue Stream pipeline, projected to supply gas from southern Russia to Turkey,
was inaugurated as a joint venture between Eni and Gazprom.[63][64][65]
In 2007, Eni signed an agreement to conduct South Stream a feasibility study with Gazprom
to import Russian gas into Europe across the Black Sea.[66][67][68]

Activist asset manager Knight Vinke, who owns 1% of the outstanding shares of the
company, began pressuring Eni's management to operate a spin-off of Eni's gas activities. In
its opinion, this would solve the undervaluation of the company and release up to 50 billion
euros ($70bn) of hidden value.[69]

In 2010, Eni achieves key production milestone in Iraqi Zubair oil field.[70][71][72]

After getting a licence in 2006 for the exploration of an offshore area in the north of
Mozambique, known as Area 4,[73][74][75] Eni announced several major natural gas discoveries
between 2011 and 2012 such as Mamba South,[76][77][78][79][80][81] Mamba North,[82][83] Mamba
North East,[84][85][86][87] Coral 1.[88][89][90][91]

2010 to present

Eni petrol station in Lentiai

In February 2014, ENI discovered oil at its DRC offshore block.[92]

Since 2012, Eni has been selling off refining and marketing assets it owned in eastern Europe
to increase profitability. By 2013 Eni already reduced its refining capacity by 13 percent. In
May 2014 Eni agreed to sell their 32.5% share in Česká rafinerská a.s. (CRC), a refining
company in Czech Republic, to MOL Group of Hungary.[93]

In June 2014, the company signed an agreement with Sasol to acquire a 40% interest in a
permit to explore 82,000-km2 offshore of South Africa's east coast.[94]

In 2014, Eni launched a new plan to convert its conventional refineries into biorefineries: the
first plant was in Porto Marghera,[95] in 2019 the second one opened in Gela.[96]

In January 2015, Eni in collaboration with Vitol Energy signed a $7 billion contract with the
government of Ghana. This agreement was reached to produce oil and gas at Cape Three
Points in the Western Region of Ghana, in an attempt to enable Ghana to meet its power and
energy needs.

In August 2015, Eni announced the discovery of a huge gasfield off the coast of Egypt.[97]

In 2016, Eni launched Progetto Italia,[98] which aims to redevelop its industrial areas and to
create new renewable sources production plants: in 2018 the first photovoltaic plant was
inaugurated in Assemini,[99] the second opened in Porto Torres,[100] both in Sardinia.

In July 2017, the oil giant accepted responsibility for an oil spill affecting the Fylde coast of
Blackpool in the United Kingdom.[101]

In January 2018, Eni launched its new HPC4 supercomputer, one of the most powerful
computing systems which allows a more effective and fast exploration of oil and gas
reservoirs.[98] Since February 2020 Eni replaced the HPC4 supercomputer with the new model
HPC5, which has three times the computing ability compared to the previous one.[102]

In March 2018, Eni reached an agreement with MIT to fund fusion research projects run out
of the MIT Plasma Science and Fusion Center (PSFC)’s newly created Laboratory for
Innovation in Fusion Technologies (LIFT). The expected investment in these research projects
will amount to about $2 million over the following years.[103]

The Rovuma LNG project was approved in May 2019 by the government of Mozambique. The
project is a joint venture between ExxonMobil, Eni and CNPC. Eni will focus on the
construction and operation of the upstream facilities.[104][105]

In March 2021, Eni exited the Pakistani market and sold its assets to Prime International Oil &
Gas Company.[106][107] The deal include the assets sold, interests in eight development and
production leases and four exploration licences.[106][107] Prime International Oil & Gas
Company, a newly established joint venture (JV) between Eni Pakistan local employees and
Hub Power Company.[106][107]

In 2018 Eni became the first shareholder of the American company Commonwealth Fusion
Systems (CFS), a spin-out of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in Boston.[108]
CFS aims to build a fusion reactor based on tokamak technology, much more compact and
cheaper compared to other existing projects such as the international ITER.[109] On
September 5, 2021, CFS successfully built and tested a 1: 1 scale prototype of a magnet
based on HTS (High Temperature Superconductors) superconductors. The experiment
demonstrated for the first time that it is possible to create a fusion chamber where the
confinement of the plasma is ensured by this type of super magnets. This kind of fusion
chamber will allow the reactor to reach very high temperatures, above 100 million degrees,
necessary to make the controlled fusion of deuterium and tritium possible and thus to
produce sustainable energy.[110] In December 2021, ENI become the first energy company in
the world to highly invest in magnetic confinement nuclear fusion, through a $1.8 billion
partnership in CFS, alla Ng with Google and Bill Gates.[111]

In 2022, during the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the major oil and gas companies, including
Eni, reported sharp rises in interim revenues and profits. The rises are influenced by the
prices of raw materials such as oil and gas which have significantly increased, due to their
shortage.[112]

On 17 May 2022 Eni announced the procedures for the creation of an account with
Gazprombank in dual currency (euro and rubles),[113][114] in order to be able to proceed with
the payment of Russian gas supplies, following the unilateral amendment of the contracts
ordered by the Russian Federation.[115] The decision was taken in agreement with the Italian
government and does not violate the existing sanctions. The European Commissioner for
Economy Paolo Gentiloni and the competent Russian federal authorities have confirmed that
payments will continue to be made in euros and that the conversion operations will be carried
out by Russian clearing agents without the involvement of the Russian Central Bank.[116][117]

In June 2022, Eni signed a joint venture with QatarEnergy for the North Field East (NFE)
expansion which will be the worlds largest LNG project and begin production in 2025.[118][119]
Eni holds a 3.125% stake in the four LNG trains estimated to produce 8 million tonnes a year
each.[120]

In October 2023, QatarEnergy signed LNG supply deal with Italy's Eni for 27 years. Affiliates of
QatarEnergy and Eni signed a long-term sale and purchase agreement for up to 1 million tons
per year (mtpa) of liquefied natural gas (LNG) from Qatar's North Field expansion project.[121]

After 10 years of force majeure, Eni, Sonatrach and BP resumed exploration in their blocks in
the Ghadames Basin (A-B) and offshore Block C in August 2023, continuing their contract
obligations.[122][123]

In January 2024, Eni acquired Neptune Energy for $4.9 billion. The list of assets includes
Neptune’s involvement in the Geng North-1 gas field in Indonesia, as well as projects in
Western Europe, Australia and North Africa. Neptune’s business in Norway was purchased
directly by Vår Energi, a subsidiary of Eni. The assets in Germany were released before the
transaction, and will remain with Neptune, managed by the shareholders as a separate
group.[124]

Financial data
Financial data in € billions[125]

Year 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017[126] 2018[127] 2019[128] 2020[129] 202

Revenue 116.107 110.948 68.945 56.693 66.919 75.822 69.881 43.987 76.5

Net
4.972 0.850 −7.127 −1.044 3.374 4.126 148 −8.635 5.82
Income

Assets 138.088 146.207 134.792 124.545 114.928 118.373 123.440 109.648 137

Employees 30,970 29,403 29,053 33,536 32,934 31,701 32,053 31,495 32,6

Operations

Eni Oil Bouri DP4 in Bouri Field is the biggest

platform in the Mediterranean Sea.

Exploration and production

As exploration and reserve replacement being major drivers for the company,[133] Eni boosts
for production additions in its core oil field areas (North and Sub-Saharan Africa,[134][135][136]
Venezuela,[137][138] Barents Sea,[139][140] Yamal Peninsula,[141][142] Kazakhstan,[143][144] Iraq[145]
and the Far East).[146][147] Eni has about 130 exploration and production subsidiaries,[148] such
as Eni Norge.[149] In March 2022 Eni stopped buying Russian oil because of International
sanctions during the Russo-Ukrainian War.[150]

In 2012, Eni reported liquids and gas production for the full year of 1,701 thousand barrel of
oil equivalent per day (kboe/d), this being calculated assuming a natural gas conversion
factor to barrel equivalent, updated to 5,492 cubic feet of gas equal 1 barrel of oil from 1 July
2012.[133][151]

During 2012, 60 new exploratory wells were drilled, as 56 were drilled in 2011 and 47 in 2010.
The overall commercial success rate was 40% (40.8% net to Eni) as compared to 42% in 2011
(38.6% net to Eni) and 41% in 2010 (39% net to Eni). In 2012, 351 development wells were
drilled as well, as 407 in 2011 and 399 in 2010.[152][153][154]

In 2019 Eni reported hydrocarbon production for the full year of 1,871 kboe/d.[155]

In 2021 Eni reported hydrocarbon production for the full year of 1,682 kboe/d.[156]

In 2022 Eni reported hydrocarbon production for the full year of 1,610 kboe/d.[1]

In 2023 Eni reported hydrocarbon production for the full year of 1,66 kboe/d.[1]

Gas and power

Natural gas
In 2012, sales of natural gas were 95.32 bcm, down 1.44 bcm compared to 2011.[157][158][159]

In 2019 Eni reported sales of natural gas worldwide of 73.07 bcm.[155]

In 2021 Eni reported sales of natural gas worldwide of 70.45 bcm.[160]

In 2022 Eni reported sales of natural gas worldwide of 60.52 bcm.[1]

In 2023 Eni reported sales of natural gas worldwide of 50.51 bcm.[1]

Eni's power generation sites are located in Ferrera Erbognone, Ravenna, Livorno, Taranto,
Mantua, Brindisi, Ferrara and Bolgiano.[161][162] In 2012, Eni's power generation was 25.67
TWh.[163][164] Overall Eni supplies 2,600 customers including large companies, power
generation companies, wholesalers and distributors of natural gas for automotive use.
Residential users are 7.45 million and include households, professionals, small and medium
size enterprises, and public bodies located all over Italy and 2.09 million customers in
European Countries. International sales include Iberian Peninsula, Germany, Austria, Benelux,
Hungary, UK/Northern Europe, Turkey, France markets.[165][166][167][168][169]

Power generation
Eni's electricity generation sites in Italy, as of July 2018, are the following:[170]

Natural gas power plants

Bolgiano – 95 MW
Brindisi – 1715 MW
Ferrara – 586 MW
Ferrera Erbognone – 1785 MW
Mantua – 1387 MW
Ravenna – 618 MW

Refining and marketing

Eni is the leader operator in refining and marketing of petroleum products in Italy.[171][172] Eni
is engaged in retail and wholesales activities in Central-Eastern European countries also
(Austria, France, Germany, Italy, Czech Republic, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Switzerland,
Hungary).[173][174][175][176] Eni's market share in refining and marketing in 2019 was 23.7% in
Italy, 12.3% in Austria, 7.7% in Switzerland, 3.2% in Germany and 0.6% in France. Eni also
owned a 20% share of Ruwais refinery in Abu Dhabi.[177] Retail sales operations are
conducted under the Eni and Agip brands. The re-branding of Eni's service stations in Italy
and in the rest of Europe to Eni brand is underway.[171][178][179]

Engineering and construction

Eni operates in engineering, construction and drilling both offshore and onshore for the
oil&gas industry through the subsidiary Saipem.[180]

In April 2012, Eni in collaboration with ZEiTECS announced the world's first offshore
rigless/wireline retrievable ESP system for Eni Congo.[181]

Subsidiaries
Eni's principal subsidiaries include:[182][1]

Azule Energy is an incorporated joint

venture (IJV) between BP p.l.c. and Eni
SpA. – combines the Angolan
upstream, LNG and solar businesses
of BP p.l.c. and Eni SpA)
Enibioch4in – biomethane production
Eni India – is expected to start drilling
at a deepwater block 2, near Andaman
and Nicobar Islands in Q2 of 2011 as it
has received 2-year extension for the
completion of drilling program. The
program was delayed due to various
environmental issues and scarcity of
oil rigs. ENI India had won this block in
2005 and partners with ONGC and
GAIL India.[183]
Eni Next LLC – Corporate Venture
Capital of Eni Group
Eni Plenitude – marketing of natural
gas and power to households and
businesses, energy production from
renewable sources, and charging
stations for electric vehicles.
EniPower – generation and sale of
electricity and steam technology
EniProgetti – engineering services
Eni Rewind – integrated service for
environmental rehabilitation
Enilive SpA (formerly Eni Sustainable
Mobility SpA) – company dedicated to
sustainable mobility and the supply of
decarbonised services and products
Eni UK – carries out operations in the
British section of the North Sea, in the
Irish Sea and off the coast of the
Shetland Islands. Has been present in
UK since 1964. In 2006 Eni UK's
average net production of
hydrocarbons was more than 141,000
boe/d.[184]
Eniverse – Corporate Venture Builder
company for technological innovation
Export LNG Ltd – owns the Tango
FLNG floating liquefaction plant in the
Republic of Congo
Ieoc SpA – active subsidiary in Egypt
LNG Shipping SpA – sea transport of
liquefied natural gas
Saipem (30.54% owned) – Saipem is
an oil and gas industry contractor.
Saipem has contracted for engineering,
oilfield services and construction both
offshore and onshore through several
pipelines, including Blue Stream,
Greenstream, Nord Stream 1 and South
Stream. It is a subsidiary listed on the
Italian Stock Exchange.
Versalis (100% owned) – Versalis is a
chemical company that manages the
production and marketing of
petrochemical products such as
olefines, aromatics and intermediates
(base chemicals), styrenes, elastomers
and polyethylene, plus in recent years a
focus on green chemistry, being also
able to count on a range of proprietary
technologies, advanced plant facilities
and a broad-based distribution
network.[185]
Legal problems
The Central Energy Italian Gas Holding scandal in 2005 involved Eni and Gazprom.[186]

In 2009, the European Commission filed formal antitrust charges against Eni. The
commission believes that Eni has conspired to keep competitors from using its gas
pipelines.[187]

In 2009 again, according to leaked diplomatic cables, US ambassador Lanier told Washington
that bribery allegations were made in Uganda by Eni which at the time was in competition for
oil assets in the country against Tullow Oil. The bribes were taken by the newly appointed
Ugandan prime minister, Amama Mbabazi.[188]

After corruption charges against the subsidiary Saipem, Eni's CFO Alessandro Bernini had to
resign and the new CFO Massimo Mondazzi took over in December 2012.[189]

Eni and Royal Dutch Shell stood trial in Italy over allegations of corruption in the 2011
purchase of a big offshore oil field in Nigeria known as OPL 245. Eni and Shell reportedly paid
$1.3 billion in bribes.[190][191][192] On March 17, 2021, the Italian court of Milan fully acquitted
Eni, its chief executive officer Claudio Descalzi and Royal Dutch Shell in the corruption trial for
the Nigerian oil field OPL245.[193][194]Nigerian government stated that it is "disappointed" by
the Milan court's ruling and "will continue to hold those responsible for the OPL 245 fraud
accountable."[195] On July 19, 2022, the Attorney General waived the appeal before the Second
Section of the Court of Appeal of Milan, making the acquittal sentences pronounced in March
2021 final.[196]

Sustainability
In 2012, Eni was included in the Carbon Performance Leadership Index, which scores
companies based on their commitment to transparency and environmental leadership.[197] In
the first half of 2014 Eni achieved the start-up of the Porto Torres green chemistry plant and
the Venice biorefinery, with the aim to increase its production of bio and green energy.[198][199]
According to the 2017 Carbon Majors Report, which stores GHG emissions data on the
largest company-related sources of all time, Eni accounted for 0.59% of global industrial
greenhouse gas emissions from 1988 to 2015.[200] In 2019, Eni was among the Top 10
companies by sustainability score in the World Business Council for Sustainable
Development (WBCSD) rank.[201][202] From 2020 to 2022, Eni is the first oil company with the
most ambitious absolute emissions reduction target according to the report Absolute Impact
2022 by Carbon Tracker Initiative[203] in accordance with the goals of the Paris agreement to
significantly lower GHG emissions and increase the production of renewable energy. In 2021,
Eni renewables business reached an installed capacity from renewable sources of 1,188
MW.[204] In the same year, Eni achieved a reduction of its net Carbon Footprint Upstream by
26% compared to 2018.[205] In September 2021, Eni joined together with the International
Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA) in a three year partnership to promote renewable
energy.[206][207]

Corporate structure

Board of directors
The board of directors is comprised as follows as of May 2023:[208]

Giuseppe Zafarana, Chairman

Claudio Descalzi, CEO
Elisa Baroncini, director
Massimo Belcredi, director
Roberto Ciciani, director
Carolyn Adele Dittmeier, director
 Federica Seganti, director
Cristina Sgubin, director
Raphael Louis L. Vermeir, director

See also

List of petroleum companies

Portals: Companies Italy

References

Citations

1. "Eni Annual Report 2023" (https://www.en

i.com/content/dam/enicom/documents/e
ng/reports/2023/Annual-Report-2023.pd
f) (PDF). Eni.com. 5 April 2024.
2. "List of shareholders | Eni" (https://www.e
ni.com/en-IT/about-us/governance/share
holders.html) . www.eni.com.

3. "Frankfurt Stock Exchange" (https://web.a

rchive.org/web/20151119171222/http://
www.boerse-frankfurt.de/en/equities/indi
ces/euro+stoxx+50+EU0009658145/cons
tituents) . Archived from the original (htt
p://www.boerse-frankfurt.de/en/equities/i
ndices/euro+stoxx+50+EU0009658145/c
onstituents) on 19 November 2015.

4. "ENI | 2022 Global 500" (https://fortune.co

m/company/eni-2/global500/) . Fortune.
Retrieved 28 August 2022.

5. CONTRERAS", "ANDREA MURPHY","

ISABEL. "The Global 2000 2022" (https://
www.forbes.com/lists/global2000/) .
Forbes. Retrieved 28 August 2022.
6. "The Global 2000 2023" (https://web.archi
ve.org/web/20240129031905/https://ww
w.forbes.com/lists/global2000/?sh=4f5a
b07e5ac0) . Forbes. Archived from the
original (https://www.forbes.com/lists/glo
bal2000/?sh=51d599675ac0) on 29
January 2024. Retrieved 7 February 2024.

7. "Fortune 500" (https://fortune.com/rankin

g/global500/) . Fortune.

8. La costruzione dell'architettura: temi e

opere del dopoguerra italiano (https://boo
ks.google.com/books?id=KrxTCwAAQBA
J&pg=PT190) . Gangemi Editore. 2016.
pp. 190–. ISBN 978-88-492-9096-7.
 9. "ENI SPA (ENI:BrsaItaliana): Stock Quote
& Company Profile" (https://web.archive.o
rg/web/20131015071028/http://investin
g.businessweek.com/research/stocks/sn
apshot/snapshot.asp?ticker=ENI:IM) .
Bloomberg BusinessWeek. Archived from
the original (http://investing.businesswee
k.com/research/stocks/snapshot/snapsh
ot.asp?ticker=ENI:IM) on 15 October
2013.

10. "J.P. Morgan's adr.com | The premier site

for the global investor" (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20120530003858/https://ww
w.adr.com/DRDetails/Overview?cusip=26
874R108) . www.adr.com. Archived from
the original (https://www.adr.com/DRDeta
ils/Overview?cusip=26874R108) on 30
May 2012.
11. "Introducing Enrico Mattei – enihistory" (h
ttp://enistoria.eni.com/en/inizia-il-viaggio/
enrico-mattei/introducing-enrico-mattei.ht
ml) . eni.com.

12. "FEEM – Fondazione Eni Enrico Mattei –

About us – Enrico Mattei" (https://web.arc
hive.org/web/20110816230938/http://ww
w.feem.it/getpage.aspx?id=85&sez=Abou
t%20us&padre=24&sub=26) . feem.it.
Archived from the original (http://www.fee
m.it/getpage.aspx?id=85&sez=About%20
us&padre=24&sub=26) on 16 August
2011.

13. "Eni" (https://www.britannica.com/EBchec

ked/topic/188388/Eni) . Encyclopædia
Britannica. 10 May 2023.
14. "What does Eni stand for?" (https://web.ar
chive.org/web/20131202224940/http://w
ww.eni.com/en_IT/faq/company-informat
ion/miscellaneous/faq-miscellaneous-sta
nd-for.shtml) . eni.com. Archived from the
original (http://www.eni.com/en_IT/faq/c
ompany-information/miscellaneous/faq-
miscellaneous-stand-for.shtml) on 2
December 2013.

15. "History of the trademark" (https://web.ar

chive.org/web/20130619153043/http://w
ww.eni.com/brand_eni/en/1_la_storia_del
_marchio.shtml) . Archived from the
original (http://www.eni.com/brand_eni/e
n/1_la_storia_del_marchio.shtml) on 19
June 2013.
16. "What is the significance of the "six-
legged dog" in the Eni symbol?" (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20151006130800/htt
p://www.eni.com/en_IT/faq/company-info
rmation/history-trademark/faq-significanc
e-six-legged-dog-symbol.shtml) . eni.com.
Archived from the original (http://www.en
i.com/en_IT/faq/company-information/hi
story-trademark/faq-significance-six-legg
ed-dog-symbol.shtml) on 6 October
2015.

17. "1954 – MOVING AROUND THE WORLD.

ALL YOU NEED IS A FORMULA" (http://eni
storia.eni.com/en/inizia-il-viaggio/1954.ht
ml) . eni.com.
18. "Enrico Mattei" (https://www.britannica.co
m/EBchecked/topic/1420391/Enrico-Matt
ei) . Encyclopædia Britannica. 4 January
2024.

19. "1957 – THE MATTEI FORMULA,

ANOTHER WINNING MOVE" (http://enisto
ria.eni.com/en/inizia-il-viaggio/1957.htm
l) . enihistory.

20. "Eni in Egypt" (https://web.archive.org/we

b/20131202230839/http://www.eni.com/
en_IT/attachments/documentazione/pub
blicazioni/paesi/Eni_in_Egypt_2.pdf)
(PDF). Archived from the original (http://w
ww.eni.com/en_IT/attachments/documen
tazione/pubblicazioni/paesi/Eni_in_Egypt
_2.pdf) (PDF) on 2 December 2013.
21. "OIL AGREEMENTS IN IRAN" (http://www.i
ranicaonline.org/articles/oil-agreements-i
n-iran) . iranicaonline.org.

22. "ENI" (http://italypr.wordpress.com/2013/

05/14/eni/) . wordpress.com.

23. "CEO Paolo Scaroni discusses Eni-Russia

relations: past, present and future" (http
s://web.archive.org/web/2013120300383
4/http://www.thinkrussia.com/business-e
conomy/ceo-paolo-scaroni-discusses-eni-
russia-relations-past-present-and-future) .
thinkRUSSIA. Archived from the original (h
ttp://www.thinkrussia.com/business-econ
omy/ceo-paolo-scaroni-discusses-eni-rus
sia-relations-past-present-and-future) on
3 December 2013. Retrieved 7 August
2013.
24. "A History of US Petroleum Wars by We
Fight for Oil" (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20200807091542/http://www.epubbud.
com/read.php?g=C54UGV9Y&p=11) .
epubbud.com. Archived from the original
(http://www.epubbud.com/read.php?g=C
54UGV9Y&p=11) on 7 August 2020.
Retrieved 7 August 2013.

25. "1962 – A LIGHT GOES OFF OVER THE

SKY OF Bascapè. – enihistory" (http://enis
toria.eni.com/en/inizia-il-viaggio/1962.ht
ml) . eni.com.

26. "The Mystery of Enrico Mattei" (http://fly.h

istoricwings.com/2012/10/the-mystery-of
-enrico-mattei/) . HistoricWings.com: A
Magazine for Aviators, Pilots and
Adventurers.
27. "La sentenza su De Mauro 'Ucciso per lo
scoop su Mattei' " (http://palermo.repubbli
ca.it/cronaca/2012/08/07/news/la_sente
nza_su_de_mauro_ucciso_per_lo_scoop_s
u_mattei-40542417/) . La Repubblica.
Palermo. Retrieved 8 January 2018.

28. "Oil Company Histories" (http://www.virgin

ia.edu/igpr/APAG/apagoilhistory.html) .
virginia.edu.

29. "Learn about Italgas" (http://www.italgas.i

t/en/about-us/history/) . italgas.it. 31
August 2023.
30. "Oil Embargo, 1973–1974 – 1969–1976 –
Milestones – Office of the Historian" (http
s://web.archive.org/web/2013110116280
6/http://history.state.gov/milestones/196
9-1976/OPEC) . state.gov. Archived from
the original (https://history.state.gov/mile
stones/1969-1976/OPEC) on 1
November 2013.

31. "OPEC states declare oil embargo" (http

s://web.archive.org/web/2014070506490
5/http://www.history.com/this-day-in-hist
ory/opec-states-declare-oil-embargo) .
HISTORY.com. Archived from the original
(http://www.history.com/this-day-in-histor
y/opec-states-declare-oil-embargo) on 5
July 2014. Retrieved 8 August 2013.
32. "1973–74 Oil Crisis" (http://bancroft.berke
ley.edu/ROHO/projects/debt/oilcrisis.htm
l) . berkeley.edu.

33. "Research Library" (https://web.archive.or

g/web/20130504092105/http://bakerinsti
tute.org/publications/algerian-gas-to-euro
pe-the-transmed-pipeline-and-early-spanis
h-gas-import-projects) .
bakerinstitute.org. Archived from the
original (http://www.bakerinstitute.org/pu
blications/algerian-gas-to-europe-the-tran
smed-pipeline-and-early-spanish-gas-imp
ort-projects) on 4 May 2013.
34. "The 70s/80s" (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20110817011109/http://www.eni.co
m/en_IT/company/history/the-steps/the-
70s-80s/the-70s-80s.shtml) . eni.com.
Archived from the original (http://www.en
i.com/en_IT/company/history/the-steps/t
he-70s-80s/the-70s-80s.shtml) on 17
August 2011.

35. "National Oil Corporation-Eni gas

company" (https://web.archive.org/web/2
0131203010820/http://en.noclibya.com.l
y/index.php?option=com_content&task=vi
ew&id=71&Itemid=0) . Archived from the
original (http://en.noclibya.com.ly/index.p
hp?option=com_content&task=view&id=7
1&Itemid=0) on 3 December 2013.
Retrieved 8 August 2013.
36. "The Race for Energy: from 1972 to 1998"
(https://web.archive.org/web/201312022
31141/http://www.eni.com/brand_eni/en/
storia/tempimoderni/72-98/il_marchio_19
72_98.shtml) . Archived from the original
(http://www.eni.com/brand_eni/en/storia/
tempimoderni/72-98/il_marchio_1972_98.
shtml) on 2 December 2013.

37. "Pipelines or pipe dreams? Lessons from

the history of Arab transit pipelines" (htt
p://web.macam.ac.il/~arnon/Int-ME/oil/P
ipelines%20or%20pipe%20dreams.htm) .
macam.ac.il.
38. "Eni in Libya" (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20150924001721/http://www.eni.com/i
t_IT/attachments/documentazione/pubbli
cazioni/paesi/APR-Folder-Eni-EP-in-Libia.
pdf) (PDF). Archived from the original (htt
p://www.eni.com/it_IT/attachments/docu
mentazione/pubblicazioni/paesi/APR-Fol
der-Eni-EP-in-Libia.pdf) (PDF) on 24
September 2015.

39. press@nato-pa.int. "NATO PA – 166 GSM

03 – ENERGY AND THE ENVIRONMENT
IN THE MEDITERRANEAN" (https://web.ar
chive.org/web/20051109084348/http://w
ww.nato-pa.int/Default.asp?SHORTCUT=4
53) . nato-pa.int. Archived from the
original (http://www.nato-pa.int/default.as
p?SHORTCUT=453) on 9 November
2005.
40. "Trans-Mediterranean Pipeline" (http://pip
elinesinternational.com/news/trans-medit
erranean_pipeline/009342/) . Pipelines
International.

41. "Pipelines in the Middle East and North

Africa" (https://web.archive.org/web/2013
1202233914/http://www.orfonline.org/cm
s/sites/orfonline/modules/enm-analysis/
ENM-ANALYSISDetail.html?cmaid=30043
&mmacmaid=30038) . Archived from the
original (http://www.orfonline.org/cms/sit
es/orfonline/modules/enm-analysis/ENM
-ANALYSISDetail.html?cmaid=30043&mm
acmaid=30038) on 2 December 2013.
42. "Trans-Mediterranean Natural Gas
Pipeline – Hydrocarbons Technology" (htt
p://www.hydrocarbons-technology.com/pr
ojects/trans-med-pipeline/) .
hydrocarbons-technology.com.

43. "ENI (Agip) Bouri" (https://web.archive.or

g/web/20151006162144/http://www.fmc
technologies.com/SubseaSystems/Globa
lProjects/Africa/Libya/ENIBouri.aspx) .
FMC Technologies. Archived from the
original (http://www.fmctechnologies.co
m/SubseaSystems/GlobalProjects/Afric
a/Libya/ENIBouri.aspx) on 6 October
2015. Retrieved 8 August 2013.
44. "Libya gas export project sets records" (ht
tp://www.offshore-mag.com/articles/prin
t/volume-65/issue-2/pipeline-transportati
on/libya-gas-export-project-sets-records.h
tml) . offshore-mag.com. February 2005.

45. "1978 – HOUSTON, WE HAVE A

CONTRACT. – enihistory" (http://enistoria.
eni.com/en/inizia-il-viaggio/1978.html) .
eni.com.
46. "Share Capital Evolution" (https://web.arch
ive.org/web/20131202224208/http://ww
w.eni.com/en_IT/investor-relation/eni-sto
ck-markets/share-capital-evolution/Share-
Capital-Evolution.shtml) . eni.com.
Archived from the original (http://www.en
i.com/en_IT/investor-relation/eni-stock-m
arkets/share-capital-evolution/Share-Capi
tal-Evolution.shtml) on 2 December
2013.

47. "E stock quote - ENI S.p.A. stock price" (ht

tp://www.nasdaq.com/symbol/e) .
NASDAQ.

48. "1992 – A private affair, at the service of

everyone. – enihistory" (http://enistoria.en
i.com/en/tempi-moderni/1992.html) .
eni.com.
49. "Eni signs agreements on industrial
relations and green economy" (http://ww
w.eurofound.europa.eu/eiro/2011/07/arti
cles/IT1107019I.htm) . Europa (web
portal).

50. "Ente Nazionale Idrocarburi (ENI) S.P.A." (h

ttp://www.ide.go.jp/English/Data/Africa_fi
le/Company/algeria04.html) ide.go.jp.

51. "Eni SpA" (https://web.archive.org/web/20

131202233501/http://www.nyse.com/list
ed/e.html) . Archived from the original (ht
tps://www.nyse.com/listed/e.html) on 2
December 2013.

52. "1995 – The stock exchange listing! –

enihistory" (http://enistoria.eni.com/en/te
mpi-moderni/1995.html) . eni.com.

53. "Who will run Eni?" (http://www.economis

t.com/node/3750622) . The Economist.
54. "The History of Privatization" (https://web.
archive.org/web/20120314212451/http://
www.eni.com/en_IT/company/history/the
-steps/privatization-history.shtml) .
eni.com. Archived from the original (htt
p://www.eni.com/en_IT/company/history/
the-steps/privatization-history.shtml) on
14 March 2012.

55. "Login to access the Oil & Gas Journal

Subscriber Premium features" (http://ww
w.ogj.com/articles/print/volume-91/issue
-1/in-this-issue/general-interest/italy39s-s
tate-owned-eni-struggles-toward-privatizat
ion.html) . ogj.com. 5 January 1993.

56. "eni s.p.a." (http://aebrus.ru/en/about-the-

aeb/our-members.php?ELEMENT_ID=708
4) aebrus.ru.
57. "The Top 10 Oil & Gas Companies" (http
s://web.archive.org/web/2019110418063
5/http://gksil.com/documents/OG.pdf)
(PDF). Archived from the original (http://g
ksil.com/documents/OG.pdf) (PDF) on 4
November 2019. Retrieved 12 August
2013.

58. "The Race for Energy: from 1998 to 2009"

(https://web.archive.org/web/201312040
13825/http://www.eni.com/brand_eni/en/
storia/restyling/98-09/il_marchio_1998_2
009.shtml) . Archived from the original (ht
tp://www.eni.com/brand_eni/en/storia/re
styling/98-09/il_marchio_1998_2009.sht
ml) on 4 December 2013.
59. Mergers and restructuring in the world oil
industry (http://referensi.dosen.narotama.
ac.id/files/2012/01/Mergers-and-restruct
uring-in-the-world-oil-industry.pdf)
Archived (http://arquivo.pt/wayback/2016
0522230439/http%3A//referensi.dosen.na
rotama.ac.id/files/2012/01/Mergers%2Da
nd%2Drestructuring%2Din%2Dthe%2Dworl
d%2Doil%2Dindustry.pdf) 22 May 2016 at
the Portuguese Web Archive

60. "ABOUT KASHAGAN" (https://web.archive.

org/web/20130916022304/http://www.nc
oc.kz/en/kashagan/default.aspx) .
ncoc.kz. Archived from the original (http://
www.ncoc.kz/en/kashagan/default.asp
x) on 16 September 2013. Retrieved
13 August 2013.
61. "2001 – Conquering Kashagan. –
enihistory" (http://enistoria.eni.com/en/te
mpi-moderni/2001.html) . eni.com.

62. "Kashagan Offshore Oil Field Project –

Offshore Technology" (http://www.offshor
e-technology.com/projects/kashagan/) .
offshore-technology.com.
63. Alves, Joao (2016). "Blue Stream" (https://
web.archive.org/web/20120928231933/h
ttp://www.eni.com/en_IT/innovation-tech
nology/eni-projects/blue-stream/blue-stre
am-project.shtml) . The Role of Feedback
in the Formation and Evolution of Star
Clusters: 18. Bibcode:2016rffe.confE..18A
(https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016r
ffe.confE..18A) . Archived from the
original (http://www.eni.com/en_IT/innov
ation-technology/eni-projects/blue-strea
m/blue-stream-project.shtml) on 28
September 2012.

64. "Hydrocarbons Industry Projects –

Hydrocarbons Technology" (http://www.hy
drocarbons-technology.com/projects/blue
stream/) . hydrocarbons-technology.com.
65. "Eni, Blue Stream project" (https://web.arc
hive.org/web/20140812183908/http://gre
enactive.com/eng/eni-blue-stream-projec
t/) . Archived from the original (http://gre
enactive.com/eng/eni-blue-stream-projec
t/) on 12 August 2014.

66. "Eni and Gazprom sign the agreement for

the South Stream Project" (https://web.ar
chive.org/web/20140808053550/http://w
ww.eni.com/en_IT/media/press-releases/
2007/06/Eni_and_Gazprom_sign_the_agr
ee_23.06.2007.shtml) . eni.com. Archived
from the original (http://www.eni.com/en_
IT/media/press-releases/2007/06/Eni_an
d_Gazprom_sign_the_agree_23.06.2007.s
html) on 8 August 2014.
67. "South Stream Gas Pipeline" (http://www.
gulfoilandgas.com/webpro1/projects/3dr
eport.asp?id=101888) .
gulfoilandgas.com.

68. "South Stream Pipeline Project, Europe" (h

ttp://www.hydrocarbons-technology.com/
projects/southstream/) . hydrocarbons-
technology.com.
69. "Letter to Eni CEO" (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20100215045623/http://www.knig
htvinke.com/includes/documents/2010/
k/knight_vinke_letter_to_eni_ceo_paolo_s
caroni_4nov2009.pdf) (PDF). Knight
Vinke Asset Management. Archived from
the original (http://www.knightvinke.com/i
ncludes/documents/2010/k/knight_vinke
_letter_to_eni_ceo_paolo_scaroni_4nov20
09.pdf) (PDF) on 15 February 2010.
Retrieved 23 January 2010.
70. "Eni achieves key production milestone in
the Zubair field, in Iraq" (https://web.archi
ve.org/web/20140328203311/http://ww
w.eni.com/en_IT/media/press-releases/2
010/12/2010-12-05-Eni-achieves-key-prod
uction-in-zubair.shtml) . eni.com.
Archived from the original (http://www.en
i.com/en_IT/media/press-releases/2010/
12/2010-12-05-Eni-achieves-key-productio
n-in-zubair.shtml) on 28 March 2014.

71. Gina Chon (4 November 2009). "Eni Signs

Pact to Develop Iraq's Zubair Oil Field –
WSJ" (https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB1
000142405274870393290457451108355
5847714) . The Wall Street Journal.
72. "Journal of Petroleum Technology –
Company News" (http://www.spe.org/jpt/
article/444-company-news-august-201
2/) . spe.org.

73. "Eni in Mozambique" (https://web.archive.

org/web/20130106235124/http://www.en
i.com/en_IT/media/casebook/casebook-
mozambique.html) . Archived from the
original (http://www.eni.com/en_IT/medi
a/casebook/casebook-mozambique.htm
l) on 6 January 2013.
74. "Mozambique: Galp Energia and Eni to
drill offshore Mozambique in September"
(https://archive.today/20130813111945/h
ttp://www.adamantineenergy.com/news/
mozambique-galp-eni.php) . Archived
from the original (http://www.adamantine
energy.com/news/mozambique-galp-eni.
php) on 13 August 2013. Retrieved
13 August 2013.

75. "Italian group ENI finds more natural gas

in Mozambique" (http://www.macauhub.c
om.mo/en/2012/03/26/italian-group-eni-f
inds-more-natural-gas-in-mozambique/) .
Macauhub English.
76. "ABO – About Oil – Our Publications" (http
s://web.archive.org/web/2015100618594
3/http://www.abo.net/en_IT/publications/
reportage/mozambico/eni_presence.sht
ml) . abo.net. Archived from the original
(http://www.abo.net/en_IT/publications/r
eportage/mozambico/eni_presence.shtm
l) on 6 October 2015.

77. "Explorer" (http://www.aapg.org/explorer/

2013/08aug/int_mamba0813.cfm) .
aapg.org.
78. "Eni increases the Mamba South gas
discovery in Mozambique by 50%" (http
s://web.archive.org/web/2013011108283
6/http://www.eni.com/en_IT/media/press
-releases/2011/10/2011-10-27-eni-mamb
a-south-mozambique.shtml) . eni.com.
Archived from the original (http://www.en
i.com/en_IT/media/press-releases/2011/
10/2011-10-27-eni-mamba-south-mozam
bique.shtml) on 11 January 2013.
79. "SubSeaIQ – Offshore Field Development
Projects" (https://web.archive.org/web/20
170625073145/http://www.subseaiq.co
m/(X(1)S(domadl45njnzwfz1cniwln55))/d
ata/Project.aspx?project_id=1012&AspxA
utoDetectCookieSupport=1) .
subseaiq.com. Archived from the original
(http://www.subseaiq.com/%28X%281%2
9S%28domadl45njnzwfz1cniwln55%29%2
9/data/Project.aspx?project_id=1012&As
pxAutoDetectCookieSupport=1) on 25
June 2017. Retrieved 13 August 2013.

80. "Eni discovers gas at Mamba South

offshore Mozambique" (http://www.offsh
ore-technology.com/news/newseni-disco
vers-gas-at-mamba-south-offshore-moza
mbique) . offshore-technology.com. 23
October 2011.
81. "Italy's ENI claims giant gas discovery in
Mozambique" (http://www.modernghana.
com/news/356987/1/italys-eni-claims-gia
nt-gas-discovery-in-mozambiqu.html) .
Modern Ghana.

82. "Eni: new giant gas discovery in the

offshore Mozambique" (https://web.archi
ve.org/web/20120421042716/http://ww
w.eni.com/en_IT/media/press-releases/2
012/02/2012-02-15-mozambique-discove
ry.shtml) . eni.com. Archived from the
original (http://www.eni.com/en_IT/medi
a/press-releases/2012/02/2012-02-15-m
ozambique-discovery.shtml) on 21 April
2012.
83. "Rovuma Basin promissing [sic] to ENI
with Mozambique Mamba discoveries
« 2B1stconsulting" (http://www.2b1stcons
ulting.com/rovuma-basin-promissing-to-e
ni-with-mozambique-mamba-discovery/) .
2b1stconsulting.com. 5 August 2012.

84. "NEWS" (http://www.1derrick.com/eni-dis

covers-gas-at-mamba-north-east-2-in-moz
ambique/1937/) . 1derrick.com.

85. Alan Petzet (August 2012). "Eni adds

Paleocene pay, 10+ tcf off Mozambique"
(http://www.ogj.com/articles/2012/08/en
i-adds-paleocene-pay-10-tcf-off-mozambi
que.html) . ogj.com.

86. "Eni announces Mozambique gas

discovery" (http://www.bus-ex.com/articl
e/eni-announces-mozambique-gas-discov
ery) . bus-ex.com.
87. "Mozambique: Eni makes new natural gas
discovery in the region" (http://www.ester
i.it/MAE/EN/Sala_Stampa/ArchivioNotizi
e/Approfondimenti/2012/03/20120327_
Mozambico_ENI.htm) . esteri.it.

88. "Eni: important new discovery in

Mozambique" (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20120531044749/http://www.eni.com/
en_IT/media/press-releases/2012/05/201
2-05-16-mozambico-eng.shtml) . eni.com.
Archived from the original (http://eni.co
m/en_IT/media/press-releases/2012/05/
2012-05-16-mozambico-eng.shtml) on
31 May 2012.
89. "floatingproductionzone.com has expired"
(https://web.archive.org/web/201510071
22437/http://www.floatingproductionzon
e.com/zones/subsea_brief.aspx?brief_id=
23371) .
www.floatingproductionzone.com.
Archived from the original (http://www.flo
atingproductionzone.com/zones/subsea_
brief.aspx?brief_id=23371) on 7 October
2015.

90. "Eni announces major new gas discovery

offshore Mozambique" (http://www.oilrevi
ewafrica.com/gas/gas/eni-announces-ma
jor-new-gas-discovery-offshore-mozambiq
ue) . Oil Review Africa.
91. Zacks Investment Research (6 October
2015). "Eni Makes a Major Gas Discovery"
(http://www.zacks.com/stock/news/7535
8/Eni-Makes-a-Major-Gas-Discovery) .
Zacks Investment Research.

92. Eni finds oil and gas offshore DR Congo (h

ttp://www.oilreviewafrica.com/exploratio
n/exploration/eni-finds-oil-and-gas-offsho
re-dr-congo-block) , Africa: Oil Review
Africa, 2014

93. "Eni sheds eastern European refining

assets" (http://www.ogj.com/articles/201
4/05/eni-sheds-eastern-european-refining-
assets.html) . Oil and Gas Journal. 7 May
2014. Retrieved 20 May 2014.
94. "Italy's Eni acquires 40pc interest in
Sasol's gas offshore permit" (https://web.
archive.org/web/20140714233254/http://
www.southafricanews.net/index.php/sid/
222782449/scat/371b1b8643d479c1/ht/I
talys-Eni-acquires-40pc-interest-in-Sasols-
gas-offshore-permit) . South Africa
News.Net. Archived from the original (htt
p://www.southafricanews.net/index.php/s
id/222782449/scat/371b1b8643d479c1/
ht/Italys-Eni-acquires-40pc-interest-in-Sas
ols-gas-offshore-permit) on 14 July
2014. Retrieved 11 June 2014.
95. "Eni has converted its refinery in Porto
Marghera, Venice, to the production of
high quality bio-fuel from vegetable oil
and biomass" (https://chemicalparks.eu/n
ews/2016-5-12-eni-has-converted-its-refin
ery-in-porto-marghera-venice-to-the-produ
ction-of-high-quality-bio-fuel-from-vegetab
le-oil-and-biomass) . chemicalparks.eu.
12 May 2016.

96. "Eni inaugurates its 750,000 tonnes Gela

bio-refinery in Europe" (https://www.nsene
rgybusiness.com/news/eni-gela-bio-refine
ry-europe/) .
97. Adams, Christopher (30 August 2015).
"Eni discovers 'supergiant' gasfield near
Egypt" (http://app.ft.com/cms/s/0/89903
1ec-4f0f-11e5-b029-b9d50a74fd14.htm
l) . Financial Times. Retrieved 31 August
2015.

98. "Eni Takes the Lead in Industrial

Supercomputing" (https://www.hpcwire.c
om/2018/01/23/eni-takes-lead-industrial-
supercomputing/) . HPCwire. 24 January
2018.

99. "Eni builds photovoltaic plant at salt-

production site in southern Italy" (https://
www.chemengonline.com/eni-builds-phot
ovoltaic-plant-at-salt-production-site-in-so
uthern-italy/) . 5 July 2018.
100. "Eni Starts Production at Photovoltaic
Plant in Porto Torres" (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20200815193550/https://steel
guru.com/power/eni-starts-production-at-
photovoltaic-plant-in-porto-torres/55615
4) . Archived from the original (https://ste
elguru.com/power/eni-starts-production-a
t-photovoltaic-plant-in-porto-torres/55615
4) on 15 August 2020. Retrieved 26 May
2020.

101. "Oil giant accepts responsibility for spill

affecting Fylde coast" (http://www.blackp
oolgazette.co.uk/news/environment/lates
t-oil-giant-accepts-responsibility-for-spill-a
ffecting-fylde-coast-1-8658634) .
Blackpool Gazette.
102. Review, Energy Industry (21 February
2020). "New Supercomputing System
HPC5" (https://energyindustryreview.com/
tech/new-supercomputing-system-hpc
5/) .

103. "A new era in fusion research at MIT" (http

s://news.mit.edu/2018/new-era-fusion-res
earch-mit-eni-0309) . MIT News. Retrieved
10 March 2018.

104. "Mozambique approves Rovuma LNG

development plan" (https://www.offshore-
mag.com/field-development/article/1679
0933/mozambique-approves-rovuma-lng-
development-plan) . Offshore. 14 May
2019. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
105. "Exxon to make $500 million initial
investment in Mozambique LNG project"
(https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKB
N1WN14D/) . Reuters. 8 October 2019.
Retrieved 14 March 2024.

106. Jamal, Nasir (10 March 2021). "Eni exits

Pakistan, sells assets to local JV" (https://
www.dawn.com/news/1611679) .
DAWN.COM.

107. "Eni Exits Pakistan, Sells Assets to Prime

International Oil & Gas | Hart Energy" (http
s://www.hartenergy.com/news/eni-exits-p
akistan-sells-assets-prime-international-oi
l-gas-192805) . www.hartenergy.com.
Retrieved 30 August 2021.
108. "A new era in fusion research at MIT" (http
s://news.mit.edu/2018/new-era-fusion-res
earch-mit-eni-0309) . News.mit. 9 March
2018.

109. Tollefson, Jeff (2018). "MIT launches

multimillion-dollar collaboration to
develop fusion energy" (https://doi.org/1
0.1038%2Fd41586-018-02966-3) . Nature.
555 (7696): 294–295.
Bibcode:2018Natur.555..294T (https://ui.a
dsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018Natur.555..2
94T) . doi:10.1038/d41586-018-02966-3
(https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fd41586-018-0
2966-3) . PMID 29542724 (https://pubme
d.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29542724) .
110. "Fusion gets closer with successful test
of new kind of magnet at MIT start-up
backed by Bill Gates" (https://www.cnbc.c
om/2021/09/08/fusion-gets-closer-with-s
uccessful-test-of-new-kind-of-magnet.htm
l) . CNBC. 8 September 2021.

111. "Eni accelerates nuclear fusion and

strengthens partnership with the
American company CFS: the first plant
will be operational within a few years" (htt
ps://www-milanofinanza-it.translate.goo
g/news/eni-partnership-con-cfs-per-la-fusi
one-nucleare-obiettivo-e-immettere-in-rete
-l-energia-prodotta-dal-202303091632213
204?refresh_cens&_x_tr_sl=it&_x_tr_tl=en
&_x_tr_hl=it&_x_tr_pto=wapp) . Milano
Finanza (in Italian). Retrieved 10 March
2023.
112. "Eni posts record annual profit on high oil
and gas prices" (https://energywatch.co
m/EnergyNews/Oil___Gas/article1514347
8.ece) . Energy Watch. 23 February 2023.

113. "Eni starts process opening accounts

Gazprombank" (https://www.eni.com/en-I
T/media/press-release/2022/05/eni-start
s-process-opening-accounts-gazprom-ban
k.html) . Eni.com.

114. "Eni Moves to Open Ruble Accounts as

EU's Unity Starts to Fray" (https://www.blo
omberg.com/news/articles/2022-04-27/e
ni-prepares-to-open-ruble-accounts-for-ga
s-as-eu-warns-firms) . Bloomberg.com.
27 April 2022.
115. "Italy's Eni begins process of opening new
accounts at Gazprombank" (https://www.
spglobal.com/commodityinsights/en/mar
ket-insights/latest-news/natural-gas/0517
22-italys-eni-begins-process-of-opening-n
ew-accounts-at-gazprombank) .
Spglobal.com. 17 May 2022.

116. Jewkes, Stephen (17 May 2022). "Eni

moves to open rouble account for
Russian gas" (https://www.reuters.com/m
arkets/commodities/eni-take-decision-rus
sian-gas-coming-hours-days-exec-2022-0
5-17/) . Reuters.com.
117. "Gentiloni: Gas, Eni non viola le sanzioni.
Pagamento in rubli, il caso è chiuso" (http
s://www.repubblica.it/economia/2022/0
5/18/news/gentiloni_gas_eni_non_viola_l
e_sanzioni_pagamento_in_rubli_il_caso_e
_chiuso-350167030/) . Repubblica.it. 18
May 2022.

118. "North Field East project: QatarEnergy's

strategic agreements with global oil and
gas companies" (https://www.oilandgasm
iddleeast.com/news/north-field-expansio
n-project) . Oil & Gas Middle East. 6 July
2022. Retrieved 31 July 2023.
119. Mills, Andrew (19 June 2022). "Qatar
Energy partners with Eni for North Field
East LNG project" (https://www.reuters.co
m/business/energy/qatar-energy-joins-eni
-north-field-east-lng-project-2022-06-1
9/) . Reuters. Retrieved 31 July 2023.

120. "ExxonMobil wins North Field East LNG

stake" (https://www.meed.com/exxonmo
bil-wins-north-field-east-lng-stake) .
MEED. 22 June 2022. Retrieved 31 July
2023.

121. "Qatar signs 27-year gas supply deal with

Italy's Eni" (https://www.reuters.com/mar
kets/commodities/qatar-signs-27-year-ga
s-supply-deal-with-italys-eni-2023-10-2
3/) . Retrieved 19 February 2024.
122. "BP, Sonatrach and ENI resume operations
in Libya" (https://www.theafricareport.co
m/317982/bp-sonatrach-and-eni-resume-
operations-in-libya/) . The Africa
Report.com. Retrieved 24 October 2023.

123. "Libya's NOC says ENI, BP, Sonatarch to

lift force majeure and resume activities"
(https://www.reuters.com/business/energ
y/libyas-noc-says-eni-bp-sonatarch-lift-for
ce-majeure-resume-activities-2023-08-0
3/) . Reuters. 3 August 2023. Retrieved
24 October 2023.
124. "Eni completes $4.9 billion purchase of
Neptune Energy" (https://web.archive.org/
web/20240228035233/https://www.upstr
eamonline.com/finance/eni-completes-4-
9-billion-purchase-of-neptune-energy/2-1-
1591746?zephr_sso_ott=dXRrKP) .
Upstream. Archived from the original (http
s://www.upstreamonline.com/finance/eni
-completes-4-9-billion-purchase-of-neptun
e-energy/2-1-1591746) on 28 February
2024. Retrieved 27 February 2024.

125. "ENI Bilanz, Gewinn und Umsatz | ENI

Geschäftsbericht | 897791" (https://www.
wallstreet-online.de/aktien/eni-aktie/bilan
z) . wallstreet-online.de. Retrieved
5 November 2018.
126. "Integrated Annual Report 2017" (https://
www.eni.com/assets/documents/docum
ents-en/Integrated-Annual-Report-2017-en
g.pdf) (PDF).

127. "Annual Report 2018" (https://www.eni.co

m/assets/documents/Annual-Report-201
8.pdf) (PDF).

128. "Annual Report 2019" (https://www.eni.co

m/assets/documents/eng/reports/2019/
Annual-Report-2019.pdf) (PDF).

129. "Annual Report 2020" (https://www.eni.co

m/assets/documents/eng/reports/2020/
Annual-Report-2020.pdf) (PDF).

130. "Annual Report 2021" (https://www.eni.co

m/assets/documents/eng/reports/2021/
Annual-Report-2021.pdf) (PDF).
131. "Annual Report 2022" (https://www.eni.co
m/assets/documents/eng/reports/2022/
Annual-Report-2022.pdf) (PDF).

132. "Annual Report 2023" (https://www.eni.co

m/content/dam/enicom/documents/eng/
reports/2023/Annual-Report-2023.pdf)
(PDF).

133. "Exploration & Production" (https://web.ar

chive.org/web/20120202114725/http://w
ww.eni.com/en_IT/company/operations-s
trategies/exploration-production/explorati
on-production.shtml) . eni.com. Archived
from the original (http://www.eni.com/en_
IT/company/operations-strategies/explor
ation-production/exploration-production.s
html) on 2 February 2012.
134. "Eni Makes Significant Oil & Gas Discovery
Offshore Congo" (http://www.offshoreene
rgytoday.com/eni-makes-significant-oil-ga
s-discovery-offshore-congo/) . Offshore
Energy Today. August 2013.

135. "9Colonne – Eni: First important oil

discovery in OTCP Block offshore Ghana"
(http://www.9colonne.it/adon.pl?act=doc
&doc=48700#.Ugn7-z_xG5B) . 9Colonne.

136. "Eni Discovers Significant Hydrocarbon

Offshore Congo" (http://usaoilandgasmon
itor.com/2013/08/01/eni-discovers-signifi
cant-hydrocarbon-offshore-congo/) .
usaoilandgasmonitor.com. 23 October
2022.
137. "Eni announces first production from
Junin-5 oil field in Venezuela" (http://www.
pennenergy.com/articles/pennenergy/201
3/03/eni-announces-first-production-from
-junin-5-oil-field-in-venezue.html) .
pennenergy.com.

138. "Oil Production Kicks Off At Junin-5 In

Venezuela" (https://web.archive.org/web/
20131029203540/http://www.epmag.co
m/Production-Field-Development/Oil-Prod
uction-Kicks-At-Junin-5-Venezuela_11390
0) . epmag.com. Archived from the
original (http://www.epmag.com/Producti
on-Field-Development/Oil-Production-Kick
s-At-Junin-5-Venezuela_113900) on 29
October 2013. Retrieved 13 August 2013.
139. "Eni awarded new exploration licenses in
the Barents Sea" (https://web.archive.org/
web/20130731095150/http://www.eni.co
m/en_IT/media/press-releases/2013/06/
2013-06-12-eni-awarded-licenses-barents-
sea.shtml) . eni.com. Archived from the
original (http://www.eni.com/en_IT/medi
a/press-releases/2013/06/2013-06-12-eni
-awarded-licenses-barents-sea.shtml) on
31 July 2013.

140. "Eni gets exploration licenses in Barents

Sea, offshore Norway" (http://www.worldo
il.com/Eni_gets_exploration_licenses_in_B
arents_Sea_offshore_Norway.html) .

141. "No Transcript Data" (http://www.morning

star.com/earnings/35431185-eni-spa-e-q
4-2011.aspx) . morningstar.com.
142. "Eni's CEO Hosts 2012–2015 Strategy
Presentation Call (Transcript)" (http://ww
w.nasdaq.com/aspx/call-transcript.aspx?
StoryId=439361&Title=eni-s-ceo-hosts-20
12-2015-strategy-presentation-call-transcr
ipt-) . NASDAQ.

143. Amarsys. "Kazakhstan: Eni sees

Kashagan to produce 75,000 barrels a day
in first month" (http://www.energy-pedia.c
om/news/kazakhstan/new-154609) .
energy-pedia.com.
144. "oilandgaseurasia.com-oilandgaseurasia
Resources and Information" (https://web.
archive.org/web/20131029203905/http://
www.oilandgaseurasia.com/en/news/eni-
releases-2013-2016-strategic-plan) .
www.oilandgaseurasia.com. Archived
from the original (http://www.oilandgaseu
rasia.com/en/news/eni-releases-2013-20
16-strategic-plan) on 29 October 2013.

145. "Iraq" (https://web.archive.org/web/20130

826123245/http://www.oxy.com/OurBusi
nesses/OilAndGas/MiddleEastRegion/Pa
ges/iraq.aspx) . Archived from the
original (http://www.oxy.com/OurBusines
ses/OilAndGas/MiddleEastRegion/Pages/
iraq.aspx) on 26 August 2013.
146. "- Eni: awarded East Sepinggan block in...
– Europétrole" (http://www.euro-petrole.c
om/eni-awarded-east-sepinggan-block-in-i
ndonesia-n-i-6305) . euro-petrole.com.

147. "StackPath" (https://www.ogj.com/article

s/2013/03/eni-sees-4--year-output-rise-thr
ough-2016.html) . www.ogj.com. 15
March 2013.

148. "Archived copy" (https://web.archive.org/

web/20131029202420/http://www.eni.co
m/en_IT/sustainability/business-ethics/or
ganizational-transparency/organizational-
transparency.shtml) . Archived from the
original (http://www.eni.com/en_IT/sustai
nability/business-ethics/organizational-tr
ansparency/organizational-transparency.s
html) on 29 October 2013. Retrieved
25 October 2013.
149. "Eni Norge" (http://www.eninorge.com/e
n/) . eninorge.com.

150. "Итальянская Eni приостанавливает

закупку российской нефти" (https://ww
w.kommersant.ru/doc/5250721) (in
Russian). Коммерсантъ. 10 March 2022.

151. "Oil and gas production" (http://annualrep

ort2012.eni.com/annual-report/operating-
review/exploration-and-production/oil-and
-gas-production.aspx?sc_lang=en) .
eni.com.

152. "Drilling" (http://annualreport2012.eni.co

m/annual-report/operating-review/explora
tion-and-production/drilling.aspx?sc_lang
=en) . eni.com.
153. "Exploration and Development" (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20130610010740/htt
p://www.eni.com/en_IT/company/operati
ons-strategies/exploration-production/ex
ploration-develop/exploration-developme
nt.shtml) . eni.com. Archived from the
original (http://www.eni.com/en_IT/comp
any/operations-strategies/exploration-pro
duction/exploration-develop/exploration-d
evelopment.shtml) on 10 June 2013.
154. "Annual report 2012" (https://web.archive.
org/web/20151006132619/https://www.e
ni.com/en_IT/attachments/publications/r
eports/reports-2012/Annual-Report-2012.
pdf) (PDF). Archived from the original (htt
ps://www.eni.com/en_IT/attachments/pu
blications/reports/reports-2012/Annual-R
eport-2012.pdf) (PDF) on 6 October
2015.

155. "Annual Report 2019" (https://www.eni.co

m/assets/documents/eng/reports/2019/
Annual-Report-2019.pdf) (PDF). eni.com.

156. "Annual report 2021" (https://www.eni.co

m/assets/documents/eng/reports/2021/
Annual-Report-2021.pdf) (PDF).
157. "Gas & Power" (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20120630061650/http://www.eni.co
m/en_IT/company/operations-strategies/
gas-power/gas-power.shtml) . eni.com.
Archived from the original (http://www.en
i.com/en_IT/company/operations-strategi
es/gas-power/gas-power.shtml) on 30
June 2012.

158. "Previous Year's Results" (https://web.arc

hive.org/web/20130728164729/http://ww
w.eni.com/en_IT/company/operations-str
ategies/gas-power/year-gas/gas-power-pr
evious-year-results.shtml) . eni.com.
Archived from the original (http://www.en
i.com/en_IT/company/operations-strategi
es/gas-power/year-gas/gas-power-previo
us-year-results.shtml) on 28 July 2013.
159. "History and development of the
Company" (https://archive.today/2013081
3111940/http://secfilings.nyse.com/filing.
php?ipage=8849340&DSEQ=&SEQ=35&S
QDESC=SECTION_PAGE) . New York
Stock Exchange. Archived from the
original (http://secfilings.nyse.com/filing.
php?ipage=8849340&DSEQ=&SEQ=35&S
QDESC=SECTION_PAGE) on 13 August
2013.

160. "Annual report 2021" (https://www.eni.co

m/assets/documents/eng/reports/2021/
Annual-Report-2021.pdf) (PDF).

161. "Sannazzaro Refinery – Hydrocarbons

Technology" (http://www.hydrocarbons-te
chnology.com/projects/sanazzarrorefiner
y/) . hydrocarbons-technology.com.
162. "Eni SpA (E) Company Profile" (https://ww
w.reuters.com/finance/stocks/companyP
rofile?symbol=E) . Reuters.

163. "Power Generation" (https://web.archive.o

rg/web/20131031094225/http://www.eni.
com/en_IT/company/operations-strategie
s/gas-power/power-generation-gas/gas-p
ower-power-generation.shtml) . eni.com.
Archived from the original (http://www.en
i.com/en_IT/company/operations-strategi
es/gas-power/power-generation-gas/gas-
power-power-generation.shtml) on 31
October 2013.

164. "Power" (http://annualreport2012.eni.co

m/annual-report/operating-review/gas-an
d-power/marketing/power.aspx?sc_lang=
en) . eni.com.
165. "Sales of natural gas" (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20131031094029/http://www.
eni.com/en_IT/company/operations-strat
egies/gas-power/sales-gas/gas-power-sal
es.shtml) . eni.com. Archived from the
original (http://www.eni.com/en_IT/comp
any/operations-strategies/gas-power/sale
s-gas/gas-power-sales.shtml) on 31
October 2013.

166. "Eni" (http://www.mercuriurval.com/en/Co

untries/Belgium/Jobs/Company-Branding
-list/eni/) . mercuriurval.com.

167. "Eni to Begin Trading Under Own Name in

Belgium" (http://www.naturalgaseurope.c
om/eni-brand-enters-belgium) .
naturalgaseurope.com.
168. "Eni Aims for 500,000 Customers in
France Under Own Brand" (http://www.nat
uralgaseurope.com/eni-own-brand-retail-fr
ance) . naturalgaseurope.com.

169. "Eni Acquires Belgian Gas Company" (htt

p://www.lngworldnews.com/eni-acquires-
belgian-gas-company/) . LNG World
News. 10 January 2012.

170. "District heating and thermoelectric

plants" (https://web.archive.org/web/202
01030230442/https://www.eni.com/en-I
T/operations/thermoelectric-plants.htm
l) . eni.com. Eni. Archived from the
original (https://www.eni.com/en-IT/opera
tions/thermoelectric-plants.html) on 30
October 2020. Retrieved 15 September
2020.
171. "Refining & Marketing" (https://web.archiv
e.org/web/20120126213323/http://www.
eni.com/en_IT/company/operations-strat
egies/refining-marketing/refining-marketi
ng.shtml) . eni.com. Archived from the
original (http://www.eni.com/en_IT/comp
any/operations-strategies/refining-market
ing/refining-marketing.shtml) on 26
January 2012.

172. "The Italian Gas Market: Challenges and

Opportunities" (http://www.oxfordenergy.
org/wpcms/wp-content/uploads/2013/0
6/NG-76.pdf) (PDF).
173. "Marketing of refined products" (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20131031093958/htt
p://www.eni.com/en_IT/company/operati
ons-strategies/refining-marketing/distribu
tion-rf/refining-marketing-distribution-refin
ed-products.shtml) . eni.com. Archived
from the original (http://www.eni.com/en_
IT/company/operations-strategies/refinin
g-marketing/distribution-rf/refining-marke
ting-distribution-refined-products.shtml)
on 31 October 2013.

174. "Eni will sell gas on the French retail

market under its own brand" (http://www.
enerdata.net/enerdatauk/press-and-public
ation/energy-news-001/eni-will-sell-gas-fr
ench-retail-market-under-its-own-brand_1
3505.html) . enerdata.net. 30 June 2015.
175. "Eni enters the retail natural gas market in
France" (https://web.archive.org/web/201
21106095818/http://www.eni.com/en_IT/
media/press-releases/2012/10/2012-10-0
9-eni-enters-retail-gas-market-france.shtm
l) . eni.com. Archived from the original (ht
tp://www.eni.com/en_IT/media/press-rele
ases/2012/10/2012-10-09-eni-enters-retai
l-gas-market-france.shtml) on 6
November 2012.

176. "Eni will operate on the Belgian retail

market under its own brand" (http://www.
enerdata.net/enerdatauk/press-and-public
ation/energy-news-001/eni-will-operate-be
lgian-retail-market-under-its-own-brand_13
725.html) . enerdata.net. 30 June 2015.
177. "Refining and marketing: from the refinery
to the market" (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20201130010831/https://www.eni.co
m/en-IT/operations/restructuring-mid-do
wnstream.html) . eni.com. Archived from
the original (https://www.eni.com/en-IT/o
perations/restructuring-mid-downstream.
html) on 30 November 2020. Retrieved
15 September 2020.
178. "Eni announces results for the third
quarter and the nine months of 2012" (htt
ps://web.archive.org/web/201603041910
14/http://www.akbizmag.com/Alaska-Bus
iness-Monthly/October-2012/Eni-announc
es-results-for-the-third-quarter-and-the-nin
e-months-of-2012/) . akbizmag.com.
Archived from the original (http://www.ak
bizmag.com/Alaska-Business-Monthly/O
ctober-2012/Eni-announces-results-for-th
e-third-quarter-and-the-nine-months-of-20
12/) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved
13 August 2013.

179. "Petrol World – Magazine" (http://www.pe

trolworld.com/magazine/magazine6/issu
e-1-2013.pdf) (PDF). petrolworld.com. 28
October 2023.
180. "Engineering & Construction" (https://web.
archive.org/web/20120626132715/http://
www.eni.com/en_IT/company/operations
-strategies/engineering-construction/engi
neering-construction.shtml) . Eni.
Archived from the original (http://www.en
i.com/en_IT/company/operations-strategi
es/engineering-construction/engineering-
construction.shtml) on 26 June 2012.
Retrieved 8 June 2012.
181. "Eni and ZEiTECS Install Eni Congo's First
Rigless Retrievable ESP System" (https://a
rchive.today/20120905073045/http://ww
w.brightwire.com/news/204823-eni-and-z
eitecs-install-eni-congo-s-first-rigless-retri
evable-esp-system) . BrightWire. Archived
from the original (http://www.brightwire.c
om/news/204823-eni-and-zeitecs-install-e
ni-congo-s-first-rigless-retrievable-esp-sys
tem) on 5 September 2012.

182. "The subsidiaries companies of Eni | Eni"

(https://www.eni.com/en-IT/about-us/sub
sidiaries-and-affiliates.html) .
www.eni.com.
183. "ENI India to start drilling in Q2 of 2011" (h
ttp://epaper.timesofindia.com/Default/Scr
ipting/ArticleWin.asp?From=Archive&Sour
ce=Page&Skin=ETNEW&BaseHref=ETKM/
2010/10/26&PageLabel=21&EntityId=Ar0
2105&ViewMode=HTML&GZ=T) . The
Economic Times. Kolkata. 26 October
2010. Retrieved 26 October 2010.
184. "Eni starts production at the Blane oil field
offshore UK" (https://web.archive.org/we
b/20120114203713/http://www.eni.com/
en_IT/media/press-releases/2007/09/Eni
_starts_production_at_the_B_12.09.2007.
shtml?menu2=media-archive&menu3=pre
ss-releases) . Milan: Eni. 12 September
2007. Archived from the original (http://w
ww.eni.com/en_IT/media/press-releases/
2007/09/Eni_starts_production_at_the_B_
12.09.2007.shtml?menu2=media-archive&
menu3=press-releases) on 14 January
2012. Retrieved 19 April 2010.

185. "Versalis – Italy" (https://chemicalparks.e

u/companies/versalis) .
chemicalparks.eu. Retrieved 11 May
2020.
186. The Putin and Pals Project (http://www.ko
mmersant.com/page.asp?id=636565)
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20
131107045000/http://www.kommersant.
com/page.asp?id=636565) 7 November
2013 at the Wayback Machine.
Kommersant. 24 December 2005

187. "EU hits Italian energy group ENI with

antitrust charges" (https://web.archive.or
g/web/20090426005613/http://www.eub
usiness.com/news-eu/1237461423.06) .
Archived from the original (http://www.eu
business.com/news-eu/1237461423.0
6/) on 26 April 2009.
188. "Uganda names bribes-claim minister new
PM" (https://web.archive.org/web/201209
17000925/http://af.reuters.com/article/u
gandaNews/idAFLDE74N1W320110524?
sp=true) . Reuters. 24 May 2011. Archived
from the original (https://af.reuters.com/a
rticle/ugandaNews/idAFLDE74N1W3201
10524?sp=true) on 17 September 2012.
189. Bond Market Debut for New Eni CFO
Mondazzi (http://www.cfo-insight.com/fin
ancing-liquidity/loans-and-bonds/bond-m
arket-debut-for-new-eni-cfo-mondazzi/)
Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20
130119071210/http://www.cfo-insight.co
m/financing-liquidity/loans-and-bonds/bo
nd-market-debut-for-new-eni-cfo-mondazz
i/) 19 January 2013 at the Wayback
Machine CFO Insight Magazine, January
2013

190. "Oil deal corruption trial in Italy is 'wake-up

call for industry' (https://www.theguardia
n.com/world/2018/mar/04/oil-deal-corru
ption-trial-in-italy-is-wake-up-call-for-indus
try) ". The Guardian. 4 March 2018.
191. "Nigeria will lose $6 billion in 'corrupt' oil
deal with Shell and Eni, report claims" (htt
ps://www.cnbc.com/2018/11/27/nigeria-
will-lose-6-billion-in-corrupt-oil-deal-with-s
hell-and-eni-report-claims.html) . CNBC.
27 November 2018.

192. "Nigeria to Continue $3.5 Billion Claim

Against Eni And Shell" (https://www.bloo
mberg.com/news/articles/2022-07-19/ni
geria-to-pursue-3-5-billion-civil-claim-agai
nst-eni-and-shell#xj4y7vzkg) . Bloomberg.
19 July 2022.

193. "Italian court acquits Eni and Shell in

Nigerian corruption case" (https://www.re
uters.com/article/uk-eni-shell-nigeria-idUS
KBN2BA0XF) . Reuters.
194. "Shell and Eni found not guilty of
corruption in nigeria oil case" (https://ww
w.wsj.com/articles/shell-eni-found-not-gui
lty-of-corruption-in-nigeria-oil-case-11615
997909) . Wall Street Journal.

195. "Nigeria 'disappointed' as Shell, Eni

acquitted in corruption case" (https://ww
w.africanews.com/2021/03/17/nigeria-di
sappointed-as-shell-eni-acquitted-in-oil-co
rruption-case/) . Africanews. 17 March
2021.

196. "Italy Court confirms acquittal of Eni, Shell

in Nigeria case" (https://www.reuters.co
m/business/energy/italy-court-confirms-a
cquittal-eni-shell-nigeria-case-2022-07-1
9/) . Reuters.
197. "Eni confirmed in Dow Jones
Sustainability World Index" (https://www.p
anorama.it/eni-press-release/eni-confirme
d-in-dow-jones-sustainability-world-inde
x) . Panorama.

198. "Matrìca: Porto Torres inaugurates new

green chemistry complex" (https://www.m
atrica.it/article.asp?id=37&ver=en#.Yukp
MdJBxkh) . Matrica.it.

199. "From Cooking Oil To Biofuel: Eni's Project

In The Venice Biorefinery" (https://www.fo
rbes.com/sites/annalisagirardi/2019/04/
12/from-cooking-oil-to-biofuel-enis-projec
t-in-the-venice-biorefinery/?sh=499cda453
483) . Forbes.
200. "CDP Carbon Majors Report 2017" (http
s://cdn.cdp.net/cdp-production/cms/repo
rts/documents/000/002/327/original/Car
bon-Majors-Report-2017.pdf?1501833772
#:~:text=CDP's%20Carbon%20Majors%20
Report%202017,driving%20the%20globa
l%20energy%20transition) (PDF). The
Carbon Majors Database.

201. "WBCSD Reporting Matters 2019" (https://

docs.wbcsd.org/2019/10/WBCSD_Report
ing_Matters_2019.pdf) (PDF).
WBCSD.org.

202. "Eni is among the 10 Top Performer

companies for sustainability reporting" (ht
tps://www.energy-pedia.com/news/gener
al/eni-is-among-the-10-top-performer-com
panies-for-sustainability-reporting-18086
7) . Energy-pedia.
203. "Absolute Impact: Why Oil and Gas
Companies Need Credible Plans to Meet
Climate Targets" (https://carbontracker.or
g/reports/absolute-impact-2022/) .
Carbontracker.

204. "Eni in 2021" (https://www.eni.com/asset

s/documents/eng/reports/2021/Eni-in-20
21.pdf) (PDF). Eni.com.

205. "Just transition" (https://www.eni.com/en-

IT/just-transition.html) . Eni.com.

206. Nhede, Nicholas (4 October 2021). "Eni

signs pact to accelerate renewables
deployment with IRENA" (https://www.po
werengineeringint.com/renewables/eni-si
gns-pact-with-irena-to-accelerate-renewab
les-deployment/) . Power Engineering
International. Retrieved 14 March 2024.
207. Klinge, Naomi; Lewis, Josh (30 September
2021). "Eni and IRENA pair to promote
renewable energy" (https://www.upstream
online.com/energy-transition/eni-and-iren
a-pair-to-promote-renewable-energy/2-1-1
076010) . upstreamonline.com. Retrieved
14 March 2024.

208. "Eni Financial Statements" (https://www.e

ni.com/assets/documents/press-release/
migrated/2023-en/05/Eni-Resolutions-of-t
he-Shareholders-Meeting-10-maggio.pdf)
(PDF). www.eni.com.

General and cited sources

"Gov't signs $7billion oil and gas

agreement to produce 1100
megawatts power" (http://www.myjoyo
nline.com/news/2015/January-27th/g
 ovt-signs-7billion-oil-and-gas-agreeme
nt-to-produce-1100-megawatts-power.
php#sthash.iNrEmve3.dpuf) (PDF).
myjoyonline.com. Retrieved 3 February
2015.
"Gov't signs $7billion oil and gas
agreement to produce 1100
megawatts power" (http://www.energy
min.gov.gh/?p=3347) .
energymin.gov.gh. Retrieved 3 February
2015.

Further reading

(In English) Marcello Boldrini, Mattei, Rome,

Colombo, 1969
 (In Italian) Marcello Colitti, Energia e
sviluppo in Italia, Bari, De Donato, 1979

(In English) Paul H. Frankel, Oil and Power

Policy, New York – Washington, Praeger,
1966
(In English) Pier Paolo Pasolini, Petrolio,
various
(In Italian) Nico Perrone, Enrico Mattei,
Bologna, Il mulino, 2001 ISBN 88-15-07913-
0

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media

related to Eni.

Official website (https://www.eni.co

m/)
 Eni from Yahoo! finance (https://financ
e.yahoo.com/q?s=E)
New Gas Routes to the European
Union (https://www.energy.eu/#route
s)

Retrieved from
"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?
title=Eni&oldid=1219349974"

This page was last edited on 17 April 2024, at

06:31 (UTC). •
Content is available under CC BY-SA 4.0 unless
otherwise noted.