to "Printrng Cks.

The
Japanese did the regularity of
nese history European printing.
emocratic. He
oe
ant role to 2 What were the different thoughts
ed the power scholars on learning new ideas from
Europe? What did the slogan Fukoku-
kyohei' mean and what did Japanese
ecture? needed to achieve this?
arthquake
ced by this
Ans Different Thoughts of Scholars
uilt in such a
Many scholars and to learn from An
the new ideas in Europe rather than ignore
n during
them as the Chinese were doing. Others
sought
to exclude the Europeans even while being
rry ready to adopt the new technologies they
offered. Some argued for a gradual and limited
Matthew opening to the outer world.
overnment Fufoku-kyohei
eand open Apolicy with the slogan fukoku-kyohei (rich
country, strong armny) was launched by the
government, because it realised that they need
pan
todevelop Japan's economy and build a strong
army, otherwise they would be subjugated like
dby British India. To achieve this, they needed to create a
pular ways sense of nationhood among the people and
n might be
transform them into citizens from subjects.
 challeng
trade startedin 1859, Japan's silk
became a major
major source of
exports
to
profit for the
economystruggling compete with Western
The silk from Nishijin came to be known
bestinthe world.
aabout the new
prscuss school systemin Japan.
system in Japan :
the new school An
.Fromthe 1870s,the new school system had
beguntobe built in Japan.
Schooling was made compulsory for
for boys and
girlsandby almost universal. Tuition
feeswere minimal.
.Thecurriculum had been based on Western
ls While there was an emphasis on
stress was also placed on
modern ideas,
loyaltyandthe study of Japanese history.
The Ministry of Education exercised control
and in the selection of
overthe curriculum
textbooks, as well as in teachers'
Moral culture was taught and texts urged
children to respect their parents, be loyal to the
nation and become good citizens.
 try undeveloped. CHAP
PRACT
9What did Qing
new ideas and reformers do to introduce
institutions?
Ans The Qing reformers had
done severals things to
introduce new ideas and institution. These were:
. Students were sent to
study in Japan, Britain
and France, to get trained in modern
and bring back new ideas. subjects
. Many Chinese students went
toJapan in the
1890s. They not only brought back new ideas
but also became leading republicans.
" The Chinese borrowed even Japanese
translations of European words such as
justice, rights and revolution because they
used the same ideographic script, a reversal
of the traditional relationship.
" The centuries-old Chinese examination
system that gave candidates entry intothe
eliteruling class was abolished.
outcomes
O of the Cultural
 changes
show howforeign and indigenous ideas were
create something new.
brought together to
marked physical contra st
13What are the Japan?
between China and
Difference beetween physicalfeatures of China
Ans follows:
andJapan are as
China
Japan
China is a large
Japan is a string of
continental country that islands.
zones.
has many climatic
It is dominated by
three Honshu, Kyushu,
important river systems Shikoku and Hokkaido
i.e. the yellow river are the four largest
(Huang He), the Yangtse islands of Japan.
river (Chang Jiang which
is the third longest river
in the world) and the
Pearl river.
Large part of the country More than half of the
is mountainous. land area of main
islands is
mountainous.

MWhat were the three changes brought

in the late 16th centuryin Japan?
Ans The three changes that were brought in Japan in
the late 16th century were:
(0) The peasantry was disarmed and only the
Samurai could carry swords. This ensured
peace and order.
() The Daimyo were ordered to live
in the
capitals their domains, each with a large
of
degree of autonomy.
(ii) Land
surveys identified owners and
taxpayers and graded land
ensure a productivity to
stable revenue base.
 sel
nameto
his
were marked by the
Chinesedebates
D
'Discuss.
16viewsofthree groups."
debate were
Chinesed marked by the views of
ns groups which were:
three
The early reformers such as Kang Youwei
() use
orLiang Qichao who tried to
traditional ideas in new and different
the
ways to meet the challenges posed by
West.
(i)Republican revolutionaries such as Sun
Yat- sen, the first President of the
Republic, who were inspired by ideas
io from Japan and the West.
(Gi) The Communist Party of China which
wanted to end age-old inequalities and
drive out the foreigners.
 LONG ANSWER TYPE
QUESTIONS
1Whatwas the role of Meiji reform in
medernising the Japan's economy? What
were thedemographic changes that
happened in Japan due to economic
reforms and Japanese government's
reaction to it?
Ans Role of MeijiReforms
Oneof the important role of the Meijí
reforms was the modernising of the Japan's
economy in the following ways :
. Funds were raised by levying an
agricultural tax for investing in the other
sectors of economy.
" Japan's first railway line between Tokyo
and the port of Yokohama was built in
1870-72.
o Textile machinery was imported from
Europe and foreign technicians were
bbese employed to train workers, as well as to
teach in universities and schools, and
se Japanese students were sent abroad.
In 1872, modern banking institutions were
ba launched.
Companies like Mitsubishi and Sumitomo
2n were helped through subsidised and tax
benefits to become major shipbuilders, so
WthatJapanese trade was fromn now carried
lin in Japanese ships.
a Demographic Changes in Japan
The demographic changes also happened in
Japan due to economic changes. The
population was 35 million in 1872 and it
increased to 55 million in 1920. Within Japan,
hthere was a shift to towns as industry
developed. By 1925, around 21 per cent of the
ab population lived in cities and in 1935,it went
up to 35 per cent.
Reaction of Japanese Government
To reduce the population pressure, the
S
government actively encouraged migration.
First, they were sent to Northern island of
Hokkaido which was largely an autonomous
area where the indigenous people called the
Ainu lived. Then, they were sent to
and Brazil and other areas of colonialHawaii
empire
of Japan.
 2 The Guomindang despite its attempt to
unite the country failed." Look at the
statement and discuss about the role of
Sun Yat-sen and Chiang Kai-shek. Why did
Guomindang fail to unite the country?
Ans Role of Sun Yat-Sen
In 1911, republic was established under Sun A
Yat-sen. He was regarded as the founder of
modern China. He introduced a programme
called Three Principles. They were nationalism,
democracy and socialism.
Sun Yat-sen's ideas became the foundation for
the political philosophy of the Guomindang.
They identified the 'four great needs' as
clothing, food, housing and transportation.
Role of Chiang Kai-shek
After the death of Sun Yat-sen, Chiang
Kai-shek emerged as the leader of the
Guomindang. He launched a military campaign
to control the warlords, regional leaders who
had taken over authority forcibly and to
eliminate the Communists. Chiang advocateda
secular and rational 'this worldly'
Confucianism, but also sought to militarise the
nation. He urged people to develop habit and
instinct for unified behaviour. He encouraged
women to cultivate four virtues i.e. chastity,
appearance, speech and work and recognise
their role confined to the household.
Guomindang Failed to Unite the Country
unite
The Guomindang despite its attempt to because
the country failed to unite the country
political
of its narrow social base and limited
vision.
urban
The Guomindang social base was inand limited.
areas. Industrial growth was slow
Only small people were employed in modern
the
industries such as shipbuilding. Most of
urbanites, traders
people in towns were petty especially
and shopkeepers. Urban workers, Working
women earned very low wages. of work were
hours were long and conditions
bad.
major principle in Sun Yat-sen's programme
A equalising land, was
i.e. regulating capital and
never carried out
because the Guomindang
the peasantry and the rising social
party ignored to impose military order
inequalities. It sought
address the problems faced by the
rather than
people.
 res, the
government had to face opposition.
The military and the bureaucracy were
under the direct command put
This meant that even after aof the
emperor.
enacted, these two groups constitution was
of the control of the remained outside
ch government.
Outcomes of these Measures
Governmentfaced opposition in all these
measures.
Thearnmy pressed for a
vigorous foreign
policy to acquire more territory
wars with China and which led to
both of them. Russia, and Japan won
Japan developed
economically
colonial empire that suppressed
and acquired a
the spread of
democracy at homeand put it in collision
with people it colonised.
6 "The rapid
economy rebuilding
after its
of the Japanese
a post-war
miracle."
shattering
Look
defeat was called
at the statement
and discuss in detail how
defeated in Second WorldJapan War
after getting
tobecome an economic power? bounced back
Ans After getting defeated in
Japan revived its power bySecond World War,
the following post-war
changes:
.Under the US-led
occupation
was demilitarised and a new (1945-47), Japan
constitution
introduced. This had a n0-war clause that
renounces the use of war as an
state policy. instrument of
" Agrarian
reforms, the re-establishment of
trade unions and an attempt to dismantle the
Zaibatsu or large monopoly houses that
dominated the
carried out. Japanese economy were also
Political parties were revived and the first
post-war elections were held in 1946 where
women voted for the first time.
Theconstitution was
were inherently had ademocratised.
great traditionJapanese
popular struggles and intellectual of
which broadened political engagement
The social cohesion of the participation.
strengthened, pre-war years was
allowing
the government, for a close working of
US support alongbureaucracy
with the
and industry.
the Korean and the demand created by
helped the JapaneseVietnamese
economy.
wars also
 Allinone HISTORY
Class 11th
208 warlordism, carry out land reforms
Tokyo, shows how foreign imperialism. This won andfight
The 1964Olympics held in
within 20 years Japan has rebuilt itself.
the network of high-speed
strong social base,
Communists
In the difficult years of the war, the
a

-Japan also builtbullet trains which ran at 200 Communists and the
Guomindang worked
Shinkansen or together but after the end of the war, the
now their speeds
miles per hour in 1964 and This Communists established themselves
hour.
are around 300 miles per Japanese to use and the Guomindang was defeated in powe
represents the ability of the and Finally, the Peoples Republic of China
advanced technologies to produce better government was established in
cheaper goods.
of the Communists.
1949 by the
Today Japan is one of the major powers
and
world politically, economicallysay
technologically. Thus, we can that the rapid SOURCE BASED QUESTIONS
rebuilding of the Japanese economy after its
miracle.
shattering defeat was called a post-war 1 Afictionalise ddiary of the Heian court
written by Murasaki Shikibu, the Tale of the
7 "Communists established themselves Genji became the central work of fiction in
in power and the Guomindang was Japanese literature. That periodi saw the
defeated." Explain. emergence of many women writers, like
Ans Communists rose to power in the following Murasaki, who wrote in the
ways: while men wrote in the
Japanese script,
Chinese
" The Communist Party of China was
founded script, used
Revolution. The for education and government. The novel
in 1921 soon after the Russian
Russian success had a powerful influence all depicts the romantic life of Prince Geni ana
around the world. is a striking picture of the aristocratic
"Mao Zedong emerged as a prominent leader atmosphere of the Heian court. It shows the
in the Communist Party. He followed a independence that women had in choosing
revolutionary programme which was based their husbands and living their lives.
on the peasantry. In this attempt, he became ) VWho wrote the Tale of the Genji? What was
successful and thus made the Communist o nbt the novel about?
Party a powerful political force which (ii) What was the contrast between men and
ultimately won against the Guomindang. women writers? What was Chinese script
Mao Zedong camped from 1928 to 1934 in used for?
Jiangxi region in the mountains to secure (iii) What was social message it had in it?
themselves from Guomindang attacks. He Ans (i) Murasaki Shikibu wrote the Tale of the
organised a strong peasants' council called
Soviet. It was united through confiscation and Genji.
redistribution of land. The novel depicts the romantic life of
" He was sympathetic to women's problems. He Prince Genji and was a striking picture of
supported rural women's associations, the aristocratic atmosphere of the Heian
court.
promulgated a new marriage law that forbade (ii) Whìle women writers wrote in the
arranged marriages, stopped purchase or sale Japanese
of marriage contracts and simplified divorce. script, men wrote in the Chinese script.
Guomindanag was defeated in the following Chinese script was used for education and
ways: government.
. The defeat of (iii) It showed the
Guomindang was started when
it created a blockade against the Communists had in choosingindependence that women
their husbands and living
Soviet.This forced communists to look for their lives. This is a social
another base. snovel gives. message that
. Due to
blockade, the communists led the 2 The Japanese had
famous Long March i.e. 6000 gruelling and borrowed their written
script from the Chinese
difficult miles to Shanxi. Here, the in the 16th
Communists formed a base in Yanan and However, since their language is verycentury.
further developed theirnewprogramme to end different from Chinese they developed two
phonetic alphabets - hiragana and
katakana. Hiragana is considered feminine