1940-1946 PS

NAME :-
Syed Aliyan Faraz Shahid
CLASS : -
L -L - B ( Part - 01 )
ROLL NO : -
007
SUBJECT : -
PAKISTAN STUDIES
TEACHER : -
MAM , HAFSA
ASSIGNMENT : -
NO ( 03 )
TOPIC NAME IS MAJOR EVENTS OF
1940 -1946
1941 - Civil Disobedience Movement
The twenty eighth Annual
Session of the All India Muslim League was held at Madras and a
resolution was adopted on the Civil Disobedience Movement started by
Congress. This movement was aimed at forcing the British Government
to accept the Congress demands regarding the future constitution of
India. Congress wanted that power should be transferred to them so that
the Muslim nation should become mere subjects of Hindu Raj.
PAKISTAN RESOLUTION
The Pakistan Resolution, also known as
the Lahore Resolution, was a pivotal event in the history of the Indian
subcontinent that ultimately led to the creation of Pakistan as an
independent nation. Here is a short note on the Pakistan Resolution:
Background:
The Pakistan Resolution was adopted on March 23, 1940,
during the annual session of the All-India Muslim League held in
Lahore, British India.
The political climate in British India was characterized by growing
tensions between the Muslim League, representing the interests of
Muslims, and the Indian National Congress, which predominantly
represented Hindu interests.
Key Points of the Resolution

The Pakistan Resolution called for the
creation of independent states in areas where Muslims were in the
majority within the subcontinent, particularly in the northwestern and
northeastern regions.
The resolution emphasized the distinct political and cultural identity of
Muslims in British India and their desire for self-determination and
autonomy.
It rejected the concept of a centralized Indian state and advocated for
"independent states" where Muslims could freely practice their religion,
culture, and way of life.
AUGUST OFFER
The "August Offer" was a proposal made by the
British government in August 1940 during World War II, aiming to
address political tensions in British India. It suggested post-war
constitutional reforms and increased Indian representation in governance
but was rejected by Indian leaders as insufficient.
The rejection fueled demands for complete independence, leading to
significant political developments and contributing to the momentum of
the Quit India Movement in 1942.
Ultimately, the August Offer highlighted the challenges of colonial
governance and nationalist aspirations during a critical period in India's
history.
1942 - Cripps Mission

Soon after the Lahore Resolution was passed in
March 1940, there came a reassuring statement from the Viceroy, Lord
Linlithgow, on 8 August 1940, which dearly stated that British
Government could not contemplate the transfer of their present
responsibilities for peace and welfare of India to any system of
government whose authority is directly denied by large and powerful
elements in India's national life.
British Government recognized the genuineness in demand for Pakistan,
indirectly in the proposals for the transfer of power after the Second
World War which Sir Stafford Cripps brought to India in 1942. Both
Congress and All India Muslim League rejected these proposals for
different reasons. The principles of secession of Muslim India as a
separate dominion was however, conceded in these proposals. After this
failure, a prominent Congress leader, C. Rajgopalacharia, suggested a
formula for a separate Muslim state in the working committee of the
Indian National Congress, which was rejected at the time, but later on, in
1944, formed the basis of the Jinnah-Gandhi talks.
1942 - Quit India Movement

The Indian National Congress decided to
start "Quit India Movement" and demanded that British should
immediately withdraw from India.
Mr. Gandhi advised his people to "do or die" to achieve their aim. This
movement was termed an "open rebellion" against British Government
in India.
As a result of the Movement 940 people were killed within a period of
four months and state property worth rupees one crore and thirty five
lakhs was destroyed.
In response to the Congress demand of Quit India, the League
demanded "Divide and Quit." The League remained aloof from the
Movement since it was aimed as much against Muslims as it was against
British.
GANDHI - JINNAH TALKS

The Gandhi-Jinnah Talks refer to
discussions held between Mahatma Gandhi and Muhammad Ali Jinnah
in 1944, aimed at resolving political differences between the Indian
National Congress (led by Gandhi) and the All-India Muslim League
(led by Jinnah).
The talks focused on finding a common ground on the issue of India's
independence and the rights of Muslim-majority regions. Despite efforts,
the talks did not lead to a consensus, highlighting deep-seated divisions
and ultimately contributing to the partition of British India into India and
Pakistan in 1947.
The failure of the talks underscored the complexities of religious and
political differences during the struggle for independence.
WAVELL PLAN
The Wavell Plan, also known as the Wavell's
Proposal, was a political initiative introduced by the British Viceroy of
India, Lord Wavell, in 1945. The plan aimed to address the growing
political unrest and demands for independence in British India.
Key Points:
The Wavell Plan proposed the formation of an Executive
Council composed of representatives from various Indian political
parties, including the Indian National Congress and the All-India
Muslim League.
The plan sought to establish a new constitution for India and address the
constitutional deadlock between Congress and the Muslim League.
Despite initial support, the plan faced opposition and was not
implemented due to disagreements over power-sharing and the
composition of the proposed Executive Council.
Outcome:
The failure of the Wavell Plan highlighted the deepening
political divisions and paved the way for subsequent political
developments, including the Cabinet Mission Plan and the eventual
partition of British India in 1947.
Overall, the Wavell Plan was a significant but ultimately unsuccessful
attempt by the British government to reconcile competing interests and
advance constitutional reforms in British India during a critical period of
transition towards independence.
1945 - Simla Conference
The Viceroy called a conference at Simla,
since known as the First Simla Conference, where the formation of an
Executive Council was discussed. The Congress claimed that it
represented all the communities in India and as such it could nominate
Muslims as members of the new Council. All India Muslim League did
not accept the claim of Congress and stated that only All India Muslim
League had the right to nominate Muslim members in the Executive
Council.
All India Muslim League was pledged to the formation of a separate
homeland for Indian Muslims, whereas Wavell Plan envisaged a united
India. When question of representation of various religious groups on
the Executive Council came under discussion, a deadlock occurred. All
India Muslim League claimed that no other political party had the right
to nominate Muslim members for the Executive Council.
Congress was opposed to this claim. The Unionist Party in Punjab was
also pressing for representation on the Executive Council. Lord Wavell
requested the two parties to send him a list giving the names of the
members of their parties who could be included in the proposed
Executive Council. Congress immediately submitted a list of its
members which also included names of two Muslims. All India Muslim
League did not submit the list and insisted that Muslim members of the
proposed Executive Council should be chosen from the All-India
Muslim League. On 14 July, 1945, Viceroy Lord Wavell announced that
the Simla Conference had failed and that the efforts to bring Hindus and
Muslims together have proved fruitless.
ELECTIONS
An election is a formal process where individuals vote
to choose representatives or decide on specific issues.
Elections play a fundamental role in democratic societies, allowing
citizens to participate in governance and express their preferences. They
serve as a mechanism for selecting leaders, forming governments, and
making collective decisions.
Elections can be held at various levels, including local, regional,
national, and international, and they are essential for ensuring political
accountability and legitimacy. Through elections, citizens exercise their
right to vote, contributing to the democratic process and shaping the
direction of public policy and governance.
1946 - Cabinet Mission

The Cabinet Mission Plan, proposed by
Cripps, represented Britain's last, desperate attempt to transfer the power
it retained over India to a single union.
The mission put forward a three-tier federal form of government in
which central government would be limited to power over defence,
foreign relations, currency and communication; significant over powers
would be delegated to the provinces.
The plan also prescribed the zones
that would be created:
north-west Bengal and Assam would be joined
to form a zone with a slight Muslim majority; in north-west, Punjab,
Sindh, N.W.F.P., and Balochistan would be joined for a clear Muslim
majority; and the remainder of the country would be third zone, with a
clear Hindu majority.
The approximation of boundaries of a new Pakistan was clear from the
delineation of the zones. The mission also suggested the right of veto on
legislation by communities that saw their interests adversely affected.
Finally, the mission proposed that an interim government be established
immediately and that new elections be held.

1940-1946 PS

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NAME :-

Syed Aliyan Faraz Shahid

Key Points of the Resolution

1942 - Cripps Mission

1942 - Quit India Movement

GANDHI - JINNAH TALKS

1946 - Cabinet Mission

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