Sound PPT by Mridul Kapoor IX-C

SOUND
(By Mridul Kapoor IX-C)

INDEX
▹ Waves & Type of Waves

▹ Sound Waves
▹ Charactersticks of Sound Waves
▹ Sound produced by humans
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1.Waves & Type of Waves
Waves and Type of Waves
A WAVE in simple words can be described as a disturbance that travels through
a medium, transporting energy from one location i.e. its source to another
location without transporting matter. Some examples of waves are waves caused
by wind and water waves that move in a circular manner etc.
Waves take up different forms, and hence it is vital to learn about the types of
waves. Below mentioned are the three categories of waves which are discussed
with their sub-segments
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I. MECHANICAL WAVES
Some waves can only travel through a material, or medium, such as air or water. These are
called Mechanical Waves .Sound waves, water waves, and seismic waves are all types of mechanical
waves. They behave as a propagation of a particular disturbance traveling through a material medium as a
result of the constant periodic motion of particles. Under this, the disturbance is transferred from one
particle to the next.
There are two types of mechanical waves:

A. Transverse Wave
This is a wave wherein the particles of the medium move in the direction that is perpendicular to that of
the wave. For eg vibrations on a string and ripples on the surface of water.
B. Longitudinal Wave
a longitudinal wave is the one that moves parallel to the direction of waves of particles in motion. That is
a straight parallel line above the particle. For eg .sound waves. ultrasound waves. seismic P-waves.
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II.Electromagnetic Waves
Under electromagnetic waves, the presence of medium isn’t actually necessary for propagation. In these types
of waves, the periodic changes occur in electric and magnetic fields; therefore, it is termed as Electromagnetic
Wave.
Examples: Light waves, Radio waves, thermal radiation, etc.
iii.Matter Waves
Matter waves are also termed as De Broglie waves. This is because they depict a similar wave nature of all
matter, that is, that forms atoms, our body, etc. There are different equations termed as De Broglie equations
that basically indicate the dual nature of matter. It is vital to remember that, the frequency of such waves
directly relies on their kinetic energy.
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2.
Sound Waves
Sound Waves
Sound is a mechanical energy which produces sensation of hearing. Sound is produced due to vibration of different
objects.
• Sound wave propagates as compressions & rarefactions in the medium. Sound waves are longitudinal waves.
Terms related to a Sound Wave

Sound waves are produced due to variations in pressure & density of the medium.
• Compression is the portion of the medium where a temporary increase in volume & a decrease in density takes
place when a sound wave passes through the medium.
• Rarefaction is the portion of the medium where a temporary increase in volume & consequently a decease in
density takes place when sound wave passes through the medium.
• Crest is the portion of the medium where the density (or pressure) has a value larger than its average value.
• Trough is the portion of the medium where the density (or pressure) has a value smaller than the average value.
• Amplitude is the magnitude of the maximum disturbance in the medium on either side of the mean position.
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• Oscillation is the change in density (or pressure) from maximum value to the minimum value and
again to the maximum value. Frequency enables us to know as to how many times a particular event
occur in a given time.
• Time Period is the time taken for one complete oscillation in density (or pressure) of the medium.
• Wavelength is the distance between two consecutive compressions or two consecutive rarefactions.
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3.
Charactersticks of Sound Waves
.
Characteristics of Sound Waves

Characteristics of a Sound Wave are –
Amplitude
When a wave passes through a medium, there is a temporary displacement of the particles of the medium from their
actual positions. The maximum displacement of these particles of the medium from their actual positions when a
wave passes through them can be defined as the amplitude of the wave. It is measured in ‘meter' in the S.I. unit.
Wavelength
Wavelength is the minimum distance in which the sound wave repeats itself. It is the length of one complete wave. In
a sound wave, the combined length of an adjacent rarefaction and compression is known as the wavelength. The S.I.
unit of wavelength is also metre.
Time Period
The time that is required to produce one complete wave or cycle is known as the period of the wave. One full
vibration of the vibrating body produces one complete wave.. The Period is denoted by the letter T and the unit of
measurement is second (S).
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Frequency
The total number of the cycles or waves that are produced in one second can be referred to as the frequency of the wave.
Alternatively, frequency can also be defined as the number of vibrations per second. The frequency of a wave is fixed
and it does not change when it passes through different medium. The unit of frequency is Hertz or Hz.
Velocity
The distance that is covered or travelled by a wave in one second is regarded as the velocity (speed having a direction
vector) of the wave. The unit of measurement of velocity is meters per second. The velocity of a wave can be found by
dividing the distance travelled with the time taken. It can also be found by multiplying the frequency of the wave with
the wavelength.
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4.
Production of Sound by Humans
Sound Produced by Humans
▹ A human produces sound by using a voice box which we call a larynx. In our throat, at the top of the
windpipe a voice box is situated.
Sound is produced when vibration has been made by material or thing. Like that when vocal cords
vibrate, a sound is produced.
The vocal cord which is attached to muscles of the throat, changes the tension or either stretching is
done in cords and distance between the cords.
When muscles of the vocal cord which is present inside the throat get relaxed completely then vocal
cords are separated and loose so that air (air from lungs) will pass through them without producing
sound. When we don't talk or sing, the two vocal cords are away from each other with some gap.
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THANKS!
Prepared by MRIDUL KAPOOR , IX-C
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SOUND

(By Mridul Kapoor IX-C)

▹ Waves & Type of Waves

There are two types of mechanical waves:

Terms related to a Sound Wave

Characteristics of Sound Waves

Prepared by MRIDUL KAPOOR , IX-C

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