ELEMENTS, COMPOUNDS, AND MIXTURE

MEASUREMENTS

Date Performed: November 10, 2023

Date Submitted: December 06, 2023

ABSTRACT

Measuring mass and volume is an important element in many things, like cooking, etc. Most
especially, it is a necessary step in experiments, more on when exact measurements are needed to
achieve the best result. In this experiment, the researchers aim to analyze and calculate the density
of the following reagents to be used by measuring and using its relative mass and volume.
Additionally, it aims to determine the relationship between the variables. Several tools and reagents
are used like cylinders, triple beam balance, liquid and solid samples, and a wood. Major
experiments were conducted to measure liquids and solids. The researchers used a graduated
cylinder to measure mass, density, and percent error. They also measured the mass of wood blocks
and solid samples, calculating density and percent error. The experiments were conducted using
different volumes of water and water volumes. The results showed that the density of water at 30.4
°C is 0.943 g/mL. The acquired density has a 5.70 % error as the true density of water is 1 g/mL. Next
is the liquid sample. As the researchers conducted the same procedures as the water experiment,
they came up with a result of 1.20 g/mL density of the liquid sample. The researchers got a 4.76 %
error as the true density of the sample is 1.26 g/mL. Next on the list is the block of wood. The
researchers first measured the dimensions of the wood, which is 9.14 cm by 4.06 cm by 4.06 cm.
With this, the researchers calculated the volume and used it with the measured mass. The computed
density of the wood is 0.660 g/cm³. Lastly for the solid sample, the researchers measured the
respective volume of the water and the solid sample. After such calculations, the data produced a
density 29.1 g/mL with 155% error as the real density of the solid sample is 11.4 g/mL. The
measuring experiment demonstrated accurate and precise results in understanding volume, density,
mass, temperature, and length. Students learned about the relationship between mass and volume,
air bubbles, and temperature, enhancing the researchers’ understanding for real-life scenarios.
INTRODUCTION

Everything on earth, has its own mass or weight. In fact, the invisible of the atmosphere has it.
Weight is defined as the quantity of matter contained by an object. We measure weight different
tools such as weighing scale, triple beam balance, and many more. Additionally, liquid matters such
as water, has what we call volume, or the amount of space occupied by a substance. This weight and
volume when put together, make a new quantity called density. It is expressed in grams/volume. In
simple words, density is the relationship between the mass of the substance and its volume. The
denser a compound is, the more likely it will sink over the other. Freshwater is able to “float” on
saltwater because saltwater is denser. It contains water molecules like freshwater, plus sodium and
chlorine ions (Natural Org, n.d.). Measurements is an important component especially in
experimentations that require a certain amount of a substance in order to get the maximum output
or result out of it. In this experiment, we will measure the masses and volumes of different samples,
and calculate its relative density in a constant temperature. Furthermore, we also aim to maximize
precision of the data and calculate the percent error of the experimental values to ensure the
accuracy of it.

This terms are defined conceptually and operationally to help readers understand more the
following information:

Mass - A dimensionless quantity representing the amount of matter in a particle or object.

The mass is used as a component of density in this experiment.
Volume - The amount of space an object does on a surrounding. The volume is used as a
component in getting the density.
Reagents - A compound or mixture added to a system to start or test a chemical reaction.
The reagents are used to aid in the experiment to get the proper amounts and accurate
density of the samples.
Density - The relationship between the mass of a compound and its proportionality to its
volume. The density is the main goal data of computations for this experiment.
REACTION SCHEME/LABORATORY SET UP

Figure 1. Weighing the mass of Graduated Cylinder.

22.4g

Figure 2. Set up of Weighing graduated Cylinder.

5 mL

Figure 3. Pouring 5mL of water in Graduated Cylinder.

 26.9 g

Figure 4. Weigh the Graduated Cylinder containing water.

30.4 C

Figure 5. Measure the temperature of the water.

 Figure 6. Pouring 5mL of sample liquid.

26.0 g

Figure 7. Weigh the mass of Liquid sample.

99.6 g

Figure 8. Weigh the mass of Block.

 Figure 9. Weighing the solid sample.

MATERIALS THAT ARE USED

For the tools and apparatus that are used in the data gathering of this experiment. Several
measurement tools, materials, and apparatus are used:
 Aspirator
 Analytical Balance
 Beaker
 Block of Wood
 Graduated Cylinder (5, 10, 15 mL)
 Pipette
 Stirring Rod
 Stones (Solid Sample)
 Thermometer
 Triple-Beam Balance

In terms of the measurement of density, several reagents are used:

 Water
  Unknown liquid sample

METHODOLOGY
The experiment 1 is consist of two major experiments, the first one is for the measurements of
liquids and the other one is for the measurements of solids. For the measurements of the liquids, the
researchers placed a clean dry 20 mL graduated cylinder on the triple beam balance and proceed to
measure its mass. Then they poured exactly 5 mL of water on the graduated cylinder. Next is they
measured the mass of the graduated cylinder that contained the water. After that they proceed to
measure its temperature. Then they also conducted the same procedures on the second and third
trial but now with different volumes of water, the 10 mL and 15 mL of water respectively. Followed
by getting it's density and then they proceed to compute for its percent error. Same process was
done using prof's liquid sample and they also computed for its density and percent error. Now for
the measurements of the solids, two types of experiments were done. The researchers first proceed
to measure the mass of the block of wood using a triple beam balance. Then they also measured its
length, width and height. After getting all the data they computed for its density. Now they focused
on the next phase of measuring solids. The researchers first measured the mass of the solid samples
(rocks). Then they put 20 mL of water on a 100 mL graduated cylinder and recorded its mass. After
that they dropped the solid samples (rocks) slowly on the graduated cylinder and measured the new
volume of the system. Then they repeated the process using 30 mL and 40 mL of water respectively
and they computed for its density and the average density of the three trials then proceed to get its
percent error.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

A. Determination of Density

Table 1A. Water

Trial Mass of empty Mass of Cyl Mass of Volume of Density of Temp. of

No. Cylinder, g + Water, g Water, g Water, mL Water, g/mL Water,°C
1. 22.4 g 26.9 g 4.5 g 5 mL 0.900 g/mL 30.4°C
2. 22.4 g 32.3 g 9.9 g 10 ml 0.990 g/mL 30.4°C
3. 22.4 g 36.5 g 14.1 g 15 mL 0.940 g/mL 30.4°C
Average 0.943 g/mL % Error: 5.67%
Actual density of water at specified temperature: 1 g/mL
 Table 1A shows the acquired values of the three trials for the mass of the water, its volume and
its density. The science researchers measured the mass of the empty cylinder and with water with 5,
10, and 15 mL volumes. Using the formula of getting the mass of the water, it provided the data of
4.5 grams, 9.9 grams, and 14.1 grams respectively. The density of the three trials were calculated
using the mass of the water and the volume in each trial. The first trial produced a 0.900 g/mL
density, while the second trial showed a 0.990 g/mL density. The third trial has calculated a 0.940
g/mL density. The average density of the three trials were 0.943 g/mL. Then using the formula for
calculating the percent error, the researchers came up with a 5.67% calculation. The data dictates
that the data for density gathered were accurate or near the true value of the density of water in a
standard condition.

Table 1B. Liquid Sample

Trial Mass of empty Mass of Cyl Mass of Volume of Density of Temp. of
No. Cylinder, g + Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Sample, Liquid
Sample, g Sample, g Sample, mL g/mL Sample, °C
1. 22.4 g 26.0 g 3.6 g 3 mL 1.2 g/mL
2. 41.8 g 45.4 g 3.6 g 3 ml 1.2 g/mL
3. 61.1 g 64.7 g 3.6 g 3 mL 1.2 g/mL
Average 1.2 g/mL % Error:
4.76%
Actual density of liquid sample at specified temperature: 1.26 g/mL

Table 1B shows the acquired value of three trials for the mass of the liquid sample, its volume and
its density. The researchers measured the mass of the empty cylinders and with each 3ml of liquid
sample volumes. The calculated measurements of the empty cylinders in each trials using a triple
beam balance were given of 22.4g, 41.8g, and 61.1g. The density of the three trials were calculated
using the mass of the liquid sample and the volume in each trial. It produced a 1.2 g/ml each. Using
the formula of getting the mass of the liquid sample the data in the first trial was given a measure of
26.0g, while for the second trial it shows a 41.8 g, and for the last trial the data produced a 61.6g.
Using the formula for calculating the percent error, the researchers came up with a 4.76%
calculation.

Table 2A. Wood

Trial Length, cm Width, cm Thickness, cm Volume, cm³ Mass, g Density, g/cm³ Temp, °C
No.
1. 9.14 cm 4.06 cm 4.06 cm 151 cm³ 99.6 kg 0.660 g/cm³

Average

Table 2A shows the value for the only trial for the accurate volume of the wood. The calculated
measurements of the length, width and thickness are measured by the researchers, with 9.14 cm by
4.06 cm by 4.06 cm respectively. The results of the volume of the wood is 151 cm³ using the formula
of the given volume of the wood. During the trial, density of wood was calculated by the mass of the
wood and volume of the wood resulting to a 0.660 g/cm³ density of the wood.

Table 2B. Solid Sample

Trial Volume of H2O, Volume of Volume of Mass of Density of Temp. of
No. mL H2O + Solid, Solid, mL Solid, g Solid, g/mL Liquid Water,
mL °C
1. 20 mL 20.1 mL 0.1 mL 2.91 g 29.1 g/mL
2. 30 mL 30.1 mL 0.1 mL 2.91 g 29.1 g/mL
3. 40 mL 40.1 mL 0.1 mL 2.91 g 29.1 g/mL
Average 29.1 g/mL % Error: 155%
Actual density of solid at specified temperature: 11.4 g/mL

Table 2B shows the acquired value of three trials for the mass of the solid sample, its volume and
its density. During the trial of the solid sample, the volume of the H2O is already given with the
amount of 20 mL, 30mL, and 40mL. The calculated volume of solid were 0.1 mL for all the trials. The
mass of the solid is measured in an analytical balance and said to be 2.91 g. Using the given formula
of getting the density on which the trials resulted to 29.1g/mL each of the 3 trials. Using the formula
for calculating the percent error, the researchers came up with a 155% calculation.

CONCLUSION

The student experimenters reached the conclusion by learning the different types of measuring in
terms of volume, density, mass, temperature, and length. Students were able to demonstrate the
proper use of basic laboratory measurement techniques that resulted in an accurate and precise
result from the experiments. This experiment leads the students to know the relationship between
mass and volume. According to the results, as the mass increases, the volume also goes up, or, in
shorter words, it has a direct proportional relationship. The experiment also gives the students an
overview of how air bubbles and parts of the specimen floating in water affect the determination of
volume. The experiment discovered that air bubbles can make the results inaccurate because they
will cause an overestimation because of the rise in water levels. The measuring experiment also
helped the students understand the importance of measuring temperature when measuring density.
Knowing how to be more accurate and precise is an important lesson in this experiment. Thus, it
should be applied not just in experimentation but also in real-life scenarios.

CALCULATIONS

A. Determination of Density

Table 1A. Water

Trial Mass of empty Mass of Cyl Mass of Volume of Density of Temp. of

No. Cylinder, g + Water, g Water, g Water, mL Water, g/mL Water, °C
1. 22.4 g 26.9 g 4.5 g 5 mL 0.900 g/mL 30.4°C
2. 22.4 g 32.3 g 9.9 g 10 ml 0.990 g/mL 30.4°C
3. 22.4 g 36.5 g 14.1 g 15 mL 0.940 g/mL 30.4°C
Average 0.943 g/mL % Error: 5.67%
Actual density of water at specified temperature: 1 g/mL

*mass of cylinder, mass of cyl + water, and volume of water is measured and given, not calculated

To calculate the mass of water was:

Mass of water = (Mass of Cyl + Water) – (Mass of empty Cylinder)

26.9 g – 22.4 g = 4.5 g

To calculate the density of water was:

mass of water
Density of water =
volume of water

4.5g/5 mL = 0.900 g/mL

To calculate the average density of the trials was:

 Density of Trial 1+ Density of Trial 2+ Density of Trial 3
Average Density =
3

0.900+0.990+0.940
=0.943
3

To calculate the percent error of the data was:

experimental−actual
% error = I I x 100
actual

0.943−1
x 100 = 5.67%
1

Table 1B. Liquid Sample

Trial Mass of empty Mass of Cyl Mass of Volume of Density of Temp. of
No. Cylinder, g + Liquid Liquid Liquid Liquid Sample, Liquid
Sample, g Sample, g Sample, mL g/mL Sample, °C
1. 22.4 g 26.0 g 3.6 g 3 mL 1.2 g/mL
2. 41.8 g 45.4 g 3.6 g 3 ml 1.2 g/mL
3. 61.1 g 64.7 g 3.6 g 3 mL 1.2 g/mL
Average 1.2 g/mL % Error:
4.76%
Actual density of liquid sample at specified temperature: 1.26 g/mL

*mass of cylinder, mass of cyl + liquid sample, and volume of Liquid Sample is measured and given,
not calculated

To calculate the mass of Liquid Sample was:

Mass of Liquid Sample = (Mass of Cyl + Liquid Sample) – (Mass of empty Cylinder)

26.0 g – 22.4 g = 3.6 g

To calculate the density of Liquid Sample was:

mass of Liquid Sample

Density of Liquid Sample =
volume of Liquid Sample

3.6 g/3 mL = 1.2 g/mL

 To calculate the average density of the trials was:

Density of Trial 1+ Density of Trial 2+ Density of Trial 3

Average Density =
3

1.2+ 1.2+1.2
=1.2
3

To calculate the percent error of the data was:

experimental−actual
% error = I I x 100
actual

1.2−1.26
x 100 = 4.76%
1.26

Table 2A. Wood

Trial Length, cm Width, cm Thickness, cm Volume, cm³ Mass, g Density, g/cm³ Temp, °C
No.
1. 9.14 cm 4.06 cm 4.06 cm 151 cm³ 99.6 kg 0.660 g/cm³

Average

*Length, width, thickness, and mass of the wood is measured and given, not calculated

To calculate the volume of the wood was:

Volume of Wood = Length x Width x Thickness
9.14 cm x 4.06 cm x 4.06 cm = 151 cm³
To calculate the density of wood was:
mass of wood
Density of wood =
volume of wood
99.6 g/151 cm³ = 0.660 g/cm³

Table 2B. Solid Sample

Trial Volume of H2O, Volume of Volume of Mass of Density of Temp. of
No. mL H2O + Solid, Solid, mL Solid, g Solid, g/mL Liquid Water,
mL °C
1. 20 mL 20.1 mL 0.1 mL 2.91 g 29.1 g/mL
 2. 30 mL 30.1 mL 0.1 mL 2.91 g 29.1 g/mL
3. 40 mL 40.1 mL 0.1 mL 2.91 g 29.1 g/mL
Average 29.1 g/mL % Error: 155%
Actual density of solid at specified temperature: 11.4 g/mL

*volume of h2o, volume of h2o + solid, and mass of solid is measured and given, not calculated

To calculate the volume of solid was:

Volume of Solid = (Volume of H2O + Solid) – (Volume of H2O)

20.1 g – 20.0 g = 0.1 mL

To calculate the density of solid was:

mass of solid
Density of Liquid Sample =
volume of solid

2.91 g/0.1 mL = 29.1 g/mL

To calculate the average density of the trials was:

Density of Trial 1+ Density of Trial 2+ Density of Trial 3

Average Density =
3

29.1+ 29.1+29.1
=29.1
3

To calculate the percent error of the data was:

experimental−actual
% error = I I x 100
actual

29.1−11.4
x 100 = 155%
11.4

REFERENCES

1. Science at Home! Water Density Experiment | Programs and events calendar. (n.d.).

https://naturalsciences.org/calendar/news/science-at-home-water-density-experiment/
2. Libretexts. (2021, November 11). 2: The density of liquids and solids (Experiment).

Chemistry LibreTexts.

https://chem.libretexts.org/Ancillary_Materials/Laboratory_Experiments/

Wet_Lab_Experiments/General_Chemistry_Labs/Online_Chemistry_Lab_Manual/

Chem_10_Experiments/02%3A_The_Density_of_Liquids_and_Solids_(Experiment)