Lecture3 - EECE 326-01

EECE 326-01
INSTRUMENTATION SYSTEMS
LECTURE 3: ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
COMPONENTS
BY:
PROF. AMIN
Slides by: Dr. Mahmoud Amin

ECE Dep., Manhattan College
Inductors
➢ The dual of the capacitor is the inductor

(passive component), which stores energy
in the magnetic field rather than the
electric field.
➢ Its current-voltage relation is obtained by
exchanging current and voltage in the
capacitor equations and replacing C with
the inductance L.
➢ An inductor's ability to store magnetic
energy is measured by its inductance, in
units of henries.
Inductor Operation
➢ Typically an inductor is a conducting wire shaped as a coil;

the loops help to create a strong magnetic field inside the
coil due to Ampere's Law.
➢ Due to the time-varying magnetic field inside the coil, a
voltage is induced, according to Faraday's law of
electromagnetic induction, which by Lenz's Law opposes the
change in current that created it.
➢ The number of loops, the size of each loop, and the
material it is wrapped around all affect the inductance.
➢ For example, the magnetic flux linking these turns can be
increased by coiling the conductor around a material with a
high permeability such as iron. This can increase the
inductance by 2000 times.
Ideal and Real Inductor
➢ An "ideal inductor" has inductance, but no

resistance or capacitance, and does not dissipate
or radiate energy.
➢ A real inductor may be partially modeled by a
combination of inductance, resistance (due to the
resistance of the wire and losses in core material),
and capacitance.
Applications of Inductors
➢ Inductors are used extensively in analog circuits and signal

processing.
➢ Applications range from the use of large inductors in power supplies,
which in conjunction with filter capacitors remove residual hums
known as the mains hum or other fluctuations from the direct current
output, to the small inductance of the ferrite bead or torus installed
around a cable to prevent radio frequency interference from being
transmitted down the wire.
➢ Two (or more) inductors that have coupled magnetic flux form a
transformer
Types of Inductors
➢ Air Core Coil

➢ Radio Frequency Inductors
➢ Ferromagnetic Core Coil
➢ Laminated Core Inductor
➢ Ferrite-Core Inductor
➢ Toroidal Core Coils
Variable Inductor
➢ A variable inductor can be constructed by making one of the terminals of the device
a sliding spring contact that can move along the surface of the coil, increasing or
decreasing the number of turns of the coil included in the circuit.
➢ An alternate construction method is to use a moveable magnetic core, which can be
slid in or out of the coil.
➢ Moving the core farther into the coil increases the permeability, increasing the
inductance.
➢ Many inductors used in radio applications (usually less than 100 MHz) use
adjustable cores in order to tune such inductors to their desired value, since
manufacturing processes have certain tolerances (inaccuracy).
Inductors in Electric Circuits
➢ Current and Voltage Relations:

o An ideal inductor would offer no resistance to a constant direct current; however, only
superconducting inductors have truly zero electrical resistance.
o The relationship between the time-varying voltage v(t) across an inductor with
inductance L and the time-varying current i(t) passing through it is described by the
differential equation:
𝑑𝑖(𝑡)
𝑣 𝑡 =𝐿
𝑑𝑡
o When there is a sinusoidal alternating current (AC) through an inductor, a sinusoidal
voltage is induced.
o The amplitude of the voltage is proportional to the product of the amplitude (Ip) of
the current and the frequency (f) of the current.
𝑖 𝑡 = 𝐼𝑃 sin(2𝜋𝑓𝑡)
Stored Energy
➢ The energy (measured in joules, in SI) stored by an inductor is equal to the

amount of work required to establish the current through the inductor, and
therefore the magnetic field. This is given by:
1
𝐸𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑑 = 𝐿𝐼2
2
where L is inductance and I is the current through the inductor.
➢ This relationship is only valid for linear (non-saturated) regions of the
magnetic flux linkage and current relationship.
Transformer
➢ A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to

another through inductively coupled conductors—the transformer's coils as
illustrated.
➢ A varying current in the first or primary winding creates a varying magnetic
flux in the transformer's core and thus a varying magnetic field through the
secondary winding.
➢ This varying magnetic field induces a varying electromotive force (EMF), or
"voltage", in the secondary winding. This effect is called mutual induction.
The Ideal Transformer as a Circuit Element
➢ If a load is connected to the secondary, an electric current will flow in the

secondary winding and electrical energy will be transferred from the
primary circuit through the transformer to the load.
➢ In an ideal transformer, the induced voltage in the secondary winding (Vs) is
in proportion to the primary voltage (Vp), and is given by the ratio of the
number of turns in the secondary (Ns) to the number of turns in the primary
(Np).
𝑃𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝐼𝑃 𝑉𝑃 = 𝑃𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑔𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝐼𝑠 𝑉𝑠
➢ giving the ideal transformer equation
𝑉𝑠 𝑁𝑠 𝐼𝑃
= =
𝑉𝑃 𝑁𝑃 𝐼𝑠
Energy Losses
➢ Transformer losses are divided into losses in the windings, termed copper
loss, and those in the magnetic circuit, termed iron loss.
➢ Losses in the transformer arise from:
o Winding resistance
o Hysteresis losses
o Eddy currents
o Magnetostriction
o Mechanical losses
o Stray losses A transformer with
laminate steel core
Homework 3
1. How is the flow (current) through an inductor is

related to the effort (voltage) applied?
2. Explain the behavior of an inductor in AC and DC
circuits.
3. Explain the effect of the core on the performance
of an inductor.
4. What basic function a transformer performs in
electrical circuits?
5. What is the efficiency of a transformer?

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EECE 326-01

Slides by: Dr. Mahmoud Amin

➢ The dual of the capacitor is the inductor

➢ Typically an inductor is a conducting wire shaped as a coil;

➢ An "ideal inductor" has inductance, but no

➢ Inductors are used extensively in analog circuits and signal

➢ Air Core Coil

➢ Current and Voltage Relations:

➢ The energy (measured in joules, in SI) stored by an inductor is equal to the

➢ A transformer is a device that transfers electrical energy from one circuit to

➢ If a load is connected to the secondary, an electric current will flow in the

1. How is the flow (current) through an inductor is

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