INDONESIA

90/Estey
© UNICEF/UNI1019

STATISTICAL PROFILE ON FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION

Female genital mutilation (FGM) refers to “all KEY STATISTICS ON WOMEN’S STATUS
procedures involving partial or total removal of
the female external genitalia or other injury to the
female genital organs for non-medical reasons.”1 2% of women 20-24 years were married or
in union before age 15
While the exact number of girls and women
worldwide who have undergone FGM remains
unknown, at least 200 million girls and women 16% of women 20-24 years were married or
in union before age 18
have been cut in 31 countries with representative
data on prevalence. FGM is a violation of girls’
and women’s human rights and is condemned by 7% of women 20-24 years have given
birth by age 18
many international treaties and conventions, as
well as by national legislation in many countries. of women 15-49 years think that a

32%
Yet, where it is practised, FGM is performed in husband/partner is justified in hitting/
line with tradition and social norms to ensure that beating his wife/partner under certain
girls are socially accepted and marriageable, and circumstances
to uphold their status and honour and that of the
entire family. UNICEF works with government,
of women 15-49 years make use of
civil society partners and other UN agencies
towards the elimination of FGM in countries
where it is still practised.
86% at least one type of information media
at least once a week (newspaper,
magazine, televisio or radio)
1. World Health Organization, Eliminating Female Genital Mutilation: An interagency statement,
WHO, UNFPA, UNICEF, UNIFEM, OHCHR, UNHCR, UNECA, UNESCO, UNDP, UNAIDS, WHO,
Geneva, 2008, p. 4.
Source: DHS 2017

Data and Analytics Section

DIVISION OF DATA, ANALYTICS, PLANNING AND MONITORING
 HOW WIDESPREAD IS THE PRACTICE?

Nearly half of girls under the age of 12 have undergone some form of FGM

Percentage of girls aged 0 to 11 years who have undergone any form of FGM (as reported by their mothers),
by education level of household head, place of residence and wealth quintile

100

80

60 53 52 52 56 53
49 50 47
42 45 45
40

20

0
Total No Primary Primary Junior Senior Tertiary Rural Urban Poorest Richest
education school education secondary secondary education
incomplete education education

The prevalence of FGM among young girls is highest in Gorontalo province and lowest in East Nusa Tenggara

Percentage of girls aged 0 to 11 years who have undergone any form of FGM (as reported by their mothers), by province

Less than 10%

10% - 25%

26% - 50%

51% - 80%

Above 80%

Data collection on FGM in Indonesia Types of FGM performed in Indonesia

Nationally representative data on FGM were collected Various forms of FGM are practised in different parts of Indonesia.
for the first time in the country through the 2013 Basic Type I (commonly referred to as clitoridectomy) and less invasive
Health Research Survey (RISKESDAS), a household procedures (Type IV) are the two forms generally practised in
survey carried out in 33 provinces and 497 districts/ the country. A fatwa issued by the Indonesian Ulema Council
cities between May and June 2013. The survey was (Majelis Ulama Indonesia - MUI)1 in 2008 recommends that
implemented by the National Institute of Health female Muslims undergo FGM since it is considered a rule and
Research and Development (Balitbangkes) of the symbol of Islam. According to the fatwa, the practice should be
Ministry of Health. Data were collected from a sample of done by eliminating the membrane (jaldah/colum/praeputium)
nearly 300,000 households. that covers the clitoris but that it should not involve cutting,
injuring or damaging the clitoris by either incision or excision.
Information was collected by asking the caregiver or
guardian of each female household member between According to the Ministry of Health regulation (Article 1,
the ages of 0 and 11 years whether she had ever paragraph 1 Permenkes 1636/2010), FGM/C is an act of scratching
undergone ‘circumcision’, the age at which she had the skin that covers the front of the clitoris, without injuring the
been ‘circumcised’, the person who had suggested she clitoris. It is cleaning the vulva from dirt/smegma or mucus that
undergo the practice and the person who performed exists between the cover/frenulum of the clitoris and the glans
the procedure. Respondents were not asked what type of the clitoris.
of FGM had been performed nor were they provided
1 The Indonesian Ulema Council is Indonesia’s top Muslim clerical body. It acts as an interface
with a definition of what should be considered as between the Indonesian government, which is secular, and the Islamic community. Among its main
‘circumcision’. responsibilities are the production of fatwas and advice to the Muslim community on contemporary
issues.
 WHEN IS THE PRACTICE PERFORMED AND BY WHOM?

Around three in four girls underwent the procedure when they were less than six months old

Percentage distribution of girls aged 0 to 11 years who have undergone any form of FGM (as reported by their mothers), by age at cutting

Less than one month

1-5 months

6-11 months 5 72 5 14 3

1-4 years

5-11 years
0 20 40 60 80 100

In rural areas, the majority of cases of FGM Girls from the poorest quintile were most likely to
were performed by a midwife while in urban have FGM performed by traditional birth attendants
areas, traditional birth attendants are the most while those from the richest quintile most often
common practitioners of FGM experienced the practice at the hands of midwives

Percentage distribution of girls aged 0 to 11 years who have undergone Percentage distribution of girls aged 0 to 11 years who have undergone any form
any form of FGM in urban and rural areas (as reported by their mothers), of FGM in the poorest and richest wealth quintiles (as reported by their mothers),
according to the type ofperson/practitioner performing the procedure according to the type of person/practitioner performing the procedure

Urban Rural Poorest quintile Richest quintile

3 1 4
5 9 1
11 6

21
30
51 28
62 39 60 69

Other health personnel Other health personnel

Circumcision practitioner Circumcision practitioner

Midwives Midwives

Traditional birth attendant Traditional birth attendant

Note: Due to rounding, some of the data may not add up to 100 per cent.

WHO HAS SUGGESTED THAT GIRLS UNDERGO CIRCUMCISION?

In eight out of ten cases, it was reported that parents had suggested that their daughters undergo FGM,
likely influenced by religious and cultural beliefs about the practice

Percentage of girls aged 0 to 11 years who have undergone any form of FGM (as reported by their respondent), by the person in the household
or community who made the decision to perform FGM (as reported by the respondent)

100
81
80
63
60
40
20 18
20

0
Parent Other family member Religious leader Traditional leader

Source for all charts on pages 2 and 3: UNICEF global databases, 2016, based on National Institute of Health Research and Development, Ministry of Health, 2013 Basic Health Research (RISKESDAS), 2013, translation
provided by UNICEF Indonesia Country Office. The prevalence figure of 51% reported in the RISKESDAS 2013 differs slightly from the total prevalence figure presented here due to differences in the treatment of missing data.
 INDONESIA
INTER-COUNTRY STATISTICAL OVERVIEW
Percentage of girls aged 0 to 14 years who have undergone FGM

100

80 73

60
49 51 51
39 43
40 33
29 30

20 14 14 16
10 13 13
8 10
0.2 0.3 0.4 1 1 1 1 1 3
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Notes: Data on girls’ prevalence in Egypt refer to girls aged 6 months to 14 years and in Indonesia refer to girls aged 0 to 11 years. An older source is used to report on the prevalence of FGM among girls in Uganda (DHS 2011) since the
latest source did not collect these data.
Source: DHS, EDSF/PAPFAM, MICS, Health Issues Survey, Population and Health Survey and RISKEDAS, 2010-2018.

ç 2014 Recommendations of the Committee

Status of legislation against FGM in Indonesia
on the Rights of the Child

In 2006, the Ministry of Health issued a circular letter prohibiting female circumcision “33. The Committee notes the State party’s decision
by medical professionals. Two years later, the Indonesian Ulema Council (Majelis to revoke Regulation No. 1636 of 2010 on female
Ulama Indonesia – MUI)1 issued a fatwa (religious edict) against the prohibition on circumcision by Ministry of Health Regulation No. 6 of
the grounds that female circumcision is part of Sharia (Islamic law)2 and should be 2014. However, the Committee notes that female genital
provided by medical professionals if requested by families and communities. The mutilation (FGM), including the practice of so-called
fatwa requires that female circumcision procedures be conducted in accordance female circumcision, is not explicitly prohibited. It is
with Sharia and prohibits excessive circumcision practices that pose a danger to gravely concerned about the large number of girls who
women and girls, both physically and psychologically. In 2010, the Council urged have been victims to female genital mutilation (FGM).
the Ministry of Health to issue a decree that would allow female circumcision by
medical professionals. This regulation, PMK No. 1636/2010, prohibits “grave types 34. The Committee urges the State party to adopt
of FGM” and stipulates that only licensed doctors, midwives and nurses (preferably legislation to fully prohibit FGM in all its forms and to: (a)
female) may practice FGM, and that it should only be performed upon the request or Provide physical and psychological recovery programmes
approval of those undergoing the procedure or their parent/guardian. The Ministerial for victims of FGM, as well as establish reporting and
regulation includes a detailed standard operating procedure to be followed by skilled complaints mechanisms accessible to girls who have
health personnel performing FGM, noting that it should be conducted hygienically in been victims, or fear becoming victims of the practice;
a clean environment and that practitioners should provide clear guidance to patients (b) With the full participation of civil society and women
and caregivers on how to deal with potential complications. and girls who are victims of FGM, set up awareness-
raising campaigns and educational programmes on the
As a consequence of PMK No. 1636/2010 every hospital, even private maternity clinics, harmful impact of FGM on the physical and psychological
continued to perform female circumcision on the grounds that it was considered health of the girl child and ensure that the campaigns
safer and more hygienic if it was performed by trained medical personnel. The and programmes are systematically and consistently
Women’s Commission in Indonesia and the Committee on the Rights of the Child have mainstreamed and that they target all segments of
persistently advocated against this regulation, which was finally repealed in February society, both women and men, government officials,
2014. Despite the fact that 1636/2010 is not valid anymore, there are no sanctions for families and all religious and community leaders; (c) Fully
individuals who continue to conduct FGM. criminalize the practice and ensure that practitioners
are aware of its criminalization; involve practitioners
1. The Indonesian Ulema Council is Indonesia’s top Muslim clerical body. It acts as an interface between the Indonesian
government, which is secular, and the Islamic community. Among its main responsibilities are the production of fatwas and in the efforts to promote abandonment of the practice;
advice to the Muslim community on contemporary issues. assist them in finding alternative sources of income and
2. There has been a great deal of effort by scholars and activists to demonstrate a lack of scriptural support for female
circumcision. In Egypt, for example, the most authoritative condemnation of FGM/C in Islam to date is the 2007 fatwa issued
livelihood; and, where necessary, provide retraining for
by the Al-Azhar Supreme Council of Islamic Research, explaining that FGM/C has no basis in Sharia or any of its partial them.”frenulum of the clitoris and the glans of the clitoris.
provisions, and that it is a sinful action that should be avoided. Several regional and national fatwas in other countries have
followed in the years since, with the original statement as their basis.
Source: Concluding observations on the combined third and fourth periodic reports
of Indonesia, CRC/C/IDN/CO/3-4, 10 July 2014.
Excerpted from: UNICEF Indonesia, Update of the Situation Analysis of Children in Indonesia, unpublished, December 2014.

Updated January 2020

FOR MORE INFORMATION
Data and Analytics Section - Division of Data, Analytics, Planning and Monitoring
UNICEF, 3 UN Plaza, New York, 10017
Website: data.unicef.org Email: data@unicef.org