Physics Smart Booklet

1.Basic Mathematics In Physics

Physics Smart Booklet

Theory + NCERT MCQs + Topic Wise Practice
MCQs + NEET PYQs
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Basic Mathematics in Physics

Quadratic equation
An algebraic equation of second order (highest power of variable is 2) is called a quadratic equation
Example: ax2 + bx + c = 0, a  0
It has solution for two values of x which are given by
− b + b 2 − 4ac − b − b 2 − 4ac
x= and x =
2a 2a
The quantity (b2 – 4ac) is called discriminant of the equation.

Binomial theorem
(i) The binomial theorem for any positive value of n is
(x + a)n = xn + nC1 a xn–1 + nC2 a2 xn–2 + ….. + nCr ar xn–r + ….. + an
n!
Where ‘a’ is a constant and n Cr =
r!(n − r)!
Here, n! = n(n – 1) (n – 2) …….. 3  2  1
For example, 6! = 6  5  4  3  2  1 = 720
n(n − 1) 2 n(n − 1)(n − 2) 3
(ii) (1 + x) n = 1 + nx + x + x + ...
2! 3!
For |x| << 1, we can neglect higher powers of x
So, (1 + x)n = 1 + nx
Similarly (1 – x)n = 1 – nx
(1 + x)–n = 1 – nx and (1 – x)–n = 1 + nx
Here ‘n’ may have any value

Arithmetic progression [A.P]

A sequence like a, a + d, a + 2d, ………. is called arithmetic progression
Here ‘d’ is the common difference
(i) The nth term of an A.P. is given by a n = a + (n − 1)d
(ii) The sum of first ‘n’ terms of an A.P. is given by
n n
Sn = [1st term + n th term] = (a1 + a n )
2 2
Here a1 = a and an = a + (n – 1)d
n
So, Sn = [2a + (n − 1)d]
2

Geometric progression G.P

The progression like a, ar, ar2, ………. is called geometric progression. Here ‘r’ is called geometric ratio
or common ratio.
(i) The nth term of G.P. is given by a n = a r n −1
a(r n − 1) a(1 − r n )
(ii) The sum of the first n terms of G.P. is given by Sn = for r  1 and Sn = for r  1
(r − 1) (1 − r)
(iii) The sum of infinite terms of G.P., for | r | < 1, is given by

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1st term a
S = or S =
1 − common ratio 1− r

Exponential series
n
 1 1 1 1
The value of e = lt 1 +  = 1 + + + ..... 
n →
 n 1! 2! 3!
1 1 1
=1+1+ + + ........  = 2.718
2 6 24
 e = 2.718
x x 2 x3 x x 2 x3
So, ex = 1 + + + + ...............  and e− x = 1 − + − + ............... 
1! 2! 3! 1! 2! 3!

Logarithms
For a positive real number ‘a’ and a rational number m, we have am = b. Another way of expressing the
same fact is “logarithm of ‘b’ to the base ‘a’ is m”.
i.e., loga b = m
so log a b = m  b = a m
The logarithms to base ‘e’ are called natural logarithms and the logarithms to base 10 are called common
logarithms.
log10 1000 = 3  1000 = 103
loge y = x  y = ex
loge y is also written as ln y.
Note that loga 1 = 0, log10 10 = 1, log10 2 = 0.693 and loge 10 = 2.303

Laws of logarithms:
(i) loga (mn) = loga m + loga n
m
(ii) log a   = log a m − log a n
n
(iii) log a (m) n = n log a m

Angles
1 = 60
1 = 60
2  radian = 360 (OR)  radian = 180 r l
1 radian = 57 16 
O
If in a circle of radius ‘r’, an arc of length ‘l’ subtends
an angle  radian at the centre, then
l
=
r
If l = r the angle subtended at the centre is 1 radian.

Trigonometric functions
In a right angled triangle ABC, we can define that C

r y


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A B
x
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y r
sin  = cosec  =
r y
x r
cos  = sec  =
r x
y x
tan  = cot  =
x y
From the above ratios, we have
1 1 1
cosec  = , sec  = and cot  =
sin  cos  tan 

sin2  + cos2  = 1
 1 + tan2  = sec2 
1 + cot2  = cosec2 

Trigonometric ratio values

Angle → 0 30 45 60 90
sin 0 1 1 3 1
2 2 2
cos 1 3 1 1 0
2 2 2
tan 0 1 1 3 
3

Values of trigonometric ratios in different quadrants

Angle – 90 –  90 +  180 –  180 +  270 –  270 +  360 –  360 + 
sin – sin  cos  cos  sin  – sin  – cos  – cos  – sin  sin 
cos cos  sin  – sin  – cos  – cos  – sin  sin  cos  cos 
tan – tan  cot  – cot  – tan  tan  cot  – cot  – tan  tan 

 If  (in radian) is very small, then sin  ~ tan  ~ 

Important trigonometric formulae
(i) sin (A + B) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B
(ii) sin (A – B) = sin A cos B – cos A sin B
(iii) cos (A + B) = cos A cos B – sin A sin B
(iv) cos (A – B) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B
tan A + tan B
(v) tan(A + B) =
1 − tan A tan B
tan A − tan B
(vi) tan(A − B) =
1 + tan A tan B
For A = B
(vii) sin 2A = 2sin A cos A

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(viii) cos 2A = cos2 A – sin2 A
2 tan A
(ix) tan 2A =
1 − tan 2 A

Sum and difference formulae

A+B A−B
(i) sin A + sin B = 2sin cos
2 2
A+B A−B
(ii) sin A − sin B = 2cos sin
2 2
A+B A−B
(iii) cos A + cos B = 2cos cos
2 2
A+B B−A
(iv) cos A − cos B = 2sin sin
2 2

Product formulae
(i) 2sin A cos B = sin (A + B) + sin (A – B)
(ii) 2cos A sin B = sin (A + B) – sin (A – B)
(iii) 2cos A cos B = cos (A + B) + cos (A – B)
(iv) 2sin A sin B = cos (A – B) – cos (A + B)

Properties of triangle
a b c
(i) Law of sines = = A
sin A sin B sin C
(ii) Laws of cosines A
b c
a2 = b2 + c2 – 2bc cos A
b2 = a2 + c2 – 2ca cos B
C B
c2 = a2 + b2 – 2ab cos C C B
a
Areas and volumes
(i)
h

b
1
Area of a triangle is A = bh
2
(ii) b

a
1 1
Area of a trapezium is A = (a + b)h →  height  (sum of the parallel sides)
2 2
(iii)

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Area of circle is A = R2

(iv)
l
h

Area of curved surface of a cone is A = Rl

Total surface area of a cone is A = Rl + R2
R 2 h
Volume of a cone is V =
3
(v)

Surface area of sphere is A = 4R2

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Volume of sphere is V = R 3
3
Differentiation
If ‘y’ is the function of x, then we can write y = f(x)
Here x is the independent variable and y is the dependent variable. If x varies from x to x + x, then
y + y = f(x + x)
y = (y + y) – y = f(x + x) – f(x)
y f (x + x) − f (x)
Now, =
x x
Taking limits on both sides, we have
 y   f (x + x) − f (x) 
lt   = xl→t 0  
 x 
x →0
 x 
 y  dy
The quantity l t   is called derivative of y w.r.t. x and is written as .
x →0 x
  dx
dy f (x + x) − f (x)
Thus, we can write = lt
dx x → 0 x
Geometrical meaning of differentiation Y
Let y = f(x) graph is as shown in figure. Choose two points P(x, y) and
Q
Q(x + x, y + y) on the curve. The slope of line PQ is given by y
y 
= tan  . P
x y
X
x x

If point Q approaches P, the slope tan  of the line PQ approaches the slope of the tangent at P. Thus, we
 y  dy
have l t   = = tan 
x →0 x
  dx

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Y


X

dy
i.e., at any point of the curve gives slope of the tangent at that point.
dx
Formulae in differentiation
d n d
(i) x = n x n −1 (ii) k x n = k n x n −1
dx dx
d
(iii) k=0
dx
Let u and v are functions of x, then
(iv) If y = u + v, then
d dy du dv
(u + v) = = +
dx dx dx dx
(v) If y = u – v, then (vi) If y = uv, then
d dy du dv d dy dv du
(u − v) = = − (uv) = =u +v
dx dx dx dx dx dx dx dx
u dy  dy   du 
(vii) If y = , then (viii) We can write =   
v dx  du   dx 
du dv
v −u
d  u  dy dx dx
 = =
dx  v  dx v2
dy d d
(ix) If y = sin x, then = sin x = cos x (x) cos x = − sin x
dx dx dx
d d
(xi) tan x = sec 2 x (xii) cot x = − cos ec 2 x
dx dx
d d
(xiii) cos ecx = − cot x cos ecx (xiv) sec x = tan x sec x
dx dx
d 1 d 1
(xv) sin −1 x = (xvi) cos −1 x = −
dx 1 − x2 dx 1 − x2
d 1 d x
(xvii) lnx = (xviii) e = ex
dx x dx
Maxima and minima Y
Suppose a quantity y depends on another quantity x in a manner shown in
figure. It becomes maximum at x1 and minimum at x2.

At these points the tangent to the curve is parallel to the X-axis and hence its
X
slope i s tan  = 0. But the slope of the curve y-x equals the rate of change x1 x2
dy
. Thus, at a maximum or a minimum,
dx
dy
=0
dx

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Just before the maximum the slope is positive, at the maximum it is zero and just after the maximum it is
dy dy
negative. Thus, decreases at a maximum and hence the rate of change of is negative at a maximum
dx dx
d  dy 
i.e.,    0 at a maximum.
dx  dx 
d  dy  d2y
The quantity   is the rate of change of the slope. It is written as . Thus, the condition of a
dx  dx  dx 2
maximum is
dy 
=0 
dx
 − maximum
d2y 
 0
dx 2

Similarly, at a minimum the slope changes from negative to positive. The slope increases at such a point
d  dy 
and hence    0. The condition of a minimum is
dx  dx 
dy 
=0 
dx
 − minimum
d2y 
 0
dx 2 
Quite often it is known from the physical situation whether the quantity is a maximum or a
d2 y
minimum. The test on may then be omitted.
dx 2
Integration
The integration is the inverse operation of differentiation. Thus, if the derivative of a function f(x) w.r.t.
d
x is f (x), then the integration of f (x) w.r.t. x will be f(x). That is if f (x) = f (x) the  f (x)dx = f (x) + C
dx
where c = constant of integration.
The differentiation of a constant is zero, therefore in integration there may involve constant of
integration (C). Thus we write  f (x)dx = f (x) + C .
Formulae
(i) 1dx =  dx = x + c (ii)  kdx = k  dx = kx + C
x n +1
 x dx = + C (n  –1) x
−1
(iii) n
(iv) dx = ln x + C
n +1
(v)  (u + v)dx =  udx +  vdx + C (vi)  (u − v)dx =  udx −  vdx + C
where u and v are functions of x

 e dx = e +C  sin x dx = − cos x + C
x x
(vii) (viii)

 cos x dx = sin x + C  sec x dx = tan x + C

2
(ix) (x)

 cosec x dx = − cot x + C  cosecx cot x dx = − cosec x + C

2
(xi) (xii)
cos(ax + b)
(xiii)  sec x tan x dx = sec x + C (xiv)  sin (ax + b)dx = − +C
a
sin(ax + b)
(xv)  cos(ax + b)dx = a
+C

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Definite integral
When a function is integrated between lower and upper limits, it is called definite integral.
If ‘a’ and ‘b’ are the lower and upper limits of variable x, then
b

 f (x)dx = f (x) + c = f (b) + c − f (a) + c = f (b) − f (a)

b
a
a

Here, constant of integration c gets cancelled so, there is no need to place it in definite integration.

Geometrical significance of a definite integral

Consider a function y = f(x) which is represented graphically as shown in Y
figure. The area bounded by this curve, the x-axis and the two lines
x = a and x = b defines the definite integral of the function f(x),
b

i.e.,  f (x)dx =
a
shaded area in the figure
a X
b
[‘a’ is called lower limit and ‘b’ is called upper limit]
Thus, we can say that the definite integral as defined by the equation signifies the area under the curve
between the limits ‘a’ and ‘b’.

Graphs
Following graphs and their corresponding equations are frequently used in physics.

Straight line
(i) y = mx, represents a straight line passing through origin. Here m = tan  is called the slope of the line,
where  is the angle which the line makes with positive X-axis, when drawn in anticlockwise direction from
the positive X-axis towards the line.
Y Y



X X

xy = mx
xy = −mx
m = tan  is positive m = tan  is negative
[  is acute] [  is obtuse]

Note that y = mx or y  x also means that value of y becomes 2 times if x is doubled. Or it will
 become
1
th

if x becomes
1
times.
4 4

(ii) y = mx + c, represents a straight line NOT passing through origin. Here, m is the slope and c is the
Y-intercept. +
Y Y Y Y

C C C


c   
X X X X
− y = − c + mx C
y = c + mx C C y = − c − mx

m is positive y = c − mx y = − c + mx m is negative
C is positive m is negative C is negative
C is positive m is positive
C is negative

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 Note that, in y = mx + C, y does not become 2 times if x is doubled.

Rectangular hyperbola Y
1 3
y or y = or xy = 4 etc., represents a rectangular
x x
hyperbola in first and third quadrants. The shape of the X
rectangular hyperbola is shown.

Y
From the graph, it is clear that as x tends to , y → 0 and as y tends
to , x → 0.
1 3
Similarly, y  − or y = − or xy = –4 represents a rectangular X
x x
hyperbola in second and fourth quadrants as shown.

 In case of rectangular hyperbola if x is doubled y will become half.

Parabola
y  x2 or y = 2x2 etc., represents a parabola passing through origin and symmetric about Y-axis as shown.
Y

y  x2

 Note that in the parabola y = 2x2 or y  x2, if x is doubled, y becomes 4 times.

x  y2

Graph x  y2 or x = 3y2, etc. is again a parabola passing through origin and symmetric about X-axis as shown.
In x  y2, if y is doubled x becomes 4 times.
y = x2 + 3 or x = y2 – 4 represents a parabola NOT passing through origin. In the first equation (y = x2 + 3),
if x is doubled, y will not become 4 times.
Exponential graphs
Y

X
(i) y = A e–kx represents exponentially decreasing graph. Value of y decreases exponentially from A to 0. The
graph is shown.

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From the graph (and the equation), we can see that y = A at x = 0 and as
x → , y → 0
Y
(ii) y = A(1 – e–kx) represents an exponentially increasing graph. Value of y increases A
exponentially from 0 to A. The graph is shown

From the graph (and the equation), we can see that y = 0 at x = 0 and as x → ,
X
y → A.

The graph of x = et
Y
5 x = et
x = t is the line of symmetry
3

1 x = lnt

X
–2 –1 1 3 5
–1
–2

If x = et then t = loge x or lnt

The graphs between x and t for x = et,
x = t and x = lnt are drawn.

Illustrations
1. Evaluate 1.01
Solution
1 1
1
(1.01) 2 = (1 + 0.01) 2 = 1 +  0.01 = 1.005
2
1 1 1
2. Find the sum of progression 1, , , , ......... 
2 4 8
Solution
1
1
It’s a G.P with r = 2 = [r < 1]
1 2
a 1
S = = =2
1− r 1− 1
2
 x 3 
3. Using binomial expansion, simplify the following expression Q 1 +  − 1 , assuming x to be small in
 x  
comparison to x.

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Solution
 x 3   1 x   Qx
Q  1 +  − 1 = Q 1 +  − 1 =
 x    3 x   3x

4. Determine the values of sin 120, sin 240, sin 300 and sin(–30)
Solution
3
sin 120 = sin(90 + 30) = cos 30 = [ sin (90 + ) = cos ]
2
3
sin 240 = sin(270 − 30) = − cos30 = − [ sin (270 – ) = –cos ]
2
3
sin 300 = sin(360 − 60) = − sin 60 = − [ sin (360 – ) = –sin ]
2
1
sin(−30) = − sin 30 = − [ sin (–) = –sin ]
2
dy
5. If y = x3 – 5x2 + 2x + 3, find .
dx
Solution
dy d 3 d 3 d d d
= (x − 5x 2 + 2x + 3) = x − 5x 2 + 2x + 3
dx dx dx dx dx dx
= 3x2 – 10x + 2 + 0 = 3x2 – 10x + 2

dy
6. If y = (ax + b)2, evaluate .
dx
Solution
Let ax + b = u
du d dy d d
= (ax + b) = a and = (ax + b) 2 = (u) 2 = 2u
dx dx du du du
dy dy du
 =  = 2u  a = 2au = 2a(ax + b)
dx du dx
dy
7. If y = sin [ln x3], evaluate .
dx
Solution
Let x3 = u
du d 3
= x = 3x 2
dx dx
Let ln x3 = v
dv 1 1
v = ln u  = =
du u x 3
y = sin [ln x3] = sin v
dy
= cos v = cos[ln x 3 ]
dv

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dy dy dv du 1 3
Now =   = cos[ln x 3 ]  3  3x 2 = cos[ln x 3 ]
dx dv du dx x x
dy
8. If y = sin 2x, evaluate .
dx
Solution
Let 2x = u
du d
= (2x) = 2
dx dx
dy d
= sin u = cos u = cos 2x
du du
dy dy du
=  = cos 2x  2 = 2cos 2x
dx du dx

9. Find the minimum and maximum values of the function y = x3 – 3x2 + 6. Also, find the values of x at which
these occur.
Solution
dy d 3
= (x − 3x 2 + 6) = 3x 2 − 6x
dx dx
dy
At maxima or minima = 0  3x 2 − 6x = 0  x = 0, +2
dx
d 2 y d  dy  d
=  = (3x 2 − 6x) = 6x − 6
dx 2 dx  dx  dx
 d2 y 
 2 = 6(0) − 6 = −6  0 ,
 dx at x =0
 d2 y 
 2 = 6(2) − 6 = 6  0
 dx at x = 2
dy d2 y
 At x = 0, = 0 and 0.
dx dx 2
So at x = 0 y is maximum and y max = (0)3 − 3(0)2 + 6 = 6
dy d2 y
At x = 2, = 0 and 0.
dx dx 2
So at x = 2, y is minimum and y min = (2)3 − 3(2)2 + 6 = 2
10. Integrate the following w.r.t. x
1 1
(i) x3 (ii) x − (iii) e 2x +
x x2
1
(iv) cos(4x + 3) (v) (vi) cos2 x
2x + 3
Solution
(i) y = x3
x4
 ydx =  x dx = +C
3

4
1
(ii) y = x −
x

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 1 1 x2
 y dx =  x  
 x −  dx = x dx − x dx =
2
− ln x + C

1
(iii) y = e 2x +
x2
 2x 1  e2x x −2 +1 e2x 1
    
−2
y dx = e +  dx = e 2x
dx + x dx = + + C = − +C
x2  2 −2 + 1 2 x
(iv) y = cos(4x + 3)
sin(4x + 3)
 y dx =  cos(4x + 3)dx = 4
+C

1
(v) y =
2x + 3
1 ln(2x + 3)
 y dx =  2x + 3 dx = 2
+C

(vi) y = cos2 x
1 + cos 2x 1 cos 2x x sin 2x x sin 2x
 y dx =  cos x dx =  dx =  dx +  dx = + +C= + +C
2

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 4
11. Evaluate

2 v 4 9 4
1
(a)  x 3dx (b)  Mv dv (c)  dx (d)  x dx (e)  cos 2x dx
1 u 3
x 4 0

Solution
2
2
 x4  24 14 15
(a)  x dx =   = − =
3

1  4 1 4 4 4
v
v
 v2   v 2 u 2  Mv 2 − Mu 2
(b)  Mvdv = M   = M  −  =
u  2 u 2 2 2
4
1 4
 x dx = [ln x] = l n 4 − ln 3 = ln
4
(c) 3
3
3
9
 1 +1   3  9
9
 x 2   2x 2  2  32 3
 2
(d)  x dx =  =
1   3 
= 9 − 4 2  = [27 − 8] = 10
3  3
4  + 1   4
 2 4 
 
 
sin 2   sin
 sin 2x  4  −
4
4 sin 2(0) 2 =1
(e)  cos 2x dx =   = =
0  2 0 2 2 2 2

12. Draw the straight lines corresponding to following equations

(a) y = 2x (b) y = – 6x (c) y = 4x + 2 (d) y = 6x – 4
Solution
Y Y



X X
(a) (b)

y = 2x y = – 6x
slope = tan  = 2 slope = tan  = – 6

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Physics Smart Booklet

Y Y

2
 
X X
(c) (d) –4

y = 4x + 2 y = 6x – 4
Y-intercept, c = 2 Slope = tan  = 6
Slope = tan  = 4 Y-intercept, c = –4

13. Write down the x – y equations for the graphs given below:

Y Y

45
(a) X (b) X
30

Y
Y
4
135
30
X X
(c) (d) 2

Solution
(a) Slope is positive and slope = tan  = tan 45 = 1
y=x
1
(b) Slope is negative and slope = tan  = tan (180 – 30) = tan 150 = – cot 60 = −
3
1
 y=− x
3
1
(c) Slope = tan  = tan 30 = , y-intercept is c = + 4
3
2
1
y= x+4 45
3 2
(d) Slope = tan  = tan 135 = – 1, y-intercept is c = 2
y=–x+2
14. For the equations given below, tell the nature of graphs.
(a) y = 2x2 (b) y = – 4x2 + 6 (c) y = 6 e–4x
4 2
(d) y = 4(1 – e–2x) (e) y = (f) y = −
x x

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Physics Smart Booklet
Solution
(a) Parabola passing through origin
(b) Parabola not passing through origin
(c) Exponentially decreasing graph
(d) Exponentially increasing graph
(e) Rectangular hyperbola in first and third quadrants
(f) Rectangular hyperbola in second and fourth quadrants

1
15. Calculate (1001) 3 .
Solution
 1 
1001 = 1000 + 1 = 1000 1 +  = 1000(1 + 0.001)
 1000 
 1 
1 1 1
(1001) 3 = [1000(1 + 0.001)]3 = 10(1 + 0.001) 3 = 10 1 + (0.001)
 3 
= 10[1 + 0.000333] = 10[1.000333] = 10.00333
3
16. (i) If sin A = , find cos A.
5
(ii) Find tan 120, cot 150, sec 120, cosec 135
cot A − cos A cos ecA − 1
(iii) Prove that =
cot A + cos A cos ecA + 1
sin  − cos  + 1 1
(iv) Prove that = using sec2  = 1 + tan2 
sin  + cos  − 1 sec  − tan 
Solution
(i) cos A = 1 − sin 2 A [ sin2 A + cos2 A = 1]
2
3 9 16 4
= 1−   = 1− − =
5 25 25 5
4
cos A =
5
(ii) tan 120 = tan(90 + 30) = – cot 30 = − 3
cot 150 = cot(90 + 60) = – tan 60 = − 3
sec 120 = sec(90 + 30) = – cosec 30 = –2
cosec 135 = cosec(180 – 45) = + cosec 45 = 2
cos A
− cos A
cot A − cos A sin A cos A − sin A cos A
(iii) L.H.S. = = =
cot A + cos A cos A + cos A cos A + sin A cos A
sin A
(cos A − sin A cos A) / sin A cos A cos ec A − 1
= = = R.H.S.
(cos A + sin A cos A) / sin A cos A cos ec A + 1

Hence proved

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Physics Smart Booklet
sin  − cos  + 1 (sin  − cos  + 1) / cos  tan  − 1 + sec 
(iv) L.H.S. = = =
sin  + cos  − 1 (sin  + cos  − 1) / cos  tan  + 1 − sec 
(tan  + sec ) − 1 {(tan  + sec ) − 1}(tan  − sec )
= =
(tan  − sec ) + 1 {(tan  − sec ) + 1}(tan  − sec )
tan 2  − sec 2  − tan  + sec  −1 − tan  + sec 
= =
{tan  − sec  + 1}(tan  − sec ) (tan  − sec  + 1)(tan  − sec )
−1 1
= = = R.H.S.
tan  − sec  sec  − tan 
Hence proved.
17. Differentiate the following functions with respect to x.
x
(a) x3 + 5x2 – 2 (b) x sin x (c) (2x + 3)6 (d) (e) e(5x + 2)
sin x
Solution
(a) Let y = x3 + 5x2 – 2
dy d 3 d 3 d d
= (x + 5x 2 − 2) = x + 5x 2 − 2 = 3x 2 + 5(2x) − 0
dx dx dx dx dx
dy
= 3x 2 + 10x
dx
(b) Let y = x sin x
dy d d  d dv du 
= x sin x + sin x x  Usin g dx (uv) = u dx + v dx 
dx dx dx  
= x cos x + sin x
(c) Let y = (2x + 3)6
du dy
Let 2x + 3 = u  = 2(1) + 0 = 2 ; y = u 6  = 6u 5
dx du
dy dy du
=  = 6u 5  2 = 12u 5 = 12(2x + 3)5
dx du dx
x
(d) Let y =
sin x
d d  du dv 
sin x x − x sin x  v −u 
dy dx dx d u dx dx
=  Usin g = 
dx (sin x)2  dx v v2 
 
sin x(1) − x(cos x) sin x − x cos x
= =
sin 2 x sin 2 x
(e) Let y = e(5x + 2) and u = 5x + 2
du dy
= 5(1) + 0 = 5 ; y = e u  = eu
dx du
dy dy du
Now, =  = e u 5 = 5e(5x + 2)
dx du dx
18. Integrate the following functions with respect to x.
 2 1
 (5x + 3x − 2)dx (b)   4sin x −  dx  4x + 5 dx (d)  (6x + 2)3 dx
2
(a) (c)
 x 
Solution

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Physics Smart Booklet
(a)  (5x 2 + 3x − 2)dx = 5 x 2dx + 3 x dx −  2dx
x 2+1 x1+1 5 3
=5 +3 − 2x + C = x 3 + x 2 − 2x + C
2 +1 1+1 3 2
 2 1
(b)   4sin x −  dx = 4 sin x dx − 2 dx
 x  x
= 4(– cos x) – 2(lnx) + C = –4cos x – 2lnx + C
1 ln(4x + 5)
(c)  4x + 5 dx = 4
+C

1 (6x + 2)3+1 (6x + 2) 4

(d)  (6x + 2)3 dx = +C= +C
6 3 +1 24
19. Find the maximum or minimum value of the functions
(a) y = 25x2 + 5 – 10x (b) y = 9 – (x – 3)2
Solution
dy
(a) = 25  2x + 0 − 10(1) = 50x − 10
dx
dy 1
For maxima or minima, = 0  50x − 10 = 0  x =
dx 5
d 2 y d  dy  d
Now, =  = (50x − 10) = 50 − 0 = +50
dx 2 dx  dx  dx
2
1 1
 y min = 25   + 5 − 10   = 1 + 5 − 2 = 4
5 5
(b) y = 9 – (x2 + 9 – 6x) = – x2 + 6x
dy dy
= −2x + 6; = 0  −2x + 6 = 0  x = 3
dx dx
d2 y d
Now, = (−2x + 6) = −2 + 0 = −2
dx 2 dx
d2 y
0  At x = 3, y is maximum
dx 2
 ymax = – (3)2 + 6(3) = 9
20. Draw the lines (i) 3x + 2y = 0 (ii) x – 3y + 6 = 0 Y

Solution 
X
−3
(i) 3x + 2y = 0  y = x
2
−3
Slope = tan  =
2
1
(ii) x – 3y + 6 = 0  – 3y = – x – 6  y = x + 6 Y
3
6
1
Slope = tan  = 
X
3
y-intercept is c = 6

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