UNIVERSITY OF MINDANAO

College of Engineering Education

Civil Engineering Program

Final Requirement (Written Report)

In partial fulfillment of the requirements

in BCET 3 (5990)

Submitted By:

GEONZON, KELVIN ROI R.

DAGAMI, LEONA JANE
CAYOGYOG, JASPHER JOHN

Submitted to:

Engr. Michelle A. Daarol, MEng-CE,RMP

Metalanguage

The most essential terms below are defined for you to have a better understanding
of this section in the course:

Transportation Engineering - a branch of civil engineering that deals with the planning,
design, operation, and maintenance of transportation systems.
Traffic engineering - involves the planning, design, and management of transportation
systems to ensure safe and efficient movement of vehicles and pedestrians.
Urban transportation - refers to the movement of people and goods within urban areas,
typically cities and densely populated regions.

Essential Knowledge

Introduction to Urban Transportation & Development History

Transportation Engineering is a branch of

civil engineering that deals with the planning,
design, operation, and maintenance of
transportation systems. These systems include
roads, highways, railways, airports, ports, and
public transit systems. Transportation engineers
aim to improve the efficiency, safety, sustainability,
and accessibility of transportation infrastructure.
They use principles of engineering, mathematics,
economics, and environmental science to address
various challenges such as traffic congestion, air pollution, and infrastructure
deterioration. The field encompasses a wide range of disciplines, including traffic
engineering, highway engineering, public transportation planning, and intelligent
transportation systems.
 Traffic engineering involves the
planning, design, and management of
transportation systems to ensure safe and
efficient movement of vehicles and
pedestrians. It includes analyzing traffic
patterns, designing traffic control devices, and
using technologies to optimize traffic flow and
safety on roads.

Highway Engineering involves

planning, designing, building, and
maintaining roads and highways. Engineers
focus on creating safe, efficient transportation
routes for vehicles and pedestrians,
considering factors like traffic flow, terrain,
and environmental impact. They work on
projects to improve existing roads and intersections, aiming to reduce congestion and
enhance safety. Highway engineering plays a crucial role in developing and managing
transportation networks to support communities and economic growth.

In summary, while highway engineering deals with the physical design and
infrastructure of transportation routes, traffic engineering focuses on the study and
management of traffic flow within those routes, employing various techniques to improve
efficiency, safety, and mobility.

Urban transportation refers to the movement of people and goods within urban
areas, typically cities and densely populated regions. It encompasses various modes of
transportation such as cars, buses, trains, bicycles, walking, and emerging technologies
like ride-sharing and micro-mobility options such as scooters and bike-sharing. Urban
transportation planning focuses on designing and managing transportation systems to
ensure efficient, safe, and sustainable mobility for residents and visitors. This includes
considerations such as public transit networks, road infrastructure, pedestrian-friendly
designs, traffic management, and policies to reduce congestion and pollution within
urban environments.

In the Philippine setting, urban transportation is particularly crucial due to rapid

urbanization, population growth, and increasing motorization rates in major cities like
Metro Manila. The importance of efficient urban transportation is evident in addressing
challenges such as traffic congestion, air pollution, road safety, and accessibility to
essential services and employment opportunities. Over time, urban transportation in the
Philippines has evolved from primarily relying on informal modes such as jeepneys,
tricycles, and informal "colorum" vehicles to incorporating more formalized public transit
systems such as buses, trains, and mass rapid transit (MRT) systems.

Pre-colonial Transportation: Native Modes of Travel

Before the arrival of foreign colonizers, the Philippines had a well-developed
transportation system that was primarily based on the use of water and land.

The indigenous people primarily relied on various modes of transportation for their daily
activities. The "banwa," a small boat primarily used for fishing and inter-island travel,
was widely utilized. Another common vessel was the "paraw," which served
transportation needs, especially for trade purposes. On land, they employed the "karit," a
horse-drawn cart, and the "sakayan," a horse-drawn carriage, for mobility. Additionally,
the "kalanduyan" facilitated long-distance foot travel between villages and towns. For
transporting goods across bodies of water, they utilized the "taklong," a bamboo raft.

In essence, pre-colonial transportation in the Philippines relied on a combination of

water and land-based methods, predominantly powered by human and animal labor,
crucial for trade, commerce, and daily life activities among indigenous communities.

Mass Transit in the Philippines during the Spanish Era

Over time, transportation in the Philippines has undergone significant transformations.
The iconic jeepneys, often referred to as the kings of the road, have become emblematic of
Filipino transportation. However, beyond this, Manila has witnessed the evolution of
transportation methods, reflecting changes in urban planning throughout history. From
the era of horses to the advent of steam, diesel, and modern technology, the evolution of
transportation has left a lasting impact on the city's landscape. Even during the 333-year
Spanish colonial period, land transport primarily relied on foot travel.

The arrival of Spanish colonizers in the 18th

century marked the introduction of a novel
mode of transportation: the kalesa. These
two-wheeled horse-drawn carriages, often
adorned with brightly painted wood or
metal, repr esented a significant
advancement in efficiency for the era. The
calesa facilitated the movement of both people and goods, becoming a notable feature of
transportation during that time.

The first tranvia line in the Philippines,

known as the Tondo-Malabon Line, holds
the distinction of being the country's first
railway stretch, commencing operations in 1884 upon its completion. Its popularity
quickly soared due to bustling trade activity in Malabon and Manila's galleon trading,
with trains running hourly in both directions. This line marked the debut of steam-
powered railways in the Philippines, featuring four steam locomotives and eight
passenger coaches manufactured in Germany. Subsequently, four additional lines were
established, serving Sampaloc, Intramuros, Malate, and Malacañ ang. Detailed
documentation of these developments was provided in the Memoria y estatutos by the
tramway company, offering insight into the early years of railway expansion in the
Philippines.

The first railway (steam locomotives) in the Philippines commenced operations in 1892,
connecting the capital city of Manila to Dagupan in the northern region of Luzon.
Stretching over a distance of 195 kilometers, it was constructed to a gauge of 3 feet 6
inches (1067 millimeters). Subsequently, the line was extended further north to San
Fernando and southwards to Legazpi, ultimately reaching the final destination in 1938.

Mass Transit in the Philippines during the American Era

After the Filipino revolts aimed at expelling the Spanish colonizers, the Americans
assumed governance in 1901. With the emergence of more efficient steam engine
designs, promising opportunities arose for cities, sugar plantations, and even fort-
building. The American colonial period is also witness to some highly regarded styles of
urban planning, notably in areas of Baguio and Quezon City.
However, this era also marked the gradual
shift from rail-based to road transport, which
persisted even after World War II and thus, the
Philippines as an independent country. During
that time, the tranvia system was in poor
condition. Hence, the electric tranvia system.

Transportation, along with other industries, was greatly impacted by the war. Rebuilding
railways was deemed too expensive, so surplus US Willys jeepneys were ingeniously
repurposed by Filipinos to address the mobility shortage. These makeshift jeepneys,
dubbed the "kings of the road," have endured and are still in use today. Additionally, due
to their affordability and ease of establishment, road-based transport options such as
buses and later automobiles became dominant modes of transportation.

Metalanguage

The most essential terms below are defined for you to have a better understanding of
this section in the course:
Transportation planning: involves analyzing, designing, and implementing strategies to
efficiently move people and goods, considering factors like infrastructure, environmental
impact, and social needs for sustainable mobility and economic development.
Data Analysis: Utilizing data-driven approaches, such as traffic modeling, analysis, and
travel demand forecasting, to inform decision-making and prioritize investments.
Urban areas: are regions with high population density and significant infrastructure
development, including cities and surrounding suburbs. They often feature diverse
economic, cultural, and social activities and services.
Rural areas: are sparsely populated regions characterized by open spaces, agriculture,
and natural landscapes. They typically have fewer built-up areas and infrastructure
compared to urban areas, with a focus on agriculture and natural resource-based
industries.

Essential Knowledge

OBJECTIVES, GOALS & IMPORTANT TERMINOLOGIES IN TRANSPORTATION

PLANNING

Transportation planning is a crucial aspect of urban and regional development, aiming to

efficiently move people and goods while minimizing negative impacts on the
environment and society. Here's a brief overview of its objectives and goals, along with
some key terminologies:

OBJECTIVES:
Mobility: Enhancing accessibility and ease of movement for individuals and goods
within and between urban areas.

Accessibility: Ensuring that people can easily reach desired destinations such as jobs,
schools, healthcare facilities, and recreational areas.

Safety: Minimizing accidents, injuries, and fatalities through measures like road design,
traffic management, and public awareness campaigns.

Efficiency: Optimizing the use of transportation infrastructure and resources to reduce

travel times, congestion, and delays.
Sustainability: Promoting environmentally friendly modes of transportation, such as
public transit, cycling, and walking, to reduce carbon emissions and mitigate climate
change.

Equity: Providing equal access to transportation services and opportunities for all
members of society, including those with disabilities and low-income individuals.

Land Use Integration: Coordinating transportation planning with land use planning to
support compact, mixed-use development patterns that minimize sprawl and encourage
sustainable growth.
Multimodal Integration: Integrating various modes of transportation, including roads,
railways, public transit, cycling, and walking, to offer seamless travel options and
enhance connectivity.
Public Engagement: Involving stakeholders, including residents, businesses, and
community organizations, in the planning process to ensure that transportation projects
reflect local needs and preferences.
Data Analysis: Utilizing data-driven approaches, such as traffic modeling, GIS
(Geographic Information Systems) analysis, and travel demand forecasting, to inform
decision-making and prioritize investments.

KEY TERMS:
Mode Split: The distribution of trips among different transportation modes, such as cars,
buses, trains, bicycles, and walking.

Level of Service (LOS): A qualitative measure of the quality of transportation facilities,

typically assessed based on factors like travel time, congestion, and reliability.

Congestion Pricing: A strategy to manage traffic congestion by charging vehicles for

using certain roads or entering specific areas during peak hours.
Complete Streets: Roadways designed to accommodate all users, including pedestrians,
cyclists, public transit users, and motorists, with features like sidewalks, bike lanes,
crosswalks, and bus stops.

Transit Oriented Development (TOD): A land use planning strategy that promotes
mixed-use development and higher density around public transit stations to encourage
transit use and reduce reliance on cars.
Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS): Technologies that improve the efficiency,
safety, and sustainability of transportation systems through the integration of
information, communication, and control technologies.
Active Transportation: Modes of transportation that involve physical activity, such as
walking and cycling, which promote health and reduce environmental impact.
Metalanguage

Transport Planning Process - The series of steps followed to make decisions about how
people and goods move from one place to another. It involves identifying problems,
coming up with solutions, analyzing those solutions, choosing the best one, planning, and
putting it into action.

Transportation Planning - Figuring out how to make transportation better in a certain

area. This includes things like building roads, improving public transportation, and
making sure there are enough ways for people to get around safely and efficiently.

Human Settlement - Any place where people live, like cities, towns, or villages. It
includes all the buildings, roads, and other infrastructure that people need to live and
work.

Urban Area - A place with lots of people, buildings, and activity. This includes cities,
towns, and suburbs where there are many homes, businesses, and services close together.

Rural Region - Areas where there are fewer people and more open space. These places
are often characterized by farms, small towns, and natural landscapes.

Essential Knowledge

Process and Levels of Transportation Planning

Transportation Planning is the process of designing, analyzing, and

implementing strategies to improve the movement of people and goods within a region or
urban area. It involves assessing current transportation systems, identifying challenges
and opportunities, and developing policies and projects to address them. Transportation
planning encompasses various modes of transportation, including roads, public transit,
railways, cycling, and walking, with the goal of creating safe, efficient, and sustainable
transportation networks that meet the needs of communities while minimizing
environmental impacts. Key aspects of transportation planning include forecasting future
travel demand, optimizing infrastructure investments, promoting alternative
transportation modes, enhancing accessibility, and ensuring equitable access to
transportation services.
Urban Transport Planning Process – Systematic Approach
The Transportation Planning Process guides urban planners and professionals in
addressing transportation challenges systematically. These steps help communities
develop effective solutions, enhance mobility, and create sustainable transportation
systems.
Here are the six steps in Transportation Planning Process:
1. Problem Definition - This phase involves thoroughly understanding the
transportation challenges faced by the urban area. Planners collect data through
traffic counts, surveys, and observation to identify congestion hotspots, safety
concerns, public transit gaps, and other issues. Stakeholder consultations, including
input from residents, businesses, advocacy groups, and government agencies, help
ensure a comprehensive understanding of the problems.
2. Solution Generation - Once the problems are identified, planners brainstorm
potential solutions. This phase encourages creativity and innovation, considering a
wide range of options to address the identified challenges. Solutions may include
infrastructure projects such as road expansions, transit system improvements, bicycle
lanes, pedestrian-friendly amenities, policy changes such as pricing mechanisms or
parking regulations, technological interventions like intelligent transportation
systems or ride-sharing platforms, and programs promoting sustainable
transportation modes.
3. Solution Analysis - Planners conduct a detailed analysis of the proposed solutions to
evaluate their feasibility and potential impacts. This analysis involves assessing
factors such as technical feasibility, cost-effectiveness, environmental sustainability,
social equity, safety implications, and legal considerations. Tools such as
transportation modeling, cost-benefit analysis, environmental impact assessment, and
risk assessment help quantify and compare the benefits and drawbacks of each
solution.
4. Evaluation and Choice - In this phase, planners evaluate the proposed solutions
against predetermined criteria and objectives. Criteria may include alignment with
transportation goals, financial affordability, political feasibility, public acceptance, and
 compatibility with broader urban development plans. Through a systematic
evaluation process, planners prioritize and select the most appropriate solution or
combination of solutions to address the identified transportation problems.
5. Recommended Plan - With a preferred solution chosen, planners develop a
recommended plan outlining the specific actions needed for implementation. This
plan includes a detailed description of the selected solution, along with a timeline,
budget, resource allocation, and responsibilities for implementation. It may also
include performance targets, monitoring mechanisms, and evaluation criteria to track
progress and measure success over time. The recommended plan serves as a roadmap
for guiding the implementation process.
6. Implementation - The final phase involves putting the recommended plan into
action. This may involve coordinating construction activities for infrastructure
projects, enacting new policies and regulations, deploying technology solutions, and
implementing behavior change programs. Effective implementation requires
collaboration among various stakeholders, including government agencies, private
sector partners, community organizations, and the public. Continuous monitoring and
evaluation help ensure that the implementation process stays on track and that
adjustments can be made as needed to achieve the desired outcomes.

Levels of Urban Transportation Planning

It encompasses the hierarchical stages in developing transportation systems
within urban areas. These levels offer a structured approach for crafting and executing
transportation policies and projects. They progress from broad visions in the Conceptual
Plan to detailed strategies in the Detailed Development Plan. Each level contributes to
comprehensive planning, integrating considerations like land use, infrastructure, and
regulatory requirements to ensure effective transportation solutions tailored to urban
needs.
 The Conceptual Plan initiates the process by setting a long-term vision spanning
30-40 years. This foundational phase aims to identify key issues and potential solutions
through extensive stakeholder engagement and data collection.
Moving forward, the Outline Plan refines these ideas, translating them into
actionable steps and priorities over a medium to long-term horizon of 20 years. This
phase outlines specific transportation goals, policies, and strategies, laying the
groundwork for future development and investment.
Meanwhile, the Master Plan serves as the comprehensive blueprint, integrating
transportation planning with broader urban development goals over a similar long-term
period. It provides the guiding framework for decision-making, aligning transportation
investments with land use policies and community objectives.
As plans become more regulatory in nature, the Statutory Plan emerges as a
formal legal document guiding land use and transportation decisions, typically spanning
10 years. It establishes binding regulations and standards for development control and
infrastructure provision, undergoing formal approval processes involving government
agencies and public input.
Lastly, the Detailed Development Plan focuses on short to medium-term
implementation, typically covering 1-5 years. It provides specific plans and designs for
transportation projects and developments, translating higher-level strategies into
actionable initiatives at the local level.

Basic Structure of Transportation System

The basic structure of a transportation system encompasses a complex network of
physical infrastructure, modes of transportation, management practices, regulations, and
support services that work together to facilitate the movement of people and goods
within a region or across the globe.
Human Settlement

Urban areas are characterized by high levels of development, abundant

educational and employment opportunities, and well-established infrastructure,
including quality roads, residential buildings, commercial establishments, bridges, and
railways. They typically exhibit high population density, encompassing cities, towns, and
suburbs. Metropolitan cities like Metro Manila, Metro Cebu, and Metro Davao exemplify
urban areas, attracting many rural residents seeking improved livelihoods. Urban living
offers a higher standard of living compared to rural areas, with faster economic growth
and regular technological advancements. Towns, larger than villages but smaller than
cities, are integral parts of urban areas. Suburbs, surrounding cities, boast lower
population density and are predominantly residential, featuring ample parks, open
spaces, and spacious homes. Suburban migration, wherein city dwellers relocate to
suburbs, is a notable trend reflecting the appeal of suburban living.
In contrast to urban areas, rural regions exhibit low population density and offer
limited educational and employment opportunities. Agriculture serves as the primary
industry in rural areas, with most residents engaged in farming activities. Businesses and
residences are often dispersed across the countryside, resulting in significant distances
between them. Rural landscapes are characterized by sparse development, allowing
wildlife to thrive in these areas. However, urbanization has led to a notable trend of
migration from rural to urban areas, driven by factors such as the presence of prestigious
universities and the promise of improved financial prospects. Villages and rural areas
typically feature a lower cost of living, but residents often contend with lower incomes
compared to their urban counterparts.
Let’s Check

1. These are dubbed as the “kings of the road”.

a. Tranvia b. Jeepneys
c. Kalesa d. Steam Locomotive

2. The first tranvia line in the Philippines is known as the ___________________.

a. Tondo-Malabon Line b. Cavite-Laguna Line
c. Quiapo-Cainta Line d. Cubao-Malabon Line

3. It involves the planning, design, and management of transportation systems to

ensure safe and efficient movement of vehicles and pedestrians.
a. Transportation Engineering b. Highway Engineering
c. Traffic Engineering d. Urban Engineering

Let’s Analyze

1. How did transportation evolve in the Philippines during the Spanish colonial
period?
2. What major changes occurred in Philippine transportation during the
American colonial era?

In a Nutshell

1. Transportation Engineering is about planning, designing, and maintaining

transportation systems like roads and railways to make travel safer, more efficient,
and accessible for everyone.

2. Simplifying Traffic Engineering, it's all about managing traffic flow and designing road
systems to keep vehicles moving smoothly and safely.

3. Urban Transportation basically involves getting people and goods around in cities,
using different modes of transportation like buses and trains to keep urban areas
moving efficiently and sustainably.
Let’s Check

1.What is the primary focus of transportation planning?

a) Maximizing greenhouse gas emissions

b) Minimizing accessibility to jobs and healthcare facilities
c) Enhancing ease of movement for people and goods
d) Ignoring infrastructure development

2.Which term refers to the distribution of trips among different transportation modes?

a) Mode Split
b) Congestion Pricing
c) Complete Streets
d) Intelligent Transportation Systems

3.What is the main goal of transit-oriented development (TOD)?

a) Encouraging car dependency

b) Reducing public transit use
c) Promoting mixed-use development around transit stations
d) Increasing sprawl in urban areas

4.What does Level of Service (LOS) measure in transportation planning?

a) Quality of transportation facilities

b) Percentage of population with driver's licenses
c) Number of toll booths on highways
d) Size of parking lots in urban areas

5.What technology is aimed at improving the efficiency, safety, and sustainability of

transportation systems?

a) GPS for personal vehicles

b) Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS)
c) Satellite navigation systems
d) Traditional road signage

Let’s Analyze

1. Explain the role of transportation planning in urban and regional development,

highlighting its objectives and goals. How does transportation planning contribute
to enhancing mobility, accessibility, safety, efficiency, sustainability, equity, and
integration with land use?
 2. Discuss the significance of data analysis in transportation planning, focusing on its
applications such as traffic modeling, GIS analysis, and travel demand forecasting.
How does data-driven decision-making facilitate effective resource allocation and
infrastructure optimization in transportation systems?

3. Define and elaborate on three key terminologies in transportation planning, such

as Mode Split, Level of Service (LOS), Congestion Pricing, Complete Streets,
Transit-Oriented Development (TOD), Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS),
and Active Transportation. How do these terms contribute to shaping
transportation policies, strategies, and infrastructure investments for sustainable
urban development?

In a Nutshell

1. transportation planning's pivotal role in urban and regional development,

emphasizing objectives like enhancing mobility, accessibility, safety, efficiency, and
sustainability. It highlights the importance of data analysis and introduces key
terminologies essential for informed decision-making and the creation of
sustainable transportation systems.

Let’s Check
1. What is the main objective of the Transportation Planning Process?
a. Maximizing profits for transportation companies
b. Identifying challenges and developing strategies to improve transportation
c. Ignoring stakeholder input and public engagement
d. Building more roads without considering alternative modes of
transportation

2. Which step of the Urban Transport Planning Process involves brainstorming

potential solutions to transportation challenges?
a. Problem Definition
b. Solution Generation
c. Solution Analysis
d. Implementation

3. What industry is typically dominant in rural regions?

a. Agriculture
b. Technology
c. Finance
d. Manufacturing

4. What is the primary characteristic of an urban area?

a. Low population density
 b. Limited infrastructure
c. Abundant educational and employment opportunities
d. Sparse development and wildlife habitats

5. Which level of Urban Transportation Planning provides a comprehensive

blueprint integrating transportation planning with broader urban development
goals?
a. Conceptual Plan
b. Master Plan
c. Outline Plan
d. Statutory Plan

Let’s Analyze

1. Identify the three elements of Passenger Transport within Motorized Transport in an

Urban Transportation System.

2. Enumerate the six stages in the transportation planning process.

In a Nutshell

1. The levels of Urban Transportation Planning progress from a broad vision in the
Conceptual Plan to detailed strategies in the Detailed Development Plan.

2. The system approach to urban transport planning considers the interrelated

components and interactions within the transportation system to ensure efficient,
sustainable, and equitable mobility solutions for urban areas.