DLSU Civil Engineering Department

Welcomes Everyone to T2 AY 2023-2024

Welcome to CEHDRA2 CLASS

January 8, 2024
CEHDRA2
(Hydraulics 2)

Department of Civil Engineering

De La Salle University
Course Lecture Modules

Module 1: Pipe Flows

Concept of Losses
Pipe Network
Module 2: Open Channel Flows
Channel Sections
Uniform Flow
Nonuniform Flow (RVF, GVF)
Course Lecture Modules

Module 3: Special Topics

Hydraulic Structures
Concept of Losses

Week 1 Lecture
Meeting 1
Topics
◼ Concept of Losses: Friction and Form Losses
◼ Major and Minor loss (form loss) estimation
 Colebrook
 Swamee and Jain
 Hydraulic and Energy Grade Line
 Concept of Losses: Friction and
Form Losses
◼ Losses: The sum of all the terms representing unusable
forms of energy.
◼ Losses are due to two primary effects:
1. Viscosity causes internal friction that results in increased
internal energy (temperature increase) or heat transfer.
2. Changes in geometry result in separated flows that require
useful energy to maintain the resulting secondary motions in
which viscous dissipation occurs.
 Concept of Losses: Friction and
Form Losses
◼ For a pump or a turbine, losses are expressed in terms of the
efficiency.

◼ In a conduit, the losses due to viscous effects are distributed

over the entire length, whereas the loss due to a geometry
change (a valve, an elbow, an enlargement) is concentrated in
the vicinity of the geometry change.
 Major and Minor loss
◼ The fluid in a typical piping system passes through various
fittings, valves, bends, elbows, tees, inlets, exits, expansions,
and contractions in addition to the straight sections of piping.

◼ These components interrupt the smooth flow of the fluid and

cause additional losses because of the flow separation and
mixing they induce.

◼ In a typical system with long pipes, these losses are minor

compared to the head loss in the straight sections (the
major losses) and are called minor losses.
 Major and Minor loss
◼ Major Loss: Frictional head losses in pipe flows

◼ Minor Loss: include entry lengths, pipe couplings, bends,

valves, etc.
 Major and Minor loss
◼ Although this is generally true, in some cases the minor
losses may be greater than the major losses.
 This is the case, for example, in systems with several turns and
valves in a short distance.
 The head loss introduced by a completely open valve, for
example, may be negligible.
 But a partially closed valve may cause the largest head loss in the
system, as evidenced by the drop in the flow rate.
 Flow through valves and fittings is very complex, and a theoretical
analysis is generally not plausible.
◼ Therefore, minor losses are determined experimentally,
usually by the manufacturers of the components.
Major Loss Recall:
Laminar Flow in a Pipe
◼ If we introduce the friction factor f, a quantity of substantial
interest in pipe flow, a dimensionless wall shear, defined by:

we see that

◼ where h is the head loss with dimension of length. This

equation is often referred to as the Darcy–Weisbach equation,
named after Henri P. G.Darcy (1803–1858) and Julius
Weisbach (1806–1871).
◼ Combining,

for laminar flow in a pipe.

◼ Substituting this back into

◼ The head loss is directly proportional to the average velocity

(and hence the discharge also) to the first power, a result that
generally is applied to developed, laminar flows in conduits,
including conduits of shape other than circular.
Major Loss Recall:
Laminar Flow Between
Parallel Plates
◼ if we introduce the friction factor f, defined by:

◼ In terms of the head loss ( )

becomes

◼ If we combine

◼ where the Reynolds number has been introduced. If this is

substituted into
Major Loss Recall:
Turbulent Flow
 Losses in Developed Pipe Flow
◼ Perhaps the most calculated quantity in pipe flow is the head
loss. If the head loss is known in a developed flow, the pressure
change can be calculated which allows pumps to be selected;
for developed flow in a pipe the energy equation provides us
with
Recall: (hpump,u=hturbine,e=0)

◼ The head loss that results from the wall shear in a developed
flow is related to the friction factor by the Darcy–Weisbach
equation, namely, (Recall: Laminar Flow in a Pipe: Pipe Flow
Quantities)
 Losses in Developed Pipe Flow
◼ Consequently, if the friction factor is known, we can find the
head loss and then the pressure drop.
◼ The friction factor f depends on the various quantities that affect
the flow, written as:

where the average wall roughness height e accounts for the

influence of the wall roughness elements.

Or

where e/D is the relative roughness.

◼ Experimental data that relate the friction factor to the Reynolds
number have been obtained for fully developed pipe flow over a
wide range of wall roughnesses.
◼ The results of these data as shown, which is commonly referred
to as the Moody diagram, named after Lewis F. Moody (1880–
1953).
 Losses in Developed Pipe Flow
◼ The following empirical equations represent the Moody diagram
for Re >4000:

◼ The transition zone equation that couples the smooth pipe

equation to the completely turbulent regime equation is known
as the Colebrook equation.
◼ Note that the smooth pipe flow equation is the Colebrook
equation with e =0, and completely turbulent zone equation is
the Colebrook equation with Re = ∞.
 Losses in Developed Pipe Flow
◼ Three categories of problems can be identified for developed
turbulent flow in a pipe of length L:

◼ A category 1 problem is straightforward and requires no

iteration procedure when using the Moody diagram.
◼ Category 2 and 3 problems are more like problems
encountered in engineering design situations and require an
iterative trial-and-error process when using the Moody diagram.
 Losses in Developed Pipe Flow
◼ An alternative to using the Moody diagram that avoids any trial-
and-error process is made possible by empirically derived
formulas. (The Moody diagram is accurate to within no more
than 5%.)
◼ Perhaps the best of such formulas were presented by Swamee
and Jain (1976) for pipe flow; an explicit expression that
provides an approximate value for the unknown in each
category above is as follows:

One may use either

English or SI units in
the equations above.
 Minor Losses: Pipe Flow
◼ In pipe systems additional losses are caused by valves, elbows,
enlargements, contractions, inlets, outlets, bends, and other
fittings. These losses are referred to as minor losses, even
though such losses can exceed the frictional losses.

◼ Each of these elements causes a change in the magnitude

and/or the direction of the velocity vectors and hence results in
a loss.

◼ In general, if the flow is gradually accelerated by an element,

the losses are very small; relatively large losses are associated
with sudden enlargements or contractions because of the
separated regions that result (a separated flow occurs when the
primary flow separates from the wall).
 Minor Losses: Pipe Flow
◼ A minor loss is expressed in terms of a loss coefficient K,
defined by:

◼ Values of K have been determined experimentally for the

various fittings and geometry changes of interest in piping
systems. One exception is the sudden expansion from area A1
to area A2, for which the loss can be calculated;

For the sudden expansion

If A2 is extremely large (e.g., a pipe exiting into a
reservoir), K =1.0, since the entire kinetic energy
is lost.
◼ A pipe fitting that has a relatively large loss coefficient
with no change in cross-sectional area is the pipe
bend, or the elbow.
◼ This results primarily from the secondary flow caused
by the fluid flowing from the high-pressure region to
the low-pressure region, as shown below; this
secondary flow is eventually dissipated after the fluid
leaves the long sweep bend or elbow.
◼ In addition, a separated region occurs at the sharp corner in a
standard elbow.

◼ Energy is needed to maintain a secondary flow and the flow in

the separated region.

◼ This wasted energy is measured in terms of the loss

coefficient.
The loss coefficients for various geometries are presented in Slides 24- 28
Loss coefficients in a conical expansion.
◼ Loss coefficients for sudden contractions and orifice plates
can be approximated by neglecting the losses in the converging
flow up to the vena contracta and calculating the losses in the
diverging flow using the loss coefficient for a sudden expansion.
Vena contracta: The minimum area in a
sudden contraction.

Orifice meter/plates

Ac area
of the
vena
contract
a

Vena contractas in contractions and orifices: (a) sudden contraction; (b) concentric
◼ Area Ac of the vena contracta (the minimum area) this
minimum area occurs where the converging streamlines begin
to expand to fill the downstream area.

◼ It is often the practice to express a loss coefficient as an

equivalent length Le of pipe. This is done by equating

◼ Hence the square-edged entrance of a 20-cm-diameter pipe

with a friction factor of f = 0.02 could be replaced by an
equivalent pipe length of Le =5 m.
◼ Finally, a comment should be made concerning the magnitude
of the minor losses.
 In piping systems involving intermediate lengths (i.e., 100
diameters) of pipe between minor losses, the minor losses may be
of the same order of magnitude as the frictional losses;
 for relatively short lengths the minor losses may be substantially
greater than the frictional losses;
 and for long lengths (e.g., 1000 diameters) of pipe, the minor
losses are usually neglected.
Summary of Equations
and Charts for:
Headloss Equations
Using Friction Factor
Headloss Equations Using Friction
Factor
 Darcy-Weisbach Equation and Friction Factor
◼ The Darcy-Weisbach equation is used to determine the
pipe friction losses in the form of:
𝐋 𝐕𝟐
𝐡𝐋 = 𝐟
𝐃 𝟐𝐠
 Type of
Flow Description Equation
Flow 𝛆 = e = roughness

The friction factor is

linearly dependent on 64
𝑓=
Laminar Reynolds number and 𝑅𝑒
Flow calculated based on
Hagen-Poiseuille if 𝑅𝑒 < 2000
equation.

Transition flow occurs in

Transition the region with Reynolds
between number greater than −2
1 𝜀 Τ𝐷 2.51
laminar 4,000 and prior to = log +
𝑓 3.7 𝑅𝑒 𝑓
and complete turbulence in
turbulent rough pipes.
 Type of
Flow Description Equation
Flow 𝛆 = e = roughness
Blasius developed an
equation for friction factor
0.316
of a smooth pipe with 𝑓 = 0.25
𝑅𝑒
Turbulen Reynolds number ranging
t flow in from 3,000 to 100,000.
smooth 1
= 2 log 𝑅𝑒 𝑓 − 0.8
conduits Von Karman developed an 𝑓
equation for friction factor
(i.e., 𝛿𝑙 > 6𝜀)
using the data from
Nikuradse.
 Type of
Flow Description Equation
Flow 𝛆 = e = roughness

Von Karman found that at

high Reynolds number the
Turbulen 1 𝐷
nominal thickness of
t flow in = 2 log + 1.14
viscous sublayer becomes 𝑓 𝜀
rough
smaller and the friction (i.e., 𝛿𝑙 < 0.3𝜀)
conduits
factor is independent of
Reynolds number.

Free A condition may exist in a −2

1 𝜀 2.51
surface pipe that is flowing partially = log +
𝑓 3𝐷ℎ 𝑅𝑒 𝑓
flow full of fluid

Proposal for HNICEM Conference: “Pipe Sizing for District Cooling Distribution
Network”, Augusto, Culaba , Tanhueco 2013, De La Salle University
◼ There are several features of the Moody diagram that should be
noted.
1. For a given wall roughness, measured by the relative
roughness e/D, there is a sufficiently large value of Re
above which the friction factor is constant, thereby
defining the completely turbulent regime. The average
roughness element size e is substantially greater than the
viscous wall layer thickness δv, so that viscous effects are not
significant; the resistance to the flow is produced primarily by
the drag of the roughness elements that protrude into the flow.

2. For the smaller relative roughness e/D values it is

observed that, as Re decreases, the friction factor
increases in the transition zone and eventually becomes
the same as that of a smooth pipe. The roughness elements
become submerged in the viscous wall layer so that they
produce little effect on the main flow
◼ There are several features of the Moody diagram that should be
noted.
3. For Reynolds numbers less than 2000, the friction factor of
laminar flow is shown in the Moody Diagram. The critical
zone couples the turbulent flow to the laminar flow and
may represent an oscillatory flow that alternately exists
between turbulent and laminar flow.

4. The e values in this diagram are for new pipes. With age a
pipe will corrode and become fouled, changing both the
roughness and the pipe diameter, with a resulting increase in
the friction factor. Such factors should be included in design
considerations; they will not be reviewed here.
 Losses in Developed Pipe Flow
◼ The following empirical equations represent the Moody diagram
for Re >4000:

◼ The transition zone equation that couples the smooth pipe

equation to the completely turbulent regime equation is known
as the Colebrook equation.
◼ Note that the smooth pipe flow equation is the Colebrook
equation with e =0, and completely turbulent zone equation is
the Colebrook equation with Re = ∞.
 Losses in Developed Pipe Flow
◼ Three categories of problems can be identified for developed
turbulent flow in a pipe of length L:

◼ A category 1 problem is straightforward and requires no

iteration procedure when using the Moody diagram.
◼ Category 2 and 3 problems are more like problems
encountered in engineering design situations and require an
iterative trial-and-error process when using the Moody diagram.
 Losses in Developed Pipe Flow
◼ An alternative to using the Moody diagram that avoids any trial-
and-error process is made possible by empirically derived
formulas. (The Moody diagram is accurate to within no more
than 5%.)
◼ Perhaps the best of such formulas were presented by Swamee
and Jain (1976) for pipe flow; an explicit expression that
provides an approximate value for the unknown in each
category above is as follows:

One may use either

English or SI units in
the equations above.
 Swamee and Jain (1976)
An explicit expression for f is from Swamee and Jain (1976):
−𝟐
𝒆 𝟏 𝟎.𝟗
𝒇 = 𝟏. 𝟑𝟐𝟓 𝑰𝒏 𝟎. 𝟐𝟕 + 𝟓. 𝟕𝟒
𝑫 𝑹𝒆
𝑒
Valid over a ranges: 0.01 > > 10−8 and 108 > 𝑅𝑒 > 5000
𝐷
 Example 1
◼ If the flow rate through a 10-cm-diameter wrought iron pipe is
0.04 m3/s, find the difference in elevation H of the two
reservoirs.
 Example 1Solution
Based on Energy Eqn from point 1 to point 2
P1 v12 P2 v22
+ + z1 = + + z2 + hL
γ 2g γ 2g
0 + 0 + z1 = 0 + 0 + z2 + hL
hL = z2 − z1

Using Darcy Weisbach Equation for hL :

v2 L v2
hL = K entrance + K valve + 2K elbow + K exit +f
2g D 2g
Determining the friction factor (f) using Moody Diagram
Q 0.04 m
v= =𝜋 = 5.0930
A 2 s
4 ∗ 0.1
vD 5.0930 ∗ 0.1 5 (𝑣@20° 𝐶 = 10−6 𝑚 2 /𝑠)
Re = but = = 5.0930 x10
𝑣 10−6
𝑒 0.046
= = 0.00046 (𝑒 = 𝑤𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑀𝑜𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 = 0.046 𝑚𝑚)
𝐷 100
f = 0.0173
e/D = 0.00046

Re = 5.09x105
 Example 1Solution
Based on Energy Eqn from point 1 to point 2
P1 v12 P2 v22
+ + z1 = + + z2 + hL
γ 2g γ 2g
0 + 0 + z1 = 0 + 0 + z2 + hL
hL = z1 − z2

Using Darcy Weisbach Equation for hL :

v2 L v2
hL = K entrance + K valve + 2K elbow + K exit +f
2g D 2g
Determining the friction factor (f) using Moody Diagram
Q 0.04 m
v= =𝜋 = 5.0930
A 2 s
4 ∗ 0.1
vD 5.0930 ∗ 0.1 5 (𝑣@20° 𝐶 = 10−6 𝑚 2 /𝑠)
Re = but = = 5.0930 x10
𝑣 10−6
𝑒 0.046
= = 0.00046 (𝑒 = 𝑤𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑖𝑟𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑀𝑜𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 = 0.046 𝑚𝑚)
𝐷 100
From Moody Diagram f = 0.0173
 Example 1Solution
Based on Energy Eqn from point 1 to point 2
P1 v12 P2 v22
+ + z1 = + + z2 + hL
γ 2g γ 2g
0 + 0 + z1 = 0 + 0 + z2 + hL
hL = z1 − z2

Using Darcy Weisbach Equation for hL :

v2 L v2
hL = K entrance + K valve + 2K elbow + K exit +f
2g D 2g

5.0932 20 + 20 + 10 5.09302
𝐻 = ℎ𝐿 = 0.5 + 5.7 + 2 ∗ 0.64 + 1.0 ∗ + 0.0173 ∗ ∗
2 ∗ 9.81 0.1 2 ∗ 9.81
 5.0932 20 + 20 + 10 5.09302
𝐻 = ℎ𝐿 = 0.5 + 5.7 + 2 ∗ 0.64 + 1.0 ∗ + 0.0173 ∗ ∗
2 ∗ 9.81 0.1 2 ∗ 9.81
Example 1Solution
5.0932 20 + 20 + 10 5.09302
𝐻 = ℎ𝐿 = 0.5 + 5.7 + 2 ∗ 0.64 + 1.0 ∗ + 0.0173 ∗ ∗
2 ∗ 9.81 0.1 2 ∗ 9.81
= 11.2109961 + 11.43574484 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟔𝟒𝟔𝟕 = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟔𝟓 𝒎
Example 2

◼ Approximate the loss coefficient for the sudden

contraction A1/A2=2 by neglecting the losses in the
contracting portion up to the vena contracta and
assuming that all the losses occur in the expansion from
the vena contracta to A2
 Example 2 Solution
2
𝑉2 𝐴𝑐 𝑉𝑐2
ℎ𝐿 = 𝐾 = 1−
2𝑔 𝐴2 2𝑔

Continuity Equation:
𝑄𝑐 = 𝑄2
𝐴𝑐 𝑉𝑐 = 𝐴2 𝑉2 𝐴𝑐 = 𝐶𝑐 𝐴2
𝐴2 3 3
𝑉𝑐 = 𝑉 𝐴𝑐 𝐴2 1
𝐴𝑐 2 = 𝐶𝑐 = 0.62 + 0.38 ∗ = 0.62 + 0.38 ∗
𝐴2 𝐴1 2
𝐴𝑐
2
𝐴2
2
𝑉22 = 0.6675
ℎ𝐿 = 1 − 2 2 2
𝐴2 𝐴𝑐 2𝑔 𝐴𝑐 𝐴2 1
𝐾 = 1− = 1 − 0.6675 2∗
𝐴2 𝐴𝑐 0.6675
As shown below,
= 𝟎. 𝟐𝟒𝟖𝟏 𝒐𝒓 the computed
𝟎. 𝟐𝟓
K is almost similar to the typical
value
Example 3

◼ Heated air at 1 atm and 35˚C is to be transported in a

150-m-long circular plastic duct at a rate of 0.35 m3/s. If
the head loss in the pipe is not to exceed 20 m,
determine the minimum diameter of the duct.
 Example 3 Solution
Swamee and Jain
(1976) for pipe flow

𝑘𝑔 −5
𝑘𝑔 −5
𝑚2
𝜌 = 1.145 3 , 𝜇 = 1.895𝑥10 , 𝑣 = 1.655𝑥10 @33°𝐶
𝑚 𝑚𝑠 𝑠
Solution A
Using Swamee-Jain Formula
4.75 5.2 0.04
𝐿𝑄2 𝐿
𝐷 = 0.66 𝑒 1.25 + 𝑣𝑄9.4
𝑔ℎ𝐿 𝑔ℎ𝐿

4.75 5.2 0.04

150 ∗ 0.35 150
𝐷 = 0.66 𝑒 1.25 + 1.655𝑥10−5 (0.35)9.4 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟕𝟎𝟕 𝒎
9.81 ∗ 20 9.81 ∗ 20
 Example 3 Solution
Solution B
Substitute Eqn 1 to 4
Using Colebrook and Darcy Weisbach
Equation: 0.35 2
𝜋 2
150 4 𝐷
𝑄 0.35 20 = f
𝑉= =𝜋 𝐸𝑞𝑛 1 D 2 ∗ 9.81
𝐴 2
4𝐷 Simplify
VD 𝑉𝐷
Re = = (𝐸𝑞𝑛 2) 150 1
𝑣 1.655𝑥10−5 20 = 𝑓 0.01012
Using Colebrook Equation for Smooth 𝐷 𝐷4
Pipe Flow: 1
20 = 1.51827𝑓 5
1 𝐷
= 0.86 ln 𝑅𝑒 𝑓 − 0.8 (𝐸𝑞𝑛 3)
𝑓 1
1.51827 5
Using Darcy Weisbach Equation: 𝐷= 𝑓 (𝐸𝑞𝑛 5)
20
L V2
hL = f D 2g Substitute Eqn 2 to 3
150 V 2 1 𝑉𝐷
20 = f (𝐸𝑞𝑛 4) = 0.86 ln 𝑓 − 0.8
D 2 ∗ 9.81 𝑓 1.655𝑥10−5
 Example 3 Solution
Substitute Eqn 1
Solving for Re:
0.35
𝜋 2 𝐷 Substitute f = 0.0183 and
1
= 0.86 ln 4𝐷 𝑓 − 0.8 D = 0.2683 m to Eqn 4 to solve for
𝑓 1.655𝑥10−5
V
Substitute Eqn 5
150 V2
20 = 0.0183
0.35 0.2683 2 ∗ 9.81
1 𝑚
𝜋 1.51827 5 𝑉 = 6.193
1 4∗ 20 𝑓 𝑠
= 0.86 ln 𝑓 − 0.8 𝑓 Substitute V and D = 0.2683 m to
𝑓 1.655𝑥10−5
Eqn 2
= 0.0183
6.193 ∗ 0.2683
Substitute f = 0.0183 to Eqn 5 Re =
1.655𝑥10−5
1 = 100,397.6979
1.51827 5
𝐷= ∗ (0.0183) = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟔𝟖𝟑 𝒎 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟕 𝒎
20
Example 4
◼ Solve again Example 3. Now the duct length is doubled
while its diameter is maintained constant. If the total
head loss is to remain constant, determine the drop in
the flow rate through the duct.
 Example 4 Solution
Solution B Simplify
Using Colebrook and Darcy Weisbach 20 ∗ 0.2683 ∗ 2 ∗ 9.81
1/2
Equation =V
300𝑓
𝑄 𝑄 1
𝑉= =𝜋 𝐸𝑞𝑛 1
𝐴 (0.2683) 2 1 2
4 𝑉 = 0.5924 𝐸𝑞𝑛 5
𝑓
VD 𝑉(0.2683)
Re = = (𝐸𝑞𝑛 2) Substitute Eqn 5 to 2
𝑣 1.655𝑥10−5 1
Using Colebrook Equation for Smooth Pipe 1 2
0.5924 (0.2683)
Flow: 𝑓
Re =
1.655𝑥10−5
1 1
= 0.86 ln 𝑅𝑒 𝑓 − 0.8 (𝐸𝑞𝑛 3)
𝑓 1 2
= 9603.6624 (𝐸𝑞𝑛 6)
Using Darcy Weisbach Equation: 𝑓
Substitute Eqn 6 to 3
L V2 1
hL = f 1 1 2
D 2g = 0.86 ln 9603.6624 𝑓 − 0.8
𝑓 𝑓
300 V2
20 = f (𝐸𝑞𝑛 4) 𝑓 = 0.0199
0.2683 2 ∗ 9.81
 Example 4 Solution
Substitute f = 0.0199 to Eqn 5
1
1 2
𝑉 = 0.5924 = 4.1978 𝑚/𝑠
0.0199
Substitute V = 4.1978 m/s to Eqn 1
𝑄
4.1978 = 𝜋 𝑄 = 0.2373 𝑚3 /𝑠
2
4 (0.2683)
𝑸𝒅𝒓𝒐𝒑 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟓 − 𝟎. 𝟐𝟑𝟕𝟑 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟏𝟐𝟕 𝒎𝟑 /𝒔
Solving for Re
Substitute f = 0.0199 to Eqn 6
1
1 2 1
0.5924 0.0199 (0.2683) 1 2
Re = = 9603.6624 = 68,078.5578
1.655𝑥10−5 0.0199
Example 5
◼ A 6-cm-diameter horizontal water pipe expands
gradually to a 9-cm-diameter pipe. The walls of the
expansion section are angled 10˚ from the axis. The
average velocity and pressure of water before the
expansion section are 7 m/s and 150 kPa, respectively.
Determine the head loss in the expansion section and
the pressure in the larger-diameter pipe.
 Example 5 Solution
Using Conservation of Mass Equation:
mሶ 1 = mሶ 2
ρv1 A1 = ρv2 A2
π 2
A1 D1 0.062 m
v2 = v = 4 v = 7 = 3.1111
A2 1 π D2 1 0.092 s
4 2
Using Energy Equation:
P1 v12 P2 v22
+ α1 + z1 + h𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = + α2 + z2 + h𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 + hL
γ 2g γ 2g
P1 v12 P2 v22
+ α1 + z1 + h𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 = + α2 + z2 + h𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 + hL
ρg 2g ρg 2g
Simplify:
P1 v12 P2 v22
+ α1 = + α2 + hL
ρg 2g ρg 2g
P1 v12 P2 v22
+ α1 = + α2 + hL ∗ ρg v21 v22
ρg 2g ρg 2g P1 + α1 ρ 2 = P2 + α2 ρ 2 + ρg hL 𝐸𝑞𝑛 1
 Example 5 Solution

0.13
For hL use equation at slide 24 20˚
𝜃 = 10° + 10° = 20°
𝐾 𝑉1 −𝑉2 2
From Chart, K= 0.13, hL = 2𝑔

v12 v22 𝐾 𝑉1 − 𝑉2 2
P1 + α1 ρ = P2 + α2 ρ + ρg
2 2 2𝑔
For α = 1.06 (Kinetic Energy Correction Factor)
72 3.11112 0.13 ∗ 7 − 3.1111 2
1.06 ∗ 1000 ∗ 2 1.06 ∗ 1000 ∗ 2 1000 ∗ 2
150 + = P2 + +
10000 1000 1000
𝑷𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔𝟗. 𝟖𝟓𝟕𝟏 𝒌𝑷𝒂