Lec#1

Database Management Systems
CE-416
Basic Concepts
&
Definitions
Lecture # 1
1
Course Instructor
 Engr. Muhammad Atif Bajwa
 Lecturer
 Dept. of Electrical & Computer Engineering
 Qualification: M.Sc. Engineering in Computer Systems
 E-mail: atif.bajwa@students.au.edu.pk
 Phone # 0300-5288926
Course Objectives
 Introduction to very basics
 Guides through different design stages
 Familiarize with tools
 Emphasis on design stages of database
3
ASSESSMENT SYSTEM
Theoretical/Instruction 100%
 Assignments 10%
 Quizzes 10%
 CEP 10%
 Midterm Exam 25%
 End Semester Exam 45%
Total 100%
4
Text Book
Modern Database Management
Prentice Hall (2010)
10th Edition
Authors
Jeffrey A. Hoffer, Ramesh, Heikki Topi
5
Examples of Database Applications
 Purchases from the supermarket
 Purchases using your credit card
 Booking a holiday at the travel agents
 Using the local library
 Taking out insurance
 Renting a video
 Using the Internet
 Studying at university
Definitions of Database
 Def 1: Database is an organized collection of logically related
data
 Def 2: A database is a shared collection of logically related data

that is stored to meet the requirements of different users of an
organization
 Def 3: A database is a self-describing collection of integrated

records
 Def 4: A database models a particular real world system in the

computer in the form of data
Definitions
 Data: stored representations of meaningful objects and events
 Referred to facts concerning objects and events that could be

recorded and stored on computer media
 Structured: numbers, text, dates
 Unstructured: images, video, documents
 Information: data processed to increase knowledge in the person

using the data
 Metadata: data that describes the properties and context of user

data
8
What is a Database
 Shared collection of logically related data (and a description of
this data), designed to meet the information needs of an
organization.
 System catalog (metadata) provides description of data to

enable program–data independence.
 Logically related data comprises entities, attributes, and

relationships of an organization’s information.
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Figure 1-1a Data in Context
Context helps users understand data

Graphical displays turn data into useful information
that managers can use for decision making and
interpretation
Descriptions of the properties or characteristics of the data,
including data types, field sizes, allowable values, and data
context
The concept of a shared organizational
database
Management Marketing
Product
Planning Control Sales
Development
Corporate
Database
Accounting Manufacturing
Accounts Accounts
Scheduling Production
Receivable Payable
13
A bit of History
 Computer initially used for computational/ engineering
purposes
 Commercial applications introduced File Processing

System
14
File Processing System
 A collection of application programs that perform

services for the end-users such as production of
reports
 Each program defines and manages its own data
15
File Processing Systems
Library Examination Registration

Applications Applications Applications

Data Data Data
Files Files Files
Program and Data Interdependence 16

File Processing Systems

Reg_Number Reg_Number Reg_Number
Name Name Name
Father Name Address Father Name
Books Issued Class Phone
Fine Semester Address
Grade Class
17
Files Based Processing
Three file processing systems
Duplicate
Data
Disadvantages of File Processing
 Program-Data Dependence
 File structure is defined in the program code.
 All programs maintain metadata for each file they use
 Duplication of Data (Data Redundancy)
 Different systems/programs have separate copies of the same data
 Same data is held by different programs.
 Wasted space and potentially different values and/or different formats for
the same item.
 Limited Data Sharing
 No centralized control of data
 Programs are written in different languages, and so cannot easily access
each other’s files.
Disadvantages of File Processing
 Lengthy Development Times
 Programmers must design their own file formats
 Excessive Program Maintenance

 80% of of information systems budget
 Vulnerable to Inconsistency
 Change in one table need changes in corresponding tables as well
otherwise data will be inconsistent
21
Problems with Data Dependency
 Each application programmer must maintain their own data
 Each application program needs to include code for the

metadata of each file
 Each application program must have its own processing

routines for reading, inserting, updating and deleting data
 Lack of coordination and central control
 Non-standard file formats

Problems with Data Redundancy
 Waste of space to have duplicate data
 Causes more maintenance headaches
 The biggest problem:
 When data changes in one file, could cause

inconsistencies (Vulnerable to Inconsistency)
 Compromises data integrity (data reliability)

The DATABASE Approach (Solution)
 Central repository of shared data

 Data is managed by a controlling agent
 Stored in a standardized, convenient form
This requires a
Database and Database Management System (DBMS)
Advantages of Database Approach

Applications Applications Applications
Database
Management
System
- Data Sharing - Data Independence

- Controlled Redundancy University - Better Data Integrity
Students
Database
25
Database Management System
 A software system that is used to create, maintain,
and provide controlled access to users of a database
 (Database) application program: A computer program

that interacts with database by issuing an appropriate
request (SQL statement) to the DBMS
Database Management System
DBMS manages data resources like an operating system manages hardware resources
GCR CODE
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Database Management Systems

 Dept. of Electrical & Computer Engineering

 Qualification: M.Sc. Engineering in Computer Systems

 Guides through different design stages

 Familiarize with tools

 Emphasis on design stages of database

 Midterm Exam 25%

 End Semester Exam 45%

 Purchases using your credit card

 Booking a holiday at the travel agents

 Using the local library

 Taking out insurance

 Using the Internet

 Def 2: A database is a shared collection of logically related data

 Def 3: A database is a self-describing collection of integrated

 Def 4: A database models a particular real world system in the

 Referred to facts concerning objects and events that could be

 Structured: numbers, text, dates

 Unstructured: images, video, documents

 Information: data processed to increase knowledge in the person

 Metadata: data that describes the properties and context of user

 System catalog (metadata) provides description of data to

 Logically related data comprises entities, attributes, and

Context helps users understand data

 Commercial applications introduced File Processing

 A collection of application programs that perform

 Each program defines and manages its own data

Library Examination Registration

Library Examination Registration

Program and Data Interdependence 16

Library Examination Registration

 Excessive Program Maintenance

 Each application program needs to include code for the

 Each application program must have its own processing

 Lack of coordination and central control

 Non-standard file formats

 Causes more maintenance headaches

 The biggest problem:

 When data changes in one file, could cause

 Compromises data integrity (data reliability)

 Central repository of shared data

Library Examination Registration

- Data Sharing - Data Independence

 (Database) application program: A computer program

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