PURPOSES OF PUMPING

• To increase the water pressure at certain points in the

distribution system.
• To lift treated water to elevated storage tanks flow
automatically under gravity into distribution system.
• To lift raw river water to carry it to treatment plant.
• To lift water available from wells to an elevated storage
tank in stages.
• To pump water directly into the distribution system.
• To take out water from basins, sumps, tanks etc.

1
 TYPES OF PUMPS
Classification based on mechanical principle of operation
(i) Displacement pumps
(ii) Centrifugal pumps
(iii) Air lift pumps
(iv) Miscellaneous pumps
Classification based on type of power required
(i) Steam engine pumps
(ii) Diesel engine pumps
(iii) Electrically driven pumps
Classification based on the type of service called for
(i) Low lift pumps
(ii) High lift pumps
(iii) Deep well pumps
(iv) Booster pumps

2
 CENTRIFUGAL PUMPS
• Roto dynamic pumps which convert Mechanical energy
into Hydraulic energy by centripetal force on the liquid

3
Centrifugal Pump

4
 POWER AND EFFICIENCY
• The work performed by a pump is a function of
the total head and the weight of the liquid
pumped in a given time period.
• Work done by the pump = W x H m-kg/sec = ϒ x
Q x H m-kg/sec
• Pump input or brake horsepower (BHP) is the
actual horsepower delivered to the pump shaft.
• Pump output or hydraulic horsepower (WHP) is
the liquid horsepower delivered by the pump

5


Head, Power and efficiency of pumps

• HEAD…………..H=Hs+Hd+Hl (Darcy)
• Work done = γQH where γ = unit weight of water in Kg/m3
Q = discharge to be pumped in m3/s
• The water horsepower of the pump is then given
by: W.H.P=
• Brake horse power of the pump (B.H.P) is given
by
QH
B.H.P=W.H.P/ =
75

6


Head, Power and efficiency of pumps

 VELOCITY HEAD (hv) is the energy of a liquid as a result of its
motion at some velocity V. It is the equivalent head in meter
through which the water would have to fall to acquire the same
velocity, or in other words, the head necessary to accelerate the
water. Velocity head can be calculated from the following formula:

 STATIC DISCHARGE HEAD is the vertical distance in meter

between the pump centerline and the point of free discharge or the
surface of the liquid in the discharge tank.
 TOTAL STATIC HEAD is the vertical distance in meter between
the free level of the source of supply and the point of free
discharge or the free surface of the discharge liquid.
 FRICTION HEAD (hf) is the head required to overcome the
resistance to flow in the pipe and fittings. It is dependent upon the
size, condition and type of pipe, number and type of pipe fittings,
flow rate, and nature of the liquid. 7
 Example
1.Water has to be supplied to a town with 100,000 population at the rate of 150l/c/d from a
river 2000m away. The difference in elevation b/n the lowest water level and the reservoir is
36m. If the demand has to be supplied in 8hrs. Assume max. dd. f=0.03,v=2.4m/s and
efficiency of pump 80%. Find Size of main, H and Adjusted velocity, WHP, BHP and
running cost per month if the energy charges are 35 cents per kwh.
Solution
Qmax=1.5*100,000*150l/8hrs=0.78m3/s
i. Diameter of pipe
Q=VA……….D2=4*0.7/3.14*2.4=0.37……D = 0.645m =600<645< 675, take 675mm
Adjust velocity Va=4*Q/3.14*D2= 2.2m/s
(1) Darcy-Weisbach formula
ii. B.H.P=W.H.P/ =
QH
H=h+hL = 21.93 75
H=36+21.93=57.93m
BHP = 1000*0.78*57.93/75*0.8 = 753.09HP……………….. 1HP = 736W = 0.736KW
iii. Cost per month
Total energy = 753.09*0.736kw = 554.27kw
Energy per month = 554.27kw*8*30*35cents
=4655868cents/month=46558 ETB/month
8
 Group work
2.Water has to be supplied to a town with 100,000
population at the rate of 150l/c/d from a river
2000m away. The difference in elevation b/n the
lowest water level and the reservoir is 36m. If the
demand has to be supplied in 8hrs. Assume max. dd.
f=0.03,v=2.4m/s and efficiency of pump 80%. Find
Size of main, BHP, work done and running cost per
month if the energy charges are 35 cents per kwh.

9
 Assignment = 4
1.A centrifugal pump driven by an electric motor lifts
water through a total height of 50meters from the
reservoir to the discharge end. The pump efficiency is
77% and the motor efficiency is 85%. The lift is
through 300meters length of 10cm diameter pipe and
the pumping rate is 1500l/minute. If f=0.025, and
power costs 25 units per kwh, what is the cost of
power for pumping four million liters of water.

10
Economic diameter of pump main
o Determine by Lea empherical formula:
D = (0.693 to 1.222)Q1/2 ~ 1.222Q1/2
o The pumping main velocity lies between 0.82
– 1.35m/s

11
12
 CHAPTER FIVE

WATER DISTRIBUTION NETWOK

13
 Water distribution network
 A water distribution network is an interconnected collection of sources, pipes and
hydraulic control elements (e.g., pumps, valves, regulators, tanks) delivering to
consumers prescribed water quantities at desired pressures and water qualities.
 The aim of a distribution network is to supply a community with the
appropriate quantity and quality of water
 We design the networks by considering primary factors such as the location, total
water availability, rate of water supply required, and the total number of people
the water should be supplied to.
 A water supply network or water supply system is a system of engineered
hydrologic and hydraulic components that provide water supply.
 Treated water is transferred using water pipes (usually underground).
 Water storage facilities such as reservoirs, water tanks, or water towers.

14
 cont…
1. Distribution System/system of water distribution
o Is a system of water distribution from service reservoir or WTP to
distribution area.
 Depending upon the methods of distribution, the distribution
system is classified as follows:
a. Gravity system
 The water flows under the force of gravity
 It is suitable when the source of water treatment plant and the
distribution reservoir are situated at a high level than the
distribution area.

15
Cont…

16
b. Pumping System
 The water is directly pumped in the main
 Since the pumps have to work at different rates in a day, the
maintenance cost will increase.

17
 c. Dual System
 The pumping and gravity both systems are utilized simultaneously when
required.
 The pumps are operated at a constant speed to meet the average demand of
water.
 Requires elevated tank/reservoir
 The treated water stored in elevated tank/reservoir by pumping and distribute to
distribution area by gravity.
 During the period of low demand, the excess water is stored in an elevated
reservoir.
 During the period of peak demand, the water is supplied by pumping and from
the elevated reservoir simultaneously.
 This system is fairly reliable b/c in the case of failure of pumping the water
supply can be continued for some period from the reservoir.
18
Cont…

19
 Layout of distribution System
 Depending upon their layout of direction of supply, they
are classified as follows:
i. Dead end or Tree System: In this system,
 A main line is taken from the reservoir along the main road.
 The sub-mains are taken suitably from the main line.
 Cut-off values are provided at the entry of sub-mains.
 From the sub mains, the branch lines are taken from which
service connections are given to consumer through the
ferrule.
 The end of the sub-mains and branch lines are stopped by
scour values which are known as dead – ends.
 Due to the dead – ends, there is no free circulation of water
and the water remains stagnant within the pipe line.
• This system is suitable for regular developing town or city
20
Cont…

21
 ii. Grid – Iron System
 In this system, the main line, the sub-main lines, and the branch
lines are interconnected. So, there is free circulation of water
through the pipe lines.
 Cut-off values are provided at each junction point so that the
repair works may be conducted at a particular area without
disturbing the whole area.
 In this system the length of the pipe as too long, and hence it is
very costly.
 It is suitable for town or city having rectangular lay out of roads.

22
cont…

23
 iii. Circular or Ring System
In this system, the main water line is divided in to two
parts;
a. Left direction – In the inlet side
b. Right direction – In the outlet side.
It is suitable for well-planned town or city where the
locality can be divided in to square or circular blocks and
the main water line can be laid around the sides of the
squire or around the circle

24
Cont…

25
 iv. Radial System
 In this system, the town or city is divided in to various circular or
square zones and distribution reservoirs are placed at the center of
each zone.
 The distributor lines are laid radially from reservoir towards the
periphery of each zone.
 It is sailable when the town or city can oriented with radial roads
and streets.
• In this system, the water from the main reservoir is allowed to flow
through the main pipe and sub-main pipe and get collected at
distribution reservoir of each zone.
• The water is supplied to consumers through the distributor pipe
lines.
26
Cont…

27
 Service Reservoir
 The Service Reservoir is also known as distribution reservoirs are
the storage reservoirs, which store the treated water for supplying
water during emergencies (such as during fires, repairs, etc.) and
also to help in absorbing the hourly fluctuations in the normal
water demand.
 It’s has four main function:
1. To balance or equalize (allow a uniform rate) the supply and
demand over a long period of high consumption.
2. Provide a supply during a failure or shutdown of treatment plant,
pumps or trunk main.
3. To give a suitable pressure for the distribution system and reduces
pressure fluctuations there in.
4. To provide a reserve of water to meet fire and other emergency
demands.
28
 Determination of Storage Capacity of Reservoir
 The total capacity of the service reservoir is determined by adding
the quantity of water required for various purposes.
 These are for balancing reserve, for Breakdown reserve and for fire
reserves.
i. For Balancing Reserve: - This is requires equalizing b/n the
fluctuations of demand rate with the constant rate of pumping.
• Balancing Storage: - Max. Surplus + Max. Deficient
i. For Break down Reserve: - This is the amount of storage during the
break down of pumps.
 From 2 – 3 hrs. pumping capacity is provided against this storage.
i. For Fire reserve: - This is storage required for fighting a fire
outbreak.
• In practice 2-5lit/cap is normally provided for fire storage.
 Example

29
Example

30
Example

31
Example

32
Example

33
 Depth and Shape of service reservoir
1. Depth
• There is an economical depth of service reservoir for any given site.

34
 Depth and Shape of service reservoir
2. Shape
 Circular reservoir is geometrically the most economical shape,
giving the least amount of walling for a given volume and depth.
 But, It is unsuitable for division in to two compartments.
 Circular shape frequently does not permit best use of available
land,
 Problems of design will a rise if it is to be partially buried in
sloping ground
 A rectangular reservoir with a length to width ratio 1.2 to 1.5.
 Usually proves most economical when division walls are
incorporated
 Floors and roof should be sloped to not flatter than 1:250 for
drainage

35
 Pipe used in the water distribution system
 For use in transmission and distribution system pipe should have to
the following characteristics.
a. Adequate tensile strength and bending strength withstand
external load.
b. High bursting strength withstand internal water pressure.
c. Ability to resist impact loads to water flow suitable for handling
and joining facilities.
d. Resistance to both internal and external corrosion

36
Types of pipe used in water distribution system

37
Types of pipe used in water distribution system

38
Types of pipe used in water distribution system

39
Types of pipe used in water distribution system

40
Types of pipe used in water distribution system

41
Determination of size of pipes

42
Determination of size of pipes

43
Determination of size of pipes

44
Determination of size of pipes

45
Determination of size of pipes

46
Determination of size of pipes

47
Energy losses in pipes

48
Energy losses in pipes

49
Energy losses in pipes

50
 51
Nomograph for Manning formula, for circular pipes flowing full based on n=0.013
52
 Example

Find the loss of the head due to friction in a

pipe of 1000mm diameter and 2km long. The
velocity of water in the pipe is 2m/s.
Take f = 0.005, n = 0.0013, and C = 100. Since
use all three formula.

53
Energy losses in pipes

54
Energy losses in pipes

55
 Design of the distribution system
Design of pipe line

56
 Analysis of pipes network
 Hard-Cross method

57
Cont…

58
Cont…

59
60
 CHAPTER SIX

Water losses and Control

61
 Water-losses in water supply systems
o Water loss is the amount of distributed drinking water that
does not reach customers, and that water utilities therefore
do not receive payment for.

o Water loss has impact on profitability and water

quality.

o Water loss greatly affects operational costs and treatment.

o This is also known as Non-Revenue Water (NRW).

62
 Cont…
• NRW covers:

 The amount of water lost due to e.g. ruptures and leaks in the
pipeline grid and reservoir overflows (also known as physical
losses)

 Unauthorized consumption, such as illegal tapping and meter

inaccuracies (also known as apparent losses)

 Authorized consumption used to flush pipes at new installations

and during repairs, water used for fire fighting and sprinkler
systems checks, etc. (also known as unbilled authorized
consumption)
63
 Cont…
 Water loss is defined as the difference between water pumped into
system and billed water
 Water loss occurs in every water distribution system during its overall
operational lifetime
 It causes not only additional operating costs but also has negative
social and ecological impacts
 25-50% of all distributed water globally is lost or never invoiced due
to:
o Leakages
o Deteriorating infrastructure
o Incorrect water pressure management
o Inaccurate billing systems
o Inaccurate metering
o Illegal connections
64
Cont…

65
 Real losses and Apparent losses
A.Real losses
o Are physical losses such as leakage and storage overflows.

o This water never reaches the consumer , but it inflates the

water bill since this water is treated but unused.

o An estimated 80% - 100% of real water losses are caused by

water leakages from pipes.

o To reduce real losses it should be need to do on

management properly

66
Cont…

67
 Cont…
B. Apparent losses

o Are non-physical losses in utility operations due to

meter inaccuracies, data handling errors in billing
and unauthorized consumption.

• This is water that is consumed but not properly

measured, accounted or paid for.

68
Cont…

69
Cont…

70
 Concept of NRW and UFW
o Unaccounted-for Water (UFW) is the difference between
the quantity of water supplied to a city's network and
the metered quantity of water used by the customers.

o Non-Revenue Water” (NRW)—defined as the difference

between the amount of water put into the distribution
system and the amount of water billed to consumers

71
 Cont…
o NRW is sometimes also referred to as unaccounted-for water
(UFW).

o While the two terms are similar, they are not identical, since non-
revenue water includes authorized unbilled consumption (e.g.
for firefighting or, in some countries, for use by religious
institutions) while unaccounted-for water excludes it.

o Non-revenue water is the water that is lost before it reaches the

customer. Losses can be real or apparent. 72
Cont…

73
Cont…

74
 Water loss reduction (WLR)
o Pressure management is considered the single most
beneficial, important, and cost-effective leakage
management activity.

o The higher the pressure, the more water lost through bursts
or leakages.

o Pressure management is also an efficient way of reducing

unnecessary energy consumption.

75
 Cont…
o Represents an efficient alternative to exploiting new and
cost-intensive resources and measures (dams, deep wells,
desalination), thus contributing to a sustainable and
integrated water resources management
o Provides a strategic direction for utility managers to
determine the best approach to reducing losses
o A sound WLR strategy consists of:
1. An initial situational analysis to assess Non-Revenue
Water (NRW).
2. Formulation of clear objectives and targets for the water
distribution network
3. Setting an action plan for the implementation phase
76
 Importance of water loss reduction
o Ecological aspects

o Hygienic aspects

o Economic aspects (water export, production costs)

o Security of supply:
o (for example, a 5 mm hole and 5 bar pressure can induce 32,000
litres of daily water losses.

o This corresponds to a daily drinking water demand for 266 persons

at an average consumption of 120 l/P*d)

77
 BENEFITS OF WLR PROGRAMME
 Benefits of a water loss reduction (WLR) Programme for consumers and
utilities

o Reduced water losses and increased revenues

o Reduced stress on local water resources

o Reduced energy consumption for abstraction, treatment and

distribution

o A more stable water supply

o Better support for decision making and customer service due

to new management systems

o Improved water quality due to optimized water distribution

o A strong basis for setting up a long-term rehabilitation and

investment plan for the network 78
 BARRIERS TO WLR
o Barriers to WLR reduction in a water utility

o Lack of political awareness

o Inaccurate data

o NRW is usually not connected to overall sustainability goals

o Focus on purchasing price rather than Total Cost of Ownership

o Fear of a negative image

o Corruption leads to inefficient NRW projects

79
 Water loss detection methods
o Is called Water leak detection – method

1. Acoustic detection - the systematic method of using listening

equipment to survey the distribution system, identify leak sounds,
and pinpoint the exact locations of hidden underground leaks.

2. Utilize pressure differences - measured by strategically located flow

meters and pressure gauges that can, by differences in the readings,
bracket the location of the leak (Entrance and exit pressure)

High drop pressure – high leakage

Low drop pressure – small leakage

80
 CHAPTER EIGHT

Operation and Maintenance

of
Water Supply Systems

81
 Water supply system
A water supply system is a system of collection,
transmission, treatment, storage and distribution of
water from source to consumers.

 Its involves pipes, pumps, valves, storage tanks,

reservoirs, meters, fittings, and

 other hydraulic appurtenances that connect treatment

plants or well supplies to consumers' taps.

82
 Operation and Maintenance
Operation – Consists of pipeline systems operation and
control [including supervisory control and data acquisition
(SCADA) and leak detection] as well as field operation and
maintenance, and is generally applicable across the pipeline
industry whether transporting gas or liquids.

83
 Operation and Maintenance
o Proper pipeline maintenance involves maintaining the

integrity of a pipeline and all of its related components.

o This is done through regular inspections and repairs.

84
 Cont…
o Operation and maintenance of a water supply system refers
to all the activities needed to run the system continuously to
provide the necessary service.

o The overall aim of operation and maintenance is to ensure

an efficient, effective and sustainable system of water
supply.

85
 Operation and Maintenance
 Good management of a drinking water system is critical for
delivering safe water.

 A person who Operate and maintain the system:

- Be knowledgeable of the water system's infrastructure (assets) and their locations

- Be knowledgeable of the condition of the water system

- Maintain an adequate disinfection residual in all parts of the system

- Maintain positive water pressures under foreseeable operating conditions

- Implement a backflow prevention and cross-connection control program

- Ensure proper disinfection and flushing procedures are used for repairs and new construction

- Monitor for internal and external corrosion of piping and equipment and, if necessary,
implement measures to reduce the rate of corrosion

86
 Cont…
- Meter water supply and consumption to estimate water usage and
losses and, if necessary, implement a leak detection program

- Maintain the source water intake, dam, raw water reservoir or

wellhead site

- Maintain the treatment plant, pumping stations, and reservoirs

- Maintain the distribution system valves and hydrants

- Flush and/or swab the water mains

- Maintain a spare parts inventory

87
 Activity on operation and maintenance
- General guidance on operation and maintenance of water supply
system:
a. Daily
- Read master water meter
- Inspect wellhead/intake and area
- Inspect chlorinator
- Record chlorine residuals
- Monitor water level in reservoir or storage tanks
- Check/repair leaks

88
 Cont…
b. Weekly
- Check operation of pressure tanks
- Check system pressure
- Collect bacteriological water samples
c. Monthly/Quarterly
- Check pump operations
- Clean pump house and area
- Clean chlorine lines and tanks
- Calibrate chlorinator
- Check reservoir or storage tanks for damage

89
 Cont…
d. Biannually
- Exercise valves
- Check safety equipment
e. Annually
- Flush distribution system
- Prepare for winter operation
- Maintain pump house, etc.
- Update emergency response plan
- Publish annual report
- Calibrate chlorine meter
f. Other activities
- Clean reservoir and storage tanks (2-3 years)
- Physical/Chemical sampling (3-5 years)
90
 Pipe repair
 Is a plumbing maintenance service done to a piping system to restore
its transportation capability and usefulness.

 It involves the use of wraps and the replacement of sections of the

pipe with new ones, especially when the damage is permanent.

 Especially when the damage is permanent.

 Is perform when the pipe is:

– Cracks
– Leaks
– Corrodes
– Clogs
– Breaks
91
 Pipeline corrosion

o Is the deterioration of pipe material and the

related system due to its interaction with the

working environment.

o Is formed simply when piping material breaks

down because of its environment.

92
 Causes of pipe corrosion

o The most simple cause of corrosion is contact.

o That can be when metal comes in contact with all

kinds of things, including water, oxygen, grime, or

other metal.

o Corrosion is a chemical reaction that plagues metals

93
 Ways to fight off corrosion
o For Pipes, Watch Your Water - quality of water (PH)

o Keep Pipes Clean – bacteria, contact with sulfide…

 Considering chemical for treatment and use chemical

o Add Protection to All Metals - Protective linings or special coatings

o Keep Structures Stable - Friction, jiggling, and bouncing wear on

metal

o Protect Against Metal-to-Metal Contact - to insulate the metal

94