Microprocessors technology

Microprocessor is an electronic device, which can perform basic arithmetic/logical functions such as
and, or, add, subtract upon given input signals. The word 'micro' is used to indicate the physical size
of the components involved. Microprocessor is a VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) device that
contains thousands of gates in a single chip. It constitutes the heart of a microcomputer and it fetches
microinstructions from memory, decodes the instructions into a series of actions, and carries out these
actions in a sequence of steps.
Microcomputer consists of a microprocessor along with memory and input output ports for
connecting peripherals
Some applications of microprocessors
Measuring instruments. Examples multimeter
Musical instruments. Pianos, electric guitar
Household equipments like microwaves, ovens
Military equipments such as jets, missiles
Transport industry, banks, speed control of motors

Block diagram of a microprocessor

All microprocessors consist of
ALU – a portion that performs operations such as addition, subtractions, comparisons and
logic operations.
A set of registers – used for data, instruction and results storage.
Instruction decoder and control unit for synchronization of operations within the computer
system
Bus system – for data transmission

Microprocessor architecture
The term architecture in relation to microprocessor refers to the internal design and organization of
the device

8085 microprocessor architecture

It consists of 3(Three) main section
1. Arithmetic &Logic unit
2. Timing and Control unit
3. Sets of Register
1. Arithmetic & Logic Unit
The arithmetic and logic unit performs the following arithmetic and logic operation
2. Timing and Control unit
The timing and control unit comes under the section of CPU, and it generates the timing and
control signals which are necessary for the execution of Instructions. It controls flow of data
from CPU to other devices. It provides status, control and timing signals which are required
for the operation of memory and I/O device. It is also used to control the operations
performed by the microprocessor and the devices connected to it. There are certain timing
and control signals like: Control signals, DMA Signals, RESET signals, Status Signal.
3. Sets of Register
Registers are used for temporary storage and manipulation of data and instructions by the
microprocessor. Data remain in the registers till they are sent to the I/O devices or memory.
Intel 8085 microprocessor has the following registers:
a) One 8-bit accumulator (ACC) i.e. register A
b) Six general purpose registers of 8-bit, these are B, C, D, E, H and L
c) One 16-bit stack pointer, SP
d) One 16-bit Program Counter, PC
e) Instructions register
f) Temporary register.
In addition to the above-mentioned registers the 8085 microprocessor contains a set of five
flip-flops which serve as flags (or status flags).
A flag is a flip-flop which indicates some conditions which arises after the execution of an
arithmetic or logical instruction.
a) Accumulator (ACC):
The accumulator is an 8-bit register associated with the ALU. The register 'A' is an
accumulator in the 8085. It is used to hold one of the operands of an arithmetic and logical
operation. The final result of an arithmetic or logical operation is also placed in the
accumulator.
b) General-Purpose Registers:
The 8085 microprocessor contains six 8-bit general purpose registers. They are: B, D, C, E, H
and L register. To hold data of 16-bit a combination of two 8-bit registers can be employed.
The combination of two 8-bit registers is called register pair. The valid register pairs in the
8085 are: D-E, B-C and H-L. The H-L pair is used to act as a memory pointer.
c) Stack Pointer (SP):
It is a 16-bit special function register used as memory pointer. A stack is nothing but a portion
of RAM i.e. it is sequence of memory location set aside by a programmer to store/ retrieve
the content of accumulator, flags, program counter and general-purpose register during the
execution of a program. Stack work on LIFO(last in first out) Principle Its operation is faster
compared normal store / retrieve of memory location The stack pointer (SP) controls the
addressing of the stack. The Stack Pointer contains the address of the top element of data
stored in the stack.
d) Program Counter (PC):
It is a 16-bit special purpose register. It is used to hold the address of memory of the next
instruction to be executed. It keeps the track of the instruction in a program while they are
being executed. The microprocessor increments the content of the next program counter
during the execution of an instruction so that at the end of the execution of an instruction it
points to the next instructions address in the program.
e) Instructions register
The instruction register holds the opcode (operation code or instruction code) of the
instruction which is being decoded and executed.
f) Temporary register
It is an 8-bit register associated with the ALU. It holds data during an arithmetic/logical
operation. It is used by the microprocessor. It is not accessible to programmer.
g) Flags:
The Intel 8085 microprocessor contains five flip-flops to serve as a status flags. The flipflops
are reset or set according to the conditions which arise during an arithmetic or logical
operation.
• Carry Flag (CS)
• Parity Flag (P)
• Auxiliary Carry Flag (AC)
• Zero Flag(Z)
• Sign
D7 D6 D5 D4 D3 D2 D1 D0
S Z - AC - P - CS

a) Carry Flag
Generated when the results of arithmetic operation results in a carry (or borrow) out of the
high order bit the c flag is set to 1 otherwise it remains reset to 0.
b) Parity flag
Parity represents the number of 1s in the accumulator content. Parity flag is set and reset if
the result of an ALU operation has even parity and reset if the result has ODD parity.
c) Auxiliary Carry Flag (Ac)
This flag is used in BCD number system (0-9). If after any arithmetic or logical operation
D(3) generates any carry and passes on to B(4) this flag becomes set i.e. 1, otherwise it
becomes reset i.e. 0. This is the only flag register which is not accessible by the
programmer1-carry out from bit 3 on addition or borrow into bit 3 on subtraction 0-otherwise
d) Zero flag (Z)
If the result of an instruction has a zero value, the Z flag is set to 1 otherwise it is reset to zero
e) Sign flag
After any operation if the MSB (B(7)) of the result is 1, it indicates the number is negative
and the sign flag becomes set, i.e. 1. If the MSB is 0, it indicates the number is positive and
the sign flag becomes reset i.e. 0.
Pin diagram 8085 microprocessor
A8 - A15 (Output):

These are the Address Bus and used for most significant 8 bits of the memory address or the 8 bits of
the I/0 address,
AD0 - AD7 (Input / Output)

Multiplexed Address/Data Bus it serves dual purpose. They are used for Least significant 8 bits of the
memory address (or I/0 address) during the first clock cycle of a machine cycle. Then it becomes the
data bus during the second and third clock cycles.

ALE (Output):

Address Latch Enable signal it goes high during the first clock cycle of a machine cycle and enables
the lower 8-bit address to get latched either into the memory or external latch So when pulse goes
high means ALE=1, it makes address bus enable and when ALE=0, means low pulse makes data bus
enable.

Pin 30,31,32, and 34

S0, S1 (Output)
̅
𝑰𝑶/𝑴 S1 S2 Action
0 0 0 Halt
0 0 1 Memory Write
0 1 0 Memory Read
0 1 1 Fetch
1 0 1 I/O write
1 1 0 I/O read
1 1 1 Interrupt Acknowledge

Interrupt signals and other externally initiated signals

Machine cycle
Timing diagram

instruction cycle = fetch cycle + execute cycle

̅
𝑰𝑶/𝑴 S1 S2 Action
0 0 0 Halt
0 0 1 Memory Write
0 1 0 Memory Read
0 1 1 Fetch
1 0 1 I/O write
1 1 0 I/O read
1 1 1 Interrupt Acknowledge
Op code fetch timing diagram

Memory read
Memory write

I/O read timing diagram

Instruction format