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Viterbi Algorithm

The Viterbi algorithm is a dynamic programming algorithm used to find the most likely sequence of hidden states in a Hidden Markov Model (HMM), given a sequence of observed events. It works by initializing matrices to store probabilities and backpointers, then recursively updating the probabilities and backpointers at each time step to find the highest probability path. It outputs the most likely sequence of hidden states by backtracking through the backpointer matrix.

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17 views

Viterbi Algorithm

The Viterbi algorithm is a dynamic programming algorithm used to find the most likely sequence of hidden states in a Hidden Markov Model (HMM), given a sequence of observed events. It works by initializing matrices to store probabilities and backpointers, then recursively updating the probabilities and backpointers at each time step to find the highest probability path. It outputs the most likely sequence of hidden states by backtracking through the backpointer matrix.

Uploaded by

20btcs0072scribd
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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VITERBI ALGORITHMS

The Viterbi algorithm is a dynamic programming algorithm used to


find the most likely sequence of hidden states in a Hidden Markov
Model (HMM), given a sequence of observed events. It is
particularly useful in speech recognition, natural language
processing, bioinformatics, and other fields where sequential data
is analyzed.

Here's how the Viterbi algorithm works:

1. **Initialization**:

- At the start, we initialize a matrix called the Viterbi matrix,


where each cell represents the probability of being in a particular
hidden state at a specific time step.

- We also initialize a backpointer matrix to keep track of the


most likely path that led to each state.

2. **Recursion**:

- We iterate over each time step and compute the probabilities


for each possible state at that time step.

- For each state, we calculate the probability of transitioning


from the previous state to the current state, multiplied by the

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probability of observing the current event given the current state.

- We choose the state with the highest probability as the most


likely state for that time step and update the Viterbi matrix and
backpointer matrix accordingly.

3. **Termination**:

- Once we have processed all time steps, we find the final state
with the highest probability in the last column of the Viterbi
matrix. This represents the most likely ending state.

- We then backtrack through the backpointer matrix to find the


most likely sequence of states that led to this final state.

4. **Output**:

- The sequence of states obtained through backtracking


represents the most likely sequence of hidden states given the
observed sequence of events.

The Viterbi algorithm efficiently computes the most likely state


sequence by avoiding redundant computations through dynamic
programming. It has linear time complexity with respect to the
length of the observed sequence and the number of states in the
HMM.

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In summary, the Viterbi algorithm is a powerful tool for decoding
sequences in HMMs, making it invaluable for tasks such as speech
recognition, part-of-speech tagging, gene prediction, and more.

SOME HINTS GIVEN BELOW FOR ABOVE EXPLAINATION

Imagine you're watching a movie and trying to guess the mood of


the main character in each scene based on their actions (like
smiling, frowning, or running). However, you can't see their mood
directly; you have to guess it based on their actions.

1. **Starting Out**:

- You start with a grid where each row represents a possible


mood (like happy, sad, or neutral) and each column represents a
scene in the movie.

2. **Guessing Moods**:

- You look at the first scene and guess the mood of the character
based on their actions. You write down the likelihood of each
mood in the first column of the grid.

- For example, if the character is smiling a lot in the first scene,


you might guess they're happy with a high likelihood.

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3. **Moving Forward**:

- For each subsequent scene, you update the grid with your new
guesses based on the actions you see.

- You consider both the likelihood of transitioning from one


mood to another and the likelihood of the observed actions given
each mood.

4. **Finding the Best Path**:

- As you go through the scenes, you keep track of the most likely
sequence of moods that led up to each mood in each scene.

- This helps you trace back the best path through the grid to find
the overall most likely sequence of moods throughout the movie.

5. **Final Answer**:

- Once you've analyzed all the scenes, you look at the last
column of the grid to find the mood with the highest likelihood.

- Then, you trace back through the grid using the most likely
paths you've recorded to find the overall most likely sequence of
moods for the whole movie.

In essence, the Viterbi algorithm is like a smart way of guessing


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the most likely sequence of hidden states (in this case, moods)
based on observed events (in this case, actions in the movie). It's
like playing detective to figure out the hidden story behind the
scenes!

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