ANSI/AGMA ISO 6336--6--A08

American National Standard

Calculation of Load Capacity of

Spur and Helical Gears --
Part 6: Calculation of Service
Life Under Variable Load
ANSI/AGMA ISO 6336--6--A08
 Calculation of Load Capacity of Spur and Helical Gears -- Part 6:
American Calculation of Service Life Under Variable Load
National ANSI/AGMA ISO 6336--6--A08
Standard Approval of an American National Standard requires verification by ANSI that the require-
ments for due process, consensus, and other criteria for approval have been met by the
standards developer.
Consensus is established when, in the judgment of the ANSI Board of Standards Review,
substantial agreement has been reached by directly and materially affected interests.
Substantial agreement means much more than a simple majority, but not necessarily una-
nimity. Consensus requires that all views and objections be considered, and that a
concerted effort be made toward their resolution.
The use of American National Standards is completely voluntary; their existence does not
in any respect preclude anyone, whether he has approved the standards or not, from
manufacturing, marketing, purchasing, or using products, processes, or procedures not
conforming to the standards.
The American National Standards Institute does not develop standards and will in no
circumstances give an interpretation of any American National Standard. Moreover, no
person shall have the right or authority to issue an interpretation of an American National
Standard in the name of the American National Standards Institute. Requests for interpre-
tation of this standard should be addressed to the American Gear Manufacturers
Association.
CAUTION NOTICE: AGMA technical publications are subject to constant improvement,
revision, or withdrawal as dictated by experience. Any person who refers to any AGMA
technical publication should be sure that the publication is the latest available from the As-
sociation on the subject matter.
[Tables or other self--supporting sections may be referenced. Citations should read: See
ANSI/AGMA ISO 6336--6--A08, Calculation of Load Capacity of Spur and Helical Gears --
Part 6: Calculation of Service Life Under Variable Load, published by the American Gear
Manufacturers Association, 500 Montgomery Street, Suite 350, Alexandria, Virginia
22314, http://www.agma.org.]
Approved May 20, 2008
ABSTRACT
This standard specifies the information and standardized conditions necessary for the calculation of the service
life (or safety factors for a required life) of gears subject to variable loading. While the method is presented in the
context of ISO 6336 and calculation of the load capacity of spur and helical gears, it is equally applicable to other
types of gear stress.
Published by
American Gear Manufacturers Association
500 Montgomery Street, Suite 350, Alexandria, Virginia 22314
Copyright ¤ 2008 by American Gear Manufacturers Association
All rights reserved.
No part of this publication may be reproduced in any form, in an electronic
retrieval system or otherwise, without prior written permission of the publisher.
Printed in the United States of America
ISBN: 978--1--55589--928--8

ii
AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA ISO 6336--6--A08

Contents
Page
Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
1 Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2 Normative references . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
3 Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviated terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
4 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
5 Calculation according to ISO 6336 of service strength on basis of
single--stage strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Annexes
A Determination of application factor, KA, from given load spectrum using
equivalent torque, Teq . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
B Guide values for application factor, KA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
C Example calculation of safety factor from given load spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Figures
1 Example for a cumulative stress spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2 Torque spectrum and associated stress spectrum with S--N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3 Accumulation of damage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4 Flow chart for determination of calculated safety factor for given load
spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Tables
1 Torque classes/numbers of cycles -- Example: classes 38 and 39 . . . . . . . . . . 2
2 Example of torque spectrum (with unequal bin size for reducing number
of bins) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
3 Torque classes/numbers of cycles -- Example: classes 38 and 39 . . . . . . . . . . 6

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ANSI/AGMA ISO 6336--6--A08 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

Foreword
[The foreword, footnotes and annexes, if any, in this document are provided for
informational purposes only and are not to be construed as a part of ANSI/AGMA ISO
6336--6--A08, Calculation of Load Capacity of Spur and Helical Gears -- Part 6: Calculation
of Service Life Under Variable Load.]
It is recommended that the cumulative fatigue damage criteria proposed by Miner (Miner’s
Rule) be employed to evaluate the effects of variable loading on the life of gearing. Miner’s
Rule was developed in 1945 by M. A. Miner to assess the effects of cumulative fatigue
damage under repeated and variable intensity loads. The method was developed for
aircraft part design and tested for aluminum alloys by Miner, but was subsequently verified
for steel by others. It was commonly used in vehicle gearing design. An explanation of
Miner’s Rule was included in AGMA 170.01 (1976), Design Manual for Vehicle Spur and
Helical Gears, and the calculation method was later included as annex D in AGMA 218.01
(1982), AGMA Standard for Rating and Pitting Resistance and Bending Strength of Spur
and Helical Involute Gear Teeth.
In the 1990’s, AGMA proposed a project to ISO Technical Committee 60 (TC 60) as an
international standard. However, agreement could not be reached on the total content.
Therefore, an ISO Technical Report of type 2 was prepared by lSO/TC 60, Subcommittee 2
for gear capacity calculation. The resulting document, ISO/TR 10495, Cylindrical gears --
Calculation of service life under variable load -- Conditions for cylindrical gears in
accordance with ISO 6336, was published in 1997.
In 2002, a revision of ISO/TR 10495 was begun, agreement was obtained and the work
resulted in the new ISO standard, ISO 6336--6 Calculation of load capacity of spur and
helical gears -- Part 6: Calculation of service life under variable load, which was published in
August 2006.
ANSI/AGMA ISO 6336--A08 represents an identical adoption of ISO 6336--6:2006, and
includes Technical Corrigendum 1 (August 1, 2007).
The first draft of ANSI/AGMA ISO 6336--6--A08 was made in February, 2007. It was
approved by the AGMA membership in March, 2008. It was approved as an American
National Standard on May 20, 2008.
Suggestions for improvement of this standard will be welcome. They should be sent to the
American Gear Manufacturers Association, 500 Montgomery Street, Suite 350, Alexandria,
Virginia 22314.

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AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA ISO 6336--6--A08

PERSONNEL of the AGMA Helical Gear Rating Committee

Chairman: John V. Lisiecki . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rexnord Industries Gear Operations

Vice Chairman: Michael B. Antosiewicz . . . . . . Rexnord Industries Gear Operations

ACTIVE MEMBERS

K.E. Acheson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gear Works -- Seattle, Inc.

J.B. Amendola, Sr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Artec Machine Systems
T.A. Beveridge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Caterpillar, Inc.
P. Biggert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Horsburgh & Scott Company
C. Dale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Xtek, Inc.
G. Elliott . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Lufkin Industries, Inc.
J.R. Keough . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Applied Process, Inc.
V. Kirov . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Merit Gear Corporation
O.A. LaBath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gear Consulting Services of Cincinnati, LLC
G. Lian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Amarillo Gear Company
A.G. Milburn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Milburn Engineering, Inc.
F.T. Pulley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Caterpillar, Inc.
S. Rao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Philadelphia Gear Corporation
J.M. Rinaldo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Atlas Copco Comptec
J. Roszczenko . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Philadelphia Mixing Solutions
F.C. Uherek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rexnord Industries, LLC

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AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA ISO 6336--6--A08

American National Standard -- 3 Terms, definitions, symbols and

abbreviated terms

Calculation of Load For the purposes of this part of ISO 6336, the terms,
definitions, symbols and abbreviated terms given in
Capacity of Spur and ISO 6336--1 and ISO 1122--1 apply.

Helical Gears -- Part 6:

4 General
Calculation of Service
Life Under Variable Load 4.1 Application factors
If no load spectra are available, application factors
from experience with similar machines may be used,
depending on the operating mode of the driving and
driven machine instead of calculation of the service
1 Scope strength.
See Annex B for tables for KA.
This part of ISO 6336 specifies the information and
standardized conditions necessary for the calcula- 4.2 Determination of load and stress spectra
tion of the service life (or safety factors for a required
Variable loads resulting from a working process,
life) of gears subject to variable loading. While the
starting process or from operation at or near a critical
method is presented in the context of ISO 6336 and
speed will cause varying stresses at the gear teeth of
calculation of the load capacity of spur and helical
a drive system. The magnitude and frequency of
gears, it is equally applicable to other types of gear
these loads depend upon the driven machine(s), the
stress.
driver(s) or motor(s) and the mass elastic properties
of the system.

2 Normative references These variable loads (stresses) may be determined

by such procedures as:
The following referenced documents are indispens- -- experimental measurement of the operating
able for the application of this document. For dated loads at the machine in question,
references, only the edition cited applies. For -- estimation of the spectrum, if this is known, for a
undated references, the latest edition of the refer- similar machine with similar operating mode,
enced document (including any amendments) ap- and
plies.
-- calculation, using known external excitation and
ISO 1122--1:1998, Glossary of gear terms -- Part 1: a mass elastic simulation of the drive system,
Geometrical definitions preferably followed by experimental testing to
ISO 6336--1:2006, Calculation of load capacity of validate the calculation.
spur and helical gears -- Part 1: Basic principles, To obtain the load spectra for fatigue damage
introduction and general influence factors calculation, the range of the measured (or calcu-
ISO 6336--2:2006, Calculation of load capacity of lated) loads is divided into bins or classes. Each bin
spur and helical gears -- Part 2: Calculation of contains the number of load occurrences recorded in
surface durability (pitting) its load range. A widely used number of bins is 64.
ISO 6336--3:2006, Calculation of load capacity of These bins can be of equal size, but it is usually
spur and helical gears -- Part 3: Calculation of tooth better to use larger bin sizes at the lower loads and
bending strength smaller bin sizes at the upper loads in the range. In

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ANSI/AGMA ISO 6336--6--A08 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

this way, the most damaging loads are limited to incremented at every load repetition. Table 1 shows
fewer calculated stress cycles and the resulting as an example of how the torque classes defined in
gears can be smaller. It is recommended that a zero Table 2 can be applied to specific torque levels and
load bin be included so that the total time used to rate correlated numbers of cycles.
the gears matches the design operating life. For
consistency, the usual presentation method is to Table 1 -- Torque classes/numbers of cycles --
have the highest torque associated with the lowest Example: classes 38 and 39 (see Table 2)
numbered bins, such that the most damaging
conditions appear towards the top of any table. Torque class, Ti Number of cycles, ni
N˜m
The cycle count for the load class corresponding to 11 620 $ T38 $ 12 619 n38 = 237
the load value for the highest loaded tooth is 10 565 $ T39 $ 11 619 n39 = 252

Table 2 -- Example of torque spectrum (with unequal bin size for reducing number of bins)
(see Annex C)

Pinion
Data Time1)
Torque, N ˜ m Load %
Bin no. min. max. cycles1) s h
1 25 502 25 578 0 0.00 0 0
2 25 424 25 501 0 0.00 0 0
3 25 347 25 423 14 0.37 24 0.0067
4 25 269 25 346 8 0.21 14 0.0039
5 25 192 25 268 5 0.13 9 0.0025
6 25 114 25 191 8 0.21 14 0.0039
7 25 029 25 113 16 0.42 28 0.0078
8 24 936 25 028 8 0.21 14 0.0039
9 24 835 24 935 5 0.13 9 0.0025
10 24 727 24 834 11 0.29 19 0.0053
11 24 610 24 726 16 0.42 28 0.0078
12 24 479 24 609 19 0.50 33 0.0092
13 24 331 24 478 14 0.37 24 0.0067
14 24 168 24 330 14 0.37 24 0.0067
15 23 990 24 168 11 0.29 19 0.0053
16 23 796 23 989 15 0.39 26 0.0072
17 23 579 23 796 31 0.81 52 0.0144
18 23 339 23 579 28 0.73 47 0.0131
19 23 076 23 338 36 0.94 62 0.0172
20 22 789 23 075 52 1.36 88 0.0244
21 22 479 22 788 39 1.02 66 0.0183
22 22 138 22 478 96 2.51 163 0.0453
23 21 766 22 137 106 2.77 180 0.0500
24 21 363 21 765 49 1.28 83 0.0231
25 20 929 21 362 117 3.05 200 0.0556
26 20 463 20 928 124 3.24 212 0.0589
27 19 960 20 463 61 1.59 104 0.0289
(continued)

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AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA ISO 6336--6--A08

Table 2 (concluded)
Pinion
Data Time1)
Torque, N ˜ m Load %
Bin no. min. max. cycles1) s h
28 19 417 19 959 140 3.65 238 0.0661
29 18 836 19 416 148 3.86 253 0.0703
30 18 216 18 835 117 3.05 200 0.0556
31 17 557 18 215 121 3.16 206 0.0572
32 16 851 17 556 174 4.46 297 0.0825
33 16 100 16 851 185 4.83 316 0.0878
34 15 301 16 099 196 5.11 334 0.0928
35 14 456 15 301 207 5.40 352 0.0978
36 13 565 14 456 161 4.20 274 0.0761
37 12 620 13 564 168 4.38 286 0.0794
38 11 620 12 619 237 6.18 404 0.1122
39 10 565 11 619 252 6.58 429 0.1192
40 9457 10 565 263 6.86 449 0.1247
41 8294 9456 275 7.18 468 0.1300
42 7070 8294 178 4.65 303 0.0842
43 5783 7069 103 2.69 176 0.0489
44 4434 5782 7 0.18 12 0.0033
45 3024 4434 0 0.00 0 0
46 1551 3023 0 0.00 0 0
47 1 1550 0 0.00 0 0
48 0 0 0 0.00 6 041 469 1678.2
Total  3832 100.0 6 048 000 1680
NOTE:
1) --10,raises and lowers; pinion at 35.2r/min assumes 1 raise and lower per week.

The torques used to evaluate tooth loading should Tooth root stress can also be measured by means of
include the dynamic effects at different rotational strain gauges in the fillet. In this case, the derating
speeds. factors should be taken into account using the
results of the measurements. The relevant contact
This spectrum is only valid for the measured or stress can be calculated from the measurements.
evaluated time period. If the spectrum is extrapo-
lated to represent the required lifetime, the possibility 4.3 General calculation of service life
that there might be torque peaks not frequent The calculated service life is based on the theory that
enough to be evaluated in that measured spectrum every load cycle (every revolution) is damaging to
must be considered. These transient peaks can the gear. The amount of damage depends on the
have an effect on the gear life. Therefore, the stress level and can be considered as zero for lower
evaluated time period could have to be extended to stress levels.
capture extreme load peaks.
The calculated bending or pitting fatigue life of a gear
Stress spectra concerning bending and pitting can is a measure of its ability to accumulate discrete
be obtained from the load (torque). damage until failure occurs.
The fatigue life calculation requires
Scuffing resistance must be calculated from the
worst combination of speed and load. -- the stress spectrum,
-- material fatigue properties, and
Wear is a continuous deterioration of the tooth flank
and must be considered separately. -- a damage accumulation method.

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ANSI/AGMA ISO 6336--6--A08 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

The stress spectrum is discussed in 5.1. number of repeated stress cycles at a particular
stress is equal to the ratio of the total number of
Strength values based on material fatigue properties
cycles during the fatigue life at a particular stress
are chosen from applicable S--N curves. Many
level according to the S--N curve established for the
specimens must be tested by stressing them repeat-
material. For example, if a part is stressed for 3000
edly at one stress level until failure occurs. This
cycles at a stress level which would cause failure in
gives, after a statistical interpretation for a specific
100 000 cycles, 3% of the fatigue life would be
probability, a failure cycle number characteristic of
expended. Repeated stress at another stress level
this stress level. Repeating the procedure at
would consume another similarly calculated portion
different stress levels leads to an S--N curve.
of the total fatigue life.
An example of a cumulative stress spectrum is given
The used material fatigue characteristics and endur-
in Figure 1. Figure 2 shows a cumulative contact
ance data should be related to a specific and
stress spectrum with an S--N curve for specific
required failure probability, e.g., 1%, 5% or 10%.
material fatigue properties.
When 100% of the fatigue life is expended in this
Linear, non--linear and relative methods are used.
manner, the part could be expected to fail. The order
Further information can be found in the literature. in which each of these individual stress cycles is
applied is not considered significant in Palmgren--
4.4 Palmgren--Miner rule
Miner analysis.
The Palmgren--Miner rule -- in addition to other rules
or modifications -- is a widely used linear damage Failure could be expected when
accumulation method. It is assumed that the
damaging effect of each stress repetition at a given
ƹ Nni 1.0 (1)
i i
stress level is equal, which means the first stress
cycle at a given stress level is as damaging as the where
last. ni is the number of load cycles for bin i;
The Palmgren--Miner rule operates on the hypothe- Ni is the number of load cycles to failure for bin i
sis that the portion of useful fatigue life used by a (taken from the appropriate S--N curve).

ni
i

Key
X cumulative number of applied cycles
Y stress
a Load spectrum, ni, total cycles.

Figure 1 -- Example for a cumulative stress spectrum

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AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA ISO 6336--6--A08

Log , log T

1 G (N)
2
T1
3
N3
T2
4
T3
5
T4

T5

Log N
n3
NOTES:
1. The representation of the cumulative stress spectrum entirely below the S--N curve does
not imply that the part will survive the total accumulative number of stress cycles. This
information can be gained from a presentation as shown in figure 3.
2. The value G is either HG or FG.
Figure 2 -- Torque spectrum and associated stress spectrum with S--N

1
a
b
c 2

3

103 104 105 106 107 108 109

Key
X number of load cycles, NL
Y stress
NOTE From this presentation it can be concluded whether the part will survive the total number
of stress cycles.
a 100% damage.
b 10% damage.
c 1% damage.
Figure 3 -- Accumulation of damage

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ANSI/AGMA ISO 6336--6--A08 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

If there is an endurance limit (upper, horizontal line For all values of i, individual damage parts are
beyond the knee in figure 2), the calculation is only defined as follows:
done for stresses above this endurance limit. ni
Ui (2)
If the appropriate S--N curve shows no endurance Ni
limit (lower line beyond the knee in Figure 2), the The sum of the individual damage parts, Ui, results in
calculation must be done for all stress levels. For the damage condition U, which must be less than or
each stress level, i, the number of cycles to failure, equal to unity.
Ni, have to be taken from the corresponding part of
the S--N curve. U ƹ Ui ƹ Nni $ 1.0 (3)
i i i
NOTE: The calculation of speed--dependent parame-
ters is based, for each load level, on a mean rotational
5 Calculation according to ISO 6336 of service speed. This also refers to the determination of the S--N
strength on basis of single--stage strength curve.
This calculation process shall be applied to each
5.1 Basic principles pinion and wheel for both bending and contact
stress.
This method is only valid for recalculation. It
In addition, safety factors applied to static load
describes the application of linear cumulative dam-
strength should be calculated for the highest stress
age calculations according to the Palmgren--Miner
of the design life. ISO 6336 does not extend to
rule (see 4.4) and has been chosen because it is
stress levels greater than those permissible at 103
widely known and easy to apply; the choice does not
cycles or less, since stresses in this range can
imply that the method is superior to others described
exceed the elastic limit of the gear tooth in bending or
in the literature.
in surface compression. In addition, safety factors
From the individual torque classes, the torques at the applied to the static load strength should be calcu-
upper limit of each torque class and the associated lated for the highest stress of the design life. The
numbers of cycles shall be listed (see table 3 for an highest stress could be either the maximum stress in
example). the load spectrum or an extreme transient load that is
not considered in the fatigue analysis. Depending on
Table 3 -- Torque classes/numbers of cycles -- the material and the load imposed, a single stress
Example: classes 38 and 39 cycle greater than the limit level at 103 cycles could
result in plastic yielding of the gear tooth.
Upper limit of torque
class1), Ti, Number of cycles, ni 5.2 Calculation of stress spectra
N˜m
For each level i of the torque spectrum, the actual
T38 < 12 620 N38 = 237 stress, i, is to be determined separately for contact
T39 < 11 620 N39 = 252 and bending stress in accordance with the following
NOTE equations.
1) For conservative calculation, sufficiently accurate
-- For contact stress (ISO 6336--2:2006, Method
for a high number of torque classes.
B):
 Hi Z H Z E Z Á Z  Z BD
The stress spectra for tooth root and tooth flank (Fi,
Hi) with all relative factors are formed on the basis of
this torque spectrum. The load--dependent K--fac-
 ¯ 2000 T i u  1
d 21 b u K vi K Hi K Hi (4)
tors are calculated for each new torque class (for the -- For bending stress (ISO 6336--3:2006, Method
procedure, see 5.2). B):

With stress spectra obtained in this way, the 2000 T i

 Fi Y Y Y K K K (5)
calculated values are compared with the strength d 1 b m n F S  vi Fi Fi
values (S--N curves, damage line) determined The value KA, defined as application factor, is set
according to 5.3 using the Palmgren--Miner rule, see equal to unity (1.0) for this calculation, as all the
4.3. For a graphical representation, see figure 3. application load influences should be taken into

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AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA ISO 6336--6--A08

account by stress levels included in the calculation Reverse torques affect the contact stress spectrum
method. of the rear flank. Damage accumulation has to be
considered separately for each flank side.
5.3 Determination of pitting and bending 5.4 Determination of safety factors
strength values
In the general case, safety factors cannot directly be
deduced from the Miner sum, U. They are to be
S--N curves for pitting and bending strength can be determined by way of iteration. The procedure is
determined by experiment or by the rules of shown in figure 4.
ISO 6336--2 and ISO 6336--3.
The safety factor, S, has to be calculated separately
for the pinion and the wheel, each for both bending
Where teeth are loaded in both directions (e.g., idler and pitting. The safety factor is only valid for the
gear), the values determined for tooth root strength required life used for each calculation. Annex C
must be reduced according to ISO 6336--3. shows an example for calculating S.

Load spectrum

Stress spectrum

Modify the
stress levels by S

Calculation according
to 5.1 to 5.3

Reduce S Increase S

Miner sum > 1

Yes

No

Miner sum < 0.99

Yes

No

Output S

Figure 4 -- Flow chart for determination of calculated safety factor for given load spectrum

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ANSI/AGMA ISO 6336--6--A08 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

Annex A
(normative)
Determination of application factor, KA, from given load spectrum
using equivalent torque, Teq
A.1 Purpose A.3 Determination of the equivalent torque, Teq

A calculation of application factor KA for a given load For this procedure, the load spectrum, the slopes of
spectrum is allowed if agreed between purchaser the Woehler--damage lines, p, and the number of
and gear box manufacturer. This calculation method load cycles, NL ref, at the reference point must be
is useful for a first estimation during the gear design known.
stage, where the geometry data of a gear drive is not
A.3.1 Basis
fixed.
The following method applies for a design case
A.2 Application factor, KA where the Woehler--damage line is simplified by
ignoring all damage which occurs at stresses below
The application factor KA is defined as the ratio
some limit stress. It is based upon the fact that while
between the equivalent torque of the spectrum and
the position of the endurance limit in terms of stress
the nominal torque:
is not known in relation to the gear until the design is
T eq available, the position of that endurance limit in
KA (A.1) terms of cycles does not change as the gear design
Tn
changes.
where
Furthermore, a torque Ti in the bin i can be replaced
Tn is the nominal torque; by a torque Tj in a new bin, j, so that the damage
caused by the torque Ti is the same as that caused by
Teq is the equivalent torque. the torque Tj. This is shown in figure A.1 and can be
expressed by equation A.3.
Application factor KA has to be determined for tooth
root breakage and pitting resistance, both for pinion Tp ni Tp nj (A.3)
i j
and wheel. The highest of these four values has to
be used for a gear rating in conformance with A.3.2 Calculation procedure
ISO 6336.
The load bins have to be denoted as (Ti, ni) and
The equivalent torque is defined by equation A.2: numbered in descending order of torque, where T1 is
the highest torque. Then the cycles n1 at torque T1

Æ É
1 are equivalent in terms of damage to a larger number
p
n 1 T p  n 2 T p ööö of cycles n1a, at lower torque T2, where, according to
1 2 (A.2)
T eq n 1  n 2 ööö equation A.3:

ÆTT É
p
where n 1a n1 1 (A.4)
2
ni is the number of cycles for bin i;
If n2e n2 + n1a, then bins 1 and 2 can be replaced by
Ti is the torque for bin i; a single bin (T2, n2e), see figure A.2.

p is the slope of the Woehler--damage line, Similarly, the cycles n2e at torque T2 are equivalent to
see table A.1. n2a at T3, where

ÆTT É
The slope of the damage lines used by ISO 6336 p
2 (A.5)
means that the number of bins to be used in n 2a n 2e
3
equation A.2 cannot be predetermined. Therefore,
the procedure described in A.3 shall be used in place Writing n3e n3 + n2a, then bins 1, 2 and 3 can be
of equation A.2. replaced by a single bin (T3, n3e).

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AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA ISO 6336--6--A08

Ti

Tj

ni nj
Key
X number of load cycles, nL
Y torque, T

Figure A.1 -- Load bins with equal damage behavior according to Equation (A.3)

T1

T2

n1 n2

n1a n2

n2e

Key
X number of load cycles, nL
Y torque, T
Figure A.2 -- Bins (T1, n1) and (T2, n2) replaced by (T2e, n2e)

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ANSI/AGMA ISO 6336--6--A08 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

This procedure has to be stopped when nie reaches A.4 Example

the endurance limit cycles, NL ref.
An example is shown in figure A.3 and the corre-
The required equivalent torque Teq is now bracketed:
sponding table A.2. In the right hand column of the
Ti T eq T i1 (A.6) table a switch is shown that indicates when the
endurance limit has been reached. In this example
or
application factor KA is between 1.16 and 1.18.
Ti T i1 From the fact that on row 12 the value of nie is very
KA (A.7)
Tn Tn close to the endurance limit, the interpolation will
and can be found by linear interpolation on a log--log give KA = 1.18.
basis.
It is important to note that this value of KA should only
The slope exponent, p, and the endurance limit be used with the same nominal torque used
cycles, NL, are a function of the heat treatment. (950kN ˜m) and with the life factors which match the
Values to be used in equations A.4 and A.5 are endurance limit cycles used (5.0  107), when doing
shown in table A.1. the gear design.

Table A.1 -- Exponent p and number of load cycles NL ref

Heat treatment Pitting Tooth root

p1) NL ref p NL ref
Case carburized 6.610 5  107 8.738 3  106
Through hardened 6.610 5  107 6.225 3  106
Nitrided 5.709 2  106 17.035 3  106
Nitro--carburized 15.715 2  106 84.003 3  106
NOTE
1) Values p for pitting are given for torque; to convert for stress, these values are to be doubled.

1500
1
1400 2
3
4
5
1300 6
7
8
9
1200 10
11
12
13
1100 T
14 eq
15
16
17
1000 18
19
T
20 n

900

800
102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 1010
Key
5 107
X number of load cycles, NL
Y torque, T, kN˜m

Figure A.3 -- Load spectrum with corresponding equivalent torque, Teq

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AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA ISO 6336--6--A08

Table A.2 -- Example for calculation of KA from load spectrum

Cumulative damage/calculation of KA
Flank Nominal torque Tn = 950 kN˜m
Ratio to this gear u 75 Blade speed nb = 20 r/min
Contacts per revolution 1 Slope exponent p 6.6
Speed = 1500 stress cycles/min Endurance limit cycles NL ref = 5.00e + 07
Blade Torque Equivalent
Bin h Cycles Total Switch
torque ratio from row above
i Ti Tj/Tn L ni nia nie
1 1400 1.47 0.032 2880 -- 2880 0
2 1375 1.45 0.032 2880 3240 6120 0
3 1350 1.42 0.190 17 100 6910 24 000 0
4 1325 1.39 0.183 16 500 27 200 43 600 0
5 1300 1.37 0.708 63 700 49 500 113 000 0
6 1275 1.34 1.30 117 000 129 000 246 000 0
7 1250 1.32 3.70 333 000 280 000 613 000 0
8 1225 1.29 5.80 522 000 700 000 1 220 000 0
9 1200 1.26 21 1 890 000 1 400 000 3 290 000 0
10 1175 1.24 38 3 420 000 3 780 000 7 200 000 0
11 1150 1.21 110 9 900 000 8 300 000 18 200 000 0
12 1125 1.18 320 28 800 000 21 000 000 49 800 000 0
13 1100 1.16 520 46 800 000 57 800 000 105 000 000 1
14 1075 1.13 700 63 000 000 122 000 000 185 000 000 1
15 1050 1.11 2200 198 000 000 216 000 000 414 000 000 1
16 1025 1.08 3700 333 000 000 485 000 000 818 000 000 1
17 1000 1.05 5800 522 000 000 963 000 000 1 480 000 000 1
18 975 1.03 10 200 918 000 000 1 760 000 000 2 670 000 000 1
19 950 1.00 12 400 1 120 000 000 3 170 000 000 4 290 000 000 1
20 925 0.97 9100 819 000 000 5 110 000 000 5 930 000 000 1

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ANSI/AGMA ISO 6336--6--A08 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

Annex B
(informative)
Guide values for application factor, KA
[The foreword, footnotes and annexes, if any, are provided for informational purposes only and should not be
construed as a part of ANSI/AGMA ISO 6336--6--A08, Calculation of Load Capacity of Spur and Helical Gears --
Part 6: Calculation of Service Life Under Variable Load.]

The application factor, KA, is used to modify the EXAMPLE 3. Heavy plate and billet rolling mills:
value of Ft to take into account loads, additional to initial pass--shock--torque up to 6 times the
nominal loads, which are imposed on the gears from rolling torque can occur.
external sources. The empirical guidance values EXAMPLE 4. Drives with synchronous motors:
given in table B.1 can be used (for industry gears alternating torque up to 5 times the nominal
and high speed gears). torque can occur briefly (approximately 10
The value of KA is applied to the nominal torque of amplitudes) on starting; however, hazardous
the machine under consideration. Alternatively, it alternating torque can often be completely
may be applied to the nominal torque of the driving avoided by the appropriate detuning measures.
motor as long as this corresponds to the torque Information and numerical values provided here
demand of the driving machine. cannot be generally applied. The magnitude of the
The values only apply to transmissions which peak torque depends on the mass spring system, the
operate outside the resonance speed range under forcing term, safety precautions (safety coupling,
relatively steady loading. If operating conditions protection for unsynchronized switching of electrical
involve unusually heavy loading, motors with high machines), etc.
starting torques, intermittent service or heavy re- Thus, in critical cases, careful analysis should be
peated shock loading, or service brakes with a demanded. It is then recommended that agreement
torque greater than the driving motor, the safety of be reached on suitable actions.
the static and limited life gear load capacity shall be
verified (see ISO 6336--1, ISO 6336--2 and If special application factors are required for specific
ISO 6336--3). purposes, these shall be applied (e.g. because of a
variable duty list specified in the purchase order, for
EXAMPLE 1. Turbine/generator: in this system,
marine gears according to the rules of a classifica-
short--circuit torque of up to 6 times the nominal
tion authority).
torque can occur. Such overloads can be shed
by means of safety couplings. Where there are additional inertial masses, torques
EXAMPLE 2. Electric motor/compressor: if resulting from the flywheel effect are to be taken into
pump frequency and torsional natural frequency consideration. Occasionally, braking torque pro-
coincide, considerable alternating stresses can vides the maximum loading and thus influences
occur. calculation of load capacity.

Table B.1 -- Application factor, KA

Working characteristic of Working characteristic of driven machine
driving machine Uniform Light shocks Moderate Heavy shocks
shocks
Uniform 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75
Light shocks 1.10 1.35 1.60 1.85
Moderate shocks 1.25 1.50 1.75 2.00
Heavy shocks 1.50 1.75 2.00 t 2.25

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AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA ISO 6336--6--A08

It is assumed the gear materials used will have can be changed by using hydraulic couplings or
adequate overload capacity. When materials used torque matched elastic couplings, and especially
have only marginal overload capacity, designs vibration attenuating couplings when the character-
should be laid out for endurance at peak loading. istics of the couplings permit.
The KA value for light, moderate and heavy shocks

Table B.2 -- Examples for driving machines with various working characteristics

Working characteristic Driving machine

Uniform Electric motor (e.g. d.c. motor), steam or gas turbine with uniform
operation1) and small rarely occurring starting torques.2)
Light shocks Steam turbine, gas turbine, hydraulic or electric motor (large, fre-
quently occurring starting torques2)).
Moderate shocks Multiple cylinder internal combustion engines.
Heavy shocks Single cylinder internal combustion engines.
NOTES:
1) Based on vibration tests or on experience gained from similar installations.
2) See service life graphs, Z , Y , for the material in ISO 6336--2 and ISO 6336--3. Consideration of momentarily acting
NT NT
overload torques, see examples following table B.1.

Table B.3 -- Industrial gears -- Examples of working characteristics of driven machine

Working characteristic Driven machines

Uniform Steady load current generator; uniformly loaded conveyor belt or
platform conveyor; worm conveyor; light lifts; packing machinery;
feed drives for machine tools; ventilators; light--weight centrifuges;
centrifugal pumps; agitators and mixers for light liquids or uniform
density materials; shears; presses, stamping machines1); vertical
gear, running gear2).
Light shocks Non--uniformly (i.e., with piece or batched components) loaded con-
veyor belts or platform conveyors; machine tool main drives; heavy
lifts; crane slewing gear; industrial and mine ventilators; heavy cen-
trifuges; centrifugal pumps; agitators and mixers for viscous liquids
or substances of non--uniform density; multi--cylinder piston pumps;
distribution pumps; extruders (general); calendars; rotating kilns;
rolling mill stands3) (continuous zinc and aluminium strip mills, wire
and bar mills).
Moderate shocks Rubber extruders; continuously operating mixers for rubber and
plastics; ball mills (light); wood--working machines (gang saws,
lathes); billet rolling mills3) 4); lifting gear; single cylinder piston
pumps.
Heavy shocks Excavators (bucket wheel drives); bucket chain drives; sieve drives;
power shovels; ball mills (heavy); rubber kneaders; crushers (stone,
ore); foundry machines; heavy distribution pumps; rotary drills; brick
presses; debarking mills; peeling machines; cold strip3) 5); briquette
presses; breaker mills.
NOTES:
1) Nominal torque maximum cutting, pressing or stamping torque.
2) Nominal torque maximum starting torque.
3) Nominal torque maximum rolling torque.
4) Torque from current limitation.
5) K up to 2.0 because of frequent strip cracking.
A

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ANSI/AGMA ISO 6336--6--A08 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

Table B.4 -- High speed gears and gears of similar requirement -- Examples of working
characteristics of driven machines
Working characteristic Driven machine
Uniform Centrifugal compressors for air conditioning installation, for process
gas; dynamometer -- test rig; base or steady load generator and ex-
citer; paper machinery main drives.
Moderate shocks Centrifugal compressors for air or pipelines; axial compressors; cen-
trifugal fans; peak load generators and exciters; centrifugal pumps
(all types other than those listed below); axial--flow rotary pumps;
paper industry; Jordan or refining machine, machines, machine aux-
iliary drives, stamper.
Medium shocks Rotary--cam blower; rotary--cam compressor with radial flow; piston
compressor (3 or more cylinders); ventilator suction--fans, mining
and industrial (large, frequent start--up cycles); centrifugal boiler--
feed pumps; rotary cam pumps, piston pumps (3 or more cylinders).
Heavy shocks Piston compressor (2 cylinders); centrifugal pump (with water tank);
sludge pump; piston pump (2 cylinders).

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AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA ISO 6336--6--A08

Annex C
(informative)
Example calculation of safety factor from given load spectrum
[The foreword, footnotes and annexes, if any, are provided for informational purposes only and should not be
construed as a part of ANSI/AGMA ISO 6336--6--A08, Calculation of Load Capacity of Spur and Helical Gears --
Part 6: Calculation of Service Life Under Variable Load.]

C.1 Background This boom hoist uses a four--stage reduction gear-

box, with a 175.3:1 overall ratio. This example is for
The example is from a forty--ton container crane
the pinion of the fourth reduction low speed mesh,
boom hoist. This uses the same load spectrum
with the geometry as given in table C.1.
found in table 2. More specifically, the example is a
gear mesh in a reducer, which drives a winch drum The set is carburized and ground, MQ, accuracy
for the boom hoist, which raises and lowers the boom grade ISO 6, cutter addendum is 1.35 mn, with a
for the container crane. This is done via pulleys and full tip radius, zero protuberance and zero grind
a pivot. stock.
The boom is supported by folding support rods when C.2 Define load spectrum
the boom is all the way down (and the crane is in
The load spectrum can be found in table 2. In this
use). The winch must raise the boom out of the way
case, the boom was raised and lowered 10 times, to
when the crane is not in use, or to allow ships to move
simulate 70 days of loading. The pinion speed is
past the crane. Similarly, there is a support that locks
35.2 r/min.
the boom upright, once it is completely raised.
This spectrum has 48 bins, but the first two bins
The pulley system involves multiple wraps of cable,
(Nos. 1 and 2) have no load cycles. This is
for a mechanical advantage. The load is constantly
acceptable, as it is important that the spectrum loads
varying, since the center of gravity of the boom
are large enough to include the highest loads the
changes with respect to the pivot and the angle of the
gears will see. Similarly bins No. 45 to No. 47 have
cable changes.
no load cycles. This is because the mesh is always
There are load variations from accelerations and under some load, until the weight of the boom is
decelerations at the start and end of travel. Wind, transferred to either the support rods or the support
rain and ice build--up can also change the loading. that locks the boom upright.

Table C.1 -- Geometry data of the example

Item Pinion Wheel Unit
No. of teeth, z 17 60 --
Gear ratio, u 3.52941 --
Normal module, mn 8.467 mm
Normal pressure angle,  25 q
Helix angle,  15.5 q
Center distance, a 339.727 mm
Face width, b 152.4 mm
Tip diameter, da 169.212 544.132 mm
Profile shift coefficient, x 0.1720 0.0015 --

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ANSI/AGMA ISO 6336--6--A08 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

The last load bin (No. 48) is purposely set to zero C.6 Calculate damage parts of spectra
load and cycles, but with a specific time interval. This For each load bin in the spectrum (bin Nos. 3 to 44),
bin is meant to account for the time when there is no calculate the damage part, Ui. The method is the
load on the mesh. This bin is used to clarify the same for both bending and contact stress. Refer-
elapse time period of the sample load spectrum, i.e., ence: equation 2 of this part of ISO 6336;
6 048 000 seconds = 100 800 minutes ISO 6336--2:2006, figure 6, and ISO 6336--3:2006,
= 1680 hours = 70 days = 0.1918 years, figure 9). Exponents are determined from method
given in ISO 6336--2:2006, 5.3.3.2, and
since the gears are unloaded for a significant amount
ISO 6336--3:2006, 5.3.3.2. The number of cycles, ni,
of time. (99.8919% of the time).
must be for the complete operating life, not just for
The desired useful life (30 years) is longer than the the 70 days worth of load cycles measured, as
spectrum (70 days). So each bin’s load cycles will described in C.2. The values are given in tables C.2
need to be scaled up by a factor of and C.3.
156.53 = (30  365.25/70). -- For contact stress:
C.3 Check for plastic yielding  Hi
Z NTi  HPi
Using the highest load bin in the spectrum (bin

Æ É
13.222469
No. 3), calculate the safety factor for 103 cycles, Z NTi
using ISO 6336--2:2006, equation 14, and Ni Æ105É Æif Z NTi  1É,
1.6
ISO 6336--3:2006, equation 7. This must be done to
ensure the gears will not fail by plastic yielding (see 32.60122926
Ni ÆZNTiÉ (5)Æ10 5É Æif Z NTi $ 1É
5.1).
ni
 HP 2400 Nmm 2 Ui
SH 1.374 N ii
H 1747 Nmm 2
-- For bending stress:
 FP 2356 Nmm 2  Fi
SF F 2.852 Y NTi
826 Nmm 2  FPi

ÆY2.5 É
C.4 Calculate the stress spectra 8.73724908
Ni NTi Æ103É Æif Y NTi  1É,
For each load bin in the spectrum (Nos. 3 to 44),
calculate the bending and contact stress in accor-
dance with equations 4 and 5 of this part of 49.91250338
ISO 6336. The values are given in tables C.2 and Ni ÆYNTiÉ (3)Æ10 6É Æif Y NTi 1É
C.3. ni
Ui
N ii
C.5 Calculate strength values
C.7 Calculate the Miner sum
Using the nominal load conditions, calculate the
permissible bending and contact stresses for unity Sum up each damage part of the spectra according
values of life factors in accordance with to equation 3. The values are given at the foot of
ISO 6336--2:2006, equation 6, and ISO 6336--3: tables C.2 and C.3.
2006, equation 5. C.8 Iterate the safety factor
 Hlim Z L Z v Z R Z W Z X Following figure 7, by iterating, change the safety
 HP
S Hmin factor up or down as needed and recalculate
1500 Nmm 2 (1.02)(0.943)(1.01)(1)(1) according to C.4 to C.7 until the sum of damage
1.0 parts, Ui, is between 0.99 and 1.00. For this
1457 Nmm 2 example, the spreadsheet program function was
used to do the iterations. For 30 years of operation,
 Flim Y ST Y  rel T Y R rel t Y X this pinion has a safety factor of 1.428 in pitting and a
 FP
S Fmin safety factor of 1.324 in bending.
461 Nmm 2 (2.0)(1.0)(1.054)(0.967) The values are given in tables C.2 and C.3.
1.0 The Woehler--damage curves are shown in
940 Nmm 2 figure C.1.

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AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA ISO 6336--6--A08

Table C.2 -- Example for calculation of pitting safety factor from load spectrum safety factor 1.428

Stress
Pinion Time over Pinion Face load Contact Cycles to Damage
Bin No. cycles in Life factor
torque 70 days speed factor stress failure parts
30 years
T1 n1 N KHC TH ¯ SH ZNT Nf Ui
kN m s r/min N/mm2 (N/Nf)
1 25.6 0.00E+00 35.2 0.000E+00 0.000E+00
2 25.5 0.00E+00 35.2 0.000E+00 0.000E+00
3 25.4 2.40E+01 35.2 2.203E+03 1.305 2350 1.613 8.990E+04 2.450E--02
4 25.3 1.40E+01 35.2 1.285E+03 1.305 2347 1.610 9.172E+04 1.401E--02
5 25.3 9.00E+00 35.2 8.259E+02 1.305 2343 1.608 9.361E+04 8.824E--03
6 25.2 1.40E+01 35.2 1.285E+03 1.305 2340 1.606 9.551E+04 1.345E--02
7 25.1 2.80E+01 35.2 2.570E+03 1.305 2336 1.603 9.749E+04 2.636E--02
8 25.0 1.40E+01 35.2 1.285E+03 1.305 2332 1.600 9.970E+04 1.289E--02
9 24.9 9.00E+00 35.2 8.259E+02 1.305 2328 1.597 1.022E+05 8.083E--03
10 24.8 1.90E+01 35.2 1.744E+03 1.305 2323 1.594 1.050E+05 1.661E--02
11 24.7 2.80E+01 35.2 2.570E+03 1.305 2318 1.591 1.080E+05 2.378E--02
12 24.6 3.30E+01 35.2 3.028E+03 1.305 2312 1.587 1.115E+05 2.717E--02
13 24.5 2.40E+01 35.2 2.203E+03 1.305 2306 1.583 1.155E+05 1.907E--02
14 24.3 2.40E+01 35.2 2.203E+03 1.305 2299 1.578 1.202E+05 1.832E--02
15 24.2 1.90E+01 35.2 1.744E+03 1.305 2292 1.573 1.256E+05 1.388E--02
16 24.0 2.60E+01 35.2 2.386E+03 1.305 2283 1.567 1.320E+05 1.808E--02
17 23.8 5.20E+01 35.2 4.772E+03 1.305 2274 1.560 1.392E+05 3.428E--02
18 23.6 4.70E+01 35.2 4.313E+03 1.305 2264 1.553 1.479E+05 2.916E--02
19 23.3 6.20E+01 35.2 5.690E+03 1.305 2252 1.545 1.583E+05 3.595E--02
20 23.1 8.80E+01 35.2 8.076E+03 1.305 2239 1.537 1.706E+05 4.734E--02
21 22.8 6.60E+01 35.2 6.057E+03 1.305 2225 1.527 1.853E+05 3.268E--02
22 22.5 1.63E+02 35.2 1.496E+04 1.305 2210 1.517 2.029E+05 7.373E--02
23 22.1 1.80E+02 35.2 1.652E+04 1.305 2193 1.505 2.245E+05 7.359E--02
24 21.8 8.30E+01 35.2 7.617E+03 1.305 2174 1.492 2.511E+05 3.034E--02
25 21.4 2.00E+02 35.2 1.835E+04 1.305 2155 1.479 2.841E+05 6.461E--02
26 20.9 2.12E+02 35.2 1.946E+04 1.305 2133 1.463 3.254E+05 5.979E--02
27 20.5 1.04E+02 35.2 9.544E+03 1.305 2109 1.447 3.775E+05 2.528E--02
28 20.0 2.38E+02 35.2 2.184E+04 1.305 2083 1.429 4.452E+05 4.907E--02
29 19.4 2.53E+02 35.2 2.322E+04 1.305 2054 1.410 5.342E+05 4.346E--02
30 18.8 2.00E+02 35.2 1.835E+04 1.305 2023 1.388 6.530E+05 2.811E--02
31 18.2 2.06E+02 35.2 1.890E+04 1.305 1989 1.365 8.148E+05 2.320E--02
32 17.6 2.97E+02 35.2 2.726E+04 1.305 1953 1.340 1.040E+06 2.622E--02
33 16.9 3.16E+02 35.2 2.900E+04 1.305 1914 1.313 1.363E+06 2.128E--02
34 16.1 3.34E+02 35.2 3.065E+04 1.305 1870 1.284 1.843E+06 1.663E--02
35 15.3 3.52E+02 35.2 3.230E+04 1.305 1823 1.251 2.580E+06 1.252E--02
36 14.5 2.74E+02 35.2 2.515E+04 1.320 1783 1.223 3.480E+06 7.225E--03
37 13.6 2.86E+02 35.2 2.625E+04 1.341 1740 1.194 4.776E+06 5.496E--03
38 12.6 4.04E+02 35.2 3.708E+04 1.367 1695 1.163 6.796E+06 5.456E--03
39 11.6 4.29E+02 35.2 3.937E+04 1.398 1645 1.129 1.009E+07 3.903E--03
40 10.6 4.49E+02 35.2 4.121E+04 1.438 1591 1.091 1.572E+07 2.622E--03
41 9.5 4.68E+02 35.2 4.295E+04 1.489 1531 1.051 2.594E+07 1.656E--03
42 8.3 3.03E+02 35.2 2.781E+04 1.558 1467 1.007 4.583E+07 6.067E--04
43 7.1 1.76E+02 35.2 1.615E+04 1.655 1396 0.958 2.046E+08 7.894E--05
44 5.8 1.20E+01 35.2 1.101E+03 1.800 1317 0.903 1.368E+09 8.049E--07
45 4.4 0.00E+00 35.2 0.000E+00 0.000E+00
46 3.0 0.00E+00 35.2 0.000E+00 0.000E+00
47 1.6 0.00E+00 35.2 0.000E+00 0.000E+00
48 0.0 6.04E+06 0 0.000E+00 0.000E+00
Total 6.001E+05 Miner sum 9.993E--01

Pitting life 6.001E05cycles 2.632E05hours 3.002E+01years

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ANSI/AGMA ISO 6336--6--A08 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

Table C.3 -- Example for calculation of bending safety factor from load spectrum safety
factor 1,324

Stress
Pinion Time over Pinion Face load Bending Cycles to Damage
Bin No. cycles in Life factor
torque 70 days speed factor stress failure parts
30 years
T1 n1 N KFC TF ¯ SF YNT Nf Ui
kN m s r/min N/mm2 (N/Nf)
1 25.6 0.00E+00 35.2 0.000E+00 0.000E+00
2 25.5 0.00E+00 35.2 0.000E+00 0.000E+00
3 25.4 2.40E+01 35.2 2.203E+03 1.261 1458 1.551 6.470E+04 3,404E--02
4 25.3 1.40E+01 35.2 1.285E+03 1.261 1453 1.547 6.644E+04 1,934E--02
5 25.3 9.00E+00 35.2 8.259E+02 1.261 1449 1.542 6.825E+04 1,210E--02
6 25.2 1.40E+01 35.2 1.285E+03 1.261 1444 1.537 7.010E+04 1,833E--02
7 25.1 2.80E+01 35.2 2.570E+03 1.261 1440 1.532 7.202E+04 3.568E--02
8 25.0 1.40E+01 35.2 1.285E+03 1.261 1435 1.527 7.419E+04 1.732E--02
9 24.9 9.00E+00 35.2 8.259E+02 1.261 1430 1.521 7.664E+04 1.078E--02
10 24.8 1.90E+01 35.2 1.744E+03 1.261 1424 1.515 7.941E+04 2.196E--02
11 24.7 2.80E+01 35.2 2.570E+03 1.261 1418 1.509 8.249E+04 3.115E--02
12 24.6 3.30E+01 35.2 3.028E+03 1.261 1411 1.502 8.598E+04 3.522E--02
13 24.5 2.40E+01 35.2 2.203E+03 1.261 1404 1.494 9.009E+04 2.445E--02
14 24.3 2.40E+01 35.2 2.203E+03 1.261 1395 1.485 9.499E+04 2.319E--02
15 24.2 1.90E+01 35.2 1.744E+03 1.261 1386 1.475 1.007E+05 1.732E--02
16 24.0 2.60E+01 35.2 2.386E+03 1.261 1375 1.464 1.075E+05 2.220E--02
17 23.8 5.20E+01 35.2 4.772E+03 1.261 1364 1.452 1.153E+05 4.138E--02
18 23.6 4.70E+01 35.2 4.313E+03 1.261 1352 1.439 1.249E+05 3.453E--02
19 23.3 6.20E+01 35.2 5.690E+03 1.261 1338 1.424 1.367E+05 4.164E--02
20 23.1 8.80E+01 35.2 8.076E+03 1.261 1323 1.408 1.509E+05 5.352E--02
21 22.8 6.60E+01 35.2 6.057E+03 1.261 1307 1.390 1.683E+05 3.599E--02
22 22.5 1.63E+02 35.2 1.496E+04 1.261 1289 1.372 1.897E+05 7.885E--02
23 22.1 1.80E+02 35.2 1.652E+04 1.261 1269 1.351 2.168E+05 7.619E--02
24 21.8 8.30E+01 35.2 7.617E+03 1.261 1248 1.328 2.514E+05 3.030E--02
25 21.4 2.00E+02 35.2 1.835E+04 1.261 1225 1.303 2.960E+05 6.200E--02
26 20.9 2.12E+02 35.2 1.946E+04 1.261 1200 1.277 3.542E+05 5.493E--02
27 20.5 1.04E+02 35.2 9.544E+03 1.261 1173 1.249 4.310E+05 2.214E--02
28 20.0 2.38E+02 35.2 2.184E+04 1.261 1144 1.218 5.359E+05 4.075E--02
29 19.4 2.53E+02 35.2 2.322E+04 1.261 1113 1.185 6.820E+05 3.405E--02
30 18.8 2.00E+02 35.2 1.835E+04 1.261 1080 1.149 8.893E+05 2.064E--02
31 18.2 2.06E+02 35.2 1.890E+04 1.261 1044 1.111 1.191E+06 1.587E--02
32 17.6 2.97E+02 35.2 2.726E+04 1.261 1007 1.071 1.644E+06 1.658E--02
33 16.9 3.16E+02 35.2 2.900E+04 1.261 966 1.028 2.352E+06 1.233E--02
34 16.1 3.34E+02 35.2 3.065E+04 1.261 923 0.982 7.313E+06 4.191E--03
35 15.3 3.52E+02 35.2 3.230E+04 1.261 877 0.934 9.249E+07 3.493E--04
36 14.5 2.74E+02 35.2 2.515E+04 1,274 837 0.891 9.470E+08 2.655E--05
37 13.6 2.86E+02 35.2 2.625E+04 1,292 797 0.848 1.129E+10 2.326E--06
38 12.6 4.04E+02 35.2 3.708E+04 1,314 754 0.802 1.796E+11 2.065E--07
39 11.6 4.29E+02 35.2 3.937E+04 1,341 708 0.754 4.006E+12 9.827E--09
40 10.6 4.49E+02 35.2 4.121E+04 1,375 660 0.703 1.322E+14 3.117E--10
41 9.5 4.68E+02 35.2 4.295E+04 1,419 610 0.649 6.965E+15 6.167E--12
42 8.3 3.03E+02 35.2 2.781E+04 1,477 557 0.593 6.408E+17 4.339E--14
43 7.1 1.76E+02 35.2 1.615E+04 1,560 501 0.534 1.230E+20 1.313E--16
44 5.8 1.20E+01 35.2 1.101E+03 1,685 443 0.471 6.019E+22 1.830E--20
45 4.4 0.00E+00 35.2 0.000E+00 0.000E+00
46 3.0 0.00E+00 35.2 0.000E+00 0.000E+00
47 1.6 0.00E+00 35.2 0.000E+00 0.000E+00
48 0.0 6.04E+06 0 0.000E+00 0.000E+00
Total 6.001E+05 Miner sum 9.993E--01

Bending life 6.001E+05cycles 2.632E05hours 3.002E01years

18 ¤ AGMA 2008 ---- All rights reserved

AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD ANSI/AGMA ISO 6336--6--A08

Key
X number of load cycles, NL
Y1 contact stress, H, HG, N/mm2
Y2 root stress, F, FG, N/mm2
Figure C.1 -- Woehler damage curves

¤ AGMA 2008 ---- All rights reserved 19

ANSI/AGMA ISO 6336--6--A08 AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

Bibliography

The following documents are either referenced in the text of ANSI/AGMA ISO 6336--6--A08, Calculation of Load
Capacity of Spur and Helical Gears -- Part 6: Calculation of Service Life Under Variable Load. or indicated for
additional information.

1. ISO 701:1998, International gear notation -- 10. Palmgren, A. Durability of Ball Bearings,
Symbols for geometrical data ZDVDI. Vol. 68. No. 14, p. 339 (in German)
2. Buxbaum, O. Betriebsfestigkeit Verlag
Stahleisen (1986) 11. Renius, K. Th. Betriebsfestigkeitsberechnun-
gen von Maschinenelementen in Ackerschleppern
3. Friedrich, G. Anwendung der Lebensdauer-- mit Hilfe von Lastkollektiven. Konstruktion 29
berechnung beim Entwurf und der Auswahl von (1977) S. 85--93
Zahnradgetrieben, Maschinenbautechnik,
Berlin 32 (1983) S. 457ff 12. Seifried A., Mueller P. Wechselnde Betriebs--
4. Gnilke, W. Lebensdauerberechnung mit Hilfe belastung, Ihre rechnerunterstützte Bestimmung,
von Schadenslinien, Antriebstechnik 24 (1985) Auswertung und Berücksichtigung in der
Nr. 9, S. 62ff Konstruktion von zahnradgetrieben. VDI--Berichte
Nr. 434 (1982) S. 29ff
5. Goll, S. Auslegung und Lebensdauer von
Getriebeelementen. VDI--Berichte Nr. 332 (1979)
13. Verein zur Förderung der Forschung und
S. 37ff
Anwendung von Betriebsfestigkeitserkenntnissen
6. Griese, F.--W., Heinisch, D. Beitrag zur in der Eisenhüttenindustrie (VBFEh). Leitfaden für
lebensdauerorientierten Getriebedimensionierung eine Betriebsfestigkeitsrechnung, Verlag
mit Hilfe von Lastkollektiven. FVA--Forschungsheft Stahleisen
Nr. 168 (1984)
7. Krause, J.K. Predicting the Life of Mechanical 14. Wetzler, R.M., Editor, Fatigue Under Complex
Systems. Machine Design. November 22, 1979, Loading. Analyses and Experiments. Advances in
pp. 96--102 Engineering, Vol. 6, Warrendale, Pensylvania.
SAE. 1977. pp. 137--145
8. Miner, M.A. Cumulative Damage in Fatigue,
Journal of Applied Mechanics. Vol. 12. 1945.
15. Zenner, H., Griese, F.--W, Raecker, R.
A159-- 164.
Steigerung der Zuverlässigkeit von Großgetrieben
9. Nelson, D. Cumulative Fatigue Damage in durch gezielte Auswertung vorhandener
Metals, Stanford University Ph. D., 1978, University Betriebsuntersuchungen. Bericht Nr. ABF 31.
Microfilms International. Ann Arbor. MI. VBFEh. Düsseldorf (1986)

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