Eigen Values and Vectors Ai HL

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1.8 Eigenvalues & Eigenvectors

Question Paper
Course DP IB Maths
Section 1. Number & Algebra
Topic 1.8 Eigenvalues & Eigenvectors
Difficulty Medium
Time Allowed 80
Score /65
Percentage /100
Page 1 of 9
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Question 1a
Consider the 2 × 2 matrix A defined by
⎛ 0.1 0.4 ⎞⎟
A = ⎜⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 0.9 0.6 ⎠
(i) Find the characteristic polynomial of A .
(ii) By solving an appropriate equation with the characteristic polynomial, find the eigenvalues λ 1 and λ 2 of A .
[3 marks]
Question 1b
Let x 1 and x 2 be the eigenvectors of A corresponding to λ 1 and λ 2 respectively.
By solving the eigenvector equations Ax 1 = λ 1 x 1 and Ax 2 = λ 2 x 2 , find eigenvectors x 1 and x 2 .

[4 marks]
Page 2 of 9
Question 1c
⎛⎜ 0 ⎞⎟
Show that the answers to part (b) could alternatively have been found by solving the equations ( A − λ 1 I ) x 1 = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ and
⎝0 ⎠
⎛⎜ 0 ⎞⎟
( A − λ 2 I ) x 2 = ⎜⎜ 0 ⎟⎟ , where I is the 2 × 2 identity matrix.
⎝ ⎠
[3 marks]
Question 2
Find the eigenvalues and corresponding eigenvectors for the matrix A defined as
⎛ −1 4 ⎞⎟
A = ⎜⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 1 2 ⎠
[1 mark]
Question 3
Consider the matrix B defined as
⎛ 4 − 6 ⎞⎟
B = ⎜⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 1 − 2 ⎠
Find the eigenvalues and corresponding eigenvectors of B .
[6 marks]
Page 3 of 9
Question 4a
Find the eigenvalues for each of the following matrices:
⎛ −2 13 ⎞⎟
C = ⎜⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ −1 2 ⎠
[3 marks]
Question 4b
⎛ 6 − 1 ⎞⎟
D = ⎜⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 17 − 2 ⎠
[3 marks]
Page 4 of 9
Question 5a
Consider the matrix M defined as
⎛ −1 k ⎞⎟
M = ⎜⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
⎝ 3 −1 ⎠
where k ∈ℝ is a constant.
The eigenvalues of M are 2 and −4 .
Find the value of k .
[3 marks]
Question 5b
Find the eigenvectors of M that correspond to the two eigenvalues.
[3 marks]
Question 5c
Hence write M in the form PDP −1 , where P is a matrix of eigenvectors and D is a diagonal matrix of eigenvalues.
[2 marks]
Page 5 of 9
Question 6a
It is given that, for n × n matrices A , B and C ,
A = BCB −1
Use the properties of matrices and matrix inverses to show that A 2 = BC 2 B −1 .
[3 marks]
Question 6b
⎛⎜ 3 −2 ⎞⎟ ⎛1 ⎞⎟
Consider the matrix M = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ , where p ∈ℝ is a constant and where it is given that ⎜⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ is an eigenvector of M .
⎝p 1 ⎠ ⎝2 ⎠
Find the value of p .
[3 marks]
Question 6c
Hence, by first finding the eigenvalues and the other eigenvector of M , write M in the form M = PDP −1 for appropriate
matrices P and D .
[5 marks]
Page 6 of 9
Question 6d
(i) Use the result of part (c) to show that
1 ⎛ 2(5n ) + (−1) n −5n + (−1) n ⎞⎟
M n = ⎜⎜⎜ ⎟⎟
3 ⎝ −2(5n ) + 2(−1) n 5n + 2(−1) n ⎠
(ii) Show that the expression for M n in part (d)(i) gives the expected result when n = 1 .
[4 marks]
Question 7a
Exobiologists are studying two species of animals in a region of the distant planet Dirion. In the researchers’ models the
population of Heliors (a predator species) is indicated by h , while the population of Sklyveths (a competing predator
species) is indicated by s .
If the respective populations at a particular point in time are h n and s n , then the researchers’ data suggest that the
populations one year later may be given by the following system of coupled equations:
h n + 1 = 1.06h n − 0.16s n
s n + 1 = −0.04h n + 0.94s n
Represent the system of equations in the matrix form x n + 1 = Mx n .

[2 marks]
Page 7 of 9
Question 7b
At the start of the study, there are 600 Heliors and 500 Sklyveths in the region.
Find the expected size of the respective populations after one year.
[2 marks]
Question 7c
By first finding the eigenvalues and corresponding eigenvectors of M write M in the form PDP −1 , where P is a matrix of
eigenvectors and D is a diagonal matrix of eigenvalues.
[8 marks]
Page 8 of 9
Question 7d
Hence show that the respective populations after n years are predicted by the model to be h n = 520(0.9n ) + 80(1.1n )
and s n = 520(0.9n ) − 20(1.1n ) .
[3 marks]
Question 7e
Describe what the model predicts in the long term for the populations of the two species, and offer one criticism of the
model based on this prediction.
[4 marks]
Page 9 of 9

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1.8 Eigenvalues & Eigenvectors

By solving the eigenvector equations Ax 1 = λ 1 x 1 and Ax 2 = λ 2 x 2 , find eigenvectors x 1 and x 2 .

Represent the system of equations in the matrix form x n + 1 = Mx n .

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