Unit 1 Gerund or Infinitive

Verbs that can be followed by a gerund

 like  involve
 love  keep
 enjoy  mention
 dislike  mind
 hate  stop
 don't mind  waste time/money
 can't stand  imagine
 can't bear  involve
 admit  keep (on)
 appreciate  mention
 allow  miss
 avoid  postpone
 advise  permit
 consider  practice
 deny  suggest
 delay  resist
 understand  reject
 finish  risk
 fancy  can't help
 go (in go swimming)  can't stand
it's no use ... it's no good ... there's no interested in ... instead of ... good
point in ... I can't help... I don't at ... before ... after ... looking
mind... I can't stand/bear... forward to……

Verbs that can be followed by an infinitive without TO

can/could – shall/should – will/would – may/might – have to – must – had
better – help – hear – let – let’s – make – would rather/sooner , rather than/ –
used to – watch
EXERCISE
CHOOSE THE RIGHT FORM OF THE VERB
1. I am keen on work/to work/working in the computer industry.
2. Amy decided see/to see/ seeing a doctor.
3. Leila enjoys read/to read/reading love stories.
4. Do you intend learn/to learn/learning Italian or English?
5. Do you mind help/to help/helping me wash the dishes?
6. Alan asked talk/to talk/talking to the boss.
7. I can't help laugh/to laugh/laughing when I watch Mr Been.
8. If Sara keeps come/to come/coming to work late, she'll have problems with
the boss.
9. Liza hates study/o study/studying Maths.
10. Are you interested in live/to live/living in Africa ?

Unit 3 The past perfect

Subject + Had + past participle+……..

Time expressions used with past perfect

Past perfect Simple past

as soon as , never ,
When
already
Until ,just , since By the time
After Before

Put the verbs to the right past tense ( perfect or simple )



1. As soon as I (finish) the test, I ( see) a movie.

2. By the time we (get) to the stadium, the football match
(already/begin)
3. if he (concentrate) more, he would have got the best mark
in the class.
4. After the secretary (type) the documents, she (send)
them by fax.
5. I was very tired because I (study) too much.
6. Sam (switch) on the TV after he (wash) the dishes.
7. Before he (retire) he (work) for many companies.
8. When we (arrive) to the station, the train (just/leave)

9. The patient (already/die) by the time the doctor (see)

her.
10.After Fred (spend) his holiday in Italy, he (want) to
learn
 Unit 4: The future perfect
Form: [subject + will have + verb ( past participle ) ]

The Future Perfect expresses the idea that something will occur before another
action in the future. It can also show that something will happen before a
specific time in the future. It is generally used with expressions like : By , by
then , by that time , by the 24th , by 2023
1. Anne her bike next week. (to repair)
2. We the washing by 8 o'clock. (to do)
3. She Paris by the end of next year. (to visit)
4. I this by 6 o'clock. (to finish)
5. Sam by next week. (to leave)
Unit 5 Passive voice
The passive voice is an easy lesson as long as we understand two things :
Object +BE + Past participle + ……
Tenses Passive BE

Simple present Am – is – are

Present continuous Am being – is being – are
being
Present perfect Has been – have been
Simple past Was – were
Past continuous Was being – were being
Past perfect Had been
Modal verbs Mobal be
Exercise: 1. Bad weather has delayed the trains.
The trains bad weather

2. Someone had informed the police about the planned robbery.

The police by someone

3. Charles Dickens wrote Bleak House.

Bleak House

4. Someone has stolen my watch.

My watch
5. A piece of string held up his trousers.
His trousers

6. He broke his leg in a skiing accident.

his leg

7. Jack is taking Sandra out for a ride in his new car.

Sandra by Jack in his new car

8. While we are away, the neighbours will water our plants.

our plants while we are away.

9. People play football in most countries of the world.

football by people

10. We clean the garages every day.

the garage by us

Unit 6 Phrasal Verbs Reference List

Phrasal verbs are verbs that are made up of a main verb and followed by
particle, usually prepositions. Most phrasal verbs are two or three words and
can be quite challenging for English learners as they can be literal or figurative
in meaning.
IMPORTANT
Remember that separable phrasal verbs using a pronoun as the object of the
verb MUST be separated (I brought them up NOT I brought up them)

FILL THE BLANKS WITH THE APPROPRIATE PHRASAL VERB (Samples from the
national exams )

look up - turn down - hand out – take off – take care - set up
1. Mrs Baker couldn’t find someone to of her grandmother
during her absence.
2. Because of the heavy rain, the plane couldn’t
3. In my view, you shouldn’t such a well paid job.
set up – come back – calm down – loo up – fill in – apply for
I need to this application form. I want to a visa in
 Canada. I’m going to study management there and I hope to a
new business when I to Morocco
look after – put off – stand for – look forward to – bring about – find
out
1. The aim of the Family Code in Morocco is to changes in the
social conditions of women.
2. I seeing you again next summer.
3. Have you tried to how this machine works?
4. The initials WHO World Health Organisation.

stand for – fill in – bring about – look up – get off – apply for
1. The father encouraged his son to another job.
2. The letters VIP Very Important Person.
3. The new initiative tries to changes in education.
stand for – write down – bring about – look up – look after – apply for
– get on
1. When students find very difficult words in a text, they can
them in a dictionary.
2. John asked his friend to the job advertised in the newspaper.
3. The government has introduced a new plan to important
changes in education.
4. Ali: what does NGO ? Hamid : it’s Non Governmental
Organisations
Unit 7 Reported speech

Reporting Verbs:
If the reporting verb (say, tell, ask…) is
 in the present, there is no change in tense although other changes may occur;
 in the past, tense as well as other changes occur.
Direct speech Reported speech
(no backshift) “I write He says that he writes poems.
poems.”
(backshift) “I write He said that he wrote poems.
poems.”

Direct Speech Reported Speech

Simple Present He said: "I am happy" Simple Past He said that he was happy
Present Progressive He said: "I'm looking Past Progressive He said that he was
for my keys" looking for his keys
Simple Past He said: "I visited New York last Past Perfect Simple He said that he had
year" visited New York the previous year.
Present Perfect He said: " I've lived here for Past Perfect He said that he had lived there
a long time " for a long time
Past Perfect He said: "They had finished the Past Perfect He said that they had finished
work when I arrived" the work when he had arrived"
Past Progressive He said: "I was playing Past Perfect Progressive He said that he had
football when the accident occurred" been playing football when the accident
had occurred
Present Perfect Progressive He said:"I have Past Perfect Progressive He said that he had
been playing football for two hours." been playing football for two hours

Past Perfect Progressive He said: "I had Past Perfect Progressive He said that he
been reading a newspaper when the light had been reading a newspaper when the
went off" light had gone off
Future Simple (will+verb) He said: "I will Conditional (would+verb) He said that he
open the door." would open the door.
Conditional (would+verb) He said: "I would Conditional (would+verb) He said that he
buy Mercedes if I were rich" would buy Mercedes if he had been rich"

The verbs could, should, would, might, must, needn't, ought to, used to do not
normally change. Example: He said, “She might be right.” – He said that she
might be right.
Other Changes Direct Speech Reported Speech
Time Expressions
today that day
now then
yesterday the day before
… days ago … days before
last week the week before
next year the following year
tomorrow the next day / the following day
Place
here there
Demonstratives
this that
these those
Reporting Questions
 transform the question into an indirect question
 use the question word (where, when, what, how) or if / whether
Types of questions Direct speech Reported speech
With question word "Why" don’t you speak He asked me why I didn’t
(what, why, where, English?” speak English.
how...)
Without question word “Do you speak English?” He asked me whether / if
(yes or no questions) I spoke English.

Reporting requests / commands

When transforming requests and commands, check whether you have to
change:
 pronouns
 place and time expressions
Tenses are not relevant for requests and commands– simply use to / not to +
verb (infinitive without "to")
 For affirmative use to + infinitive (without to)
 For negative requests, use not to + infinitive (without to).
 Unit 8 Linking Words
1. REVIEW
Linking words are cohesive or transitional devices which are used to express
and join ideas.
1. Expressing addition
To add information, use: in addition, - as well as - moreover - what is more - not
only...but also... - furthermore - besides - also - too - and...

2. Expressing contrast and concession

To express contrast, use: although - even though - in spite of / despite - however - yet -
nevertheless - nonetheless - on the contrary - whereas - on the one hand ...but on the
other hand... - conversely - but...

Note: Although /even subject + verb Although he is rich, he never

though helps the poor.
In spite of / despite 1. Noun 2. verb +ing 1. In spite of all his money,
he never helps the poor 2. In
spite of being rich, he never
helps the poor

3. Expressing cause and effect

To express cause and effect,

consequently - as a consequence - as a result - therefore - because of this - for this

reason - because - since - as - for - due to - owing to

Due to Because of - Owing to - Thanks to + Noun

because - since - as - for Subject + Verb

4. Expressing purpose
To express purpose, use:
in order to - in order not to - sa as to - so as not to - to - not to – so that
So that + modal

5. Summarizing
To summarize, use: in conclusion - to conclude - to sum up - in a nutshell - in brief -
 in short - all in all - everything considered..

Unit 10 Relative Clauses

Relative clauses can be introduced by:

1. A relative pronoun: who, whom, which, that, whose.
Example: "The man who is standing there is a famous writer."
2. A relative adverb: where, why and when.
Example: " The restaurant where I have dinner is nice."

Relative Pronouns
who - subject or object pronoun for people
They arrested the man who broke into the bank.
which - subject or object pronoun
I read the book which is you had told me about.
which - referring to a whole sentence
They offered me help which I appreciated a lot.
whom - used for object pronoun for people, especially in non-restrictive
relative clauses (in restrictive relative clauses use who)
The girl whom you showed me yesterday joined our club.
that - subject or object pronoun for people, animals and things in restrictive
relative clauses (who or which are also possible)
I like the poem that you wrote
Relative adverbs
where - referring to a place
The café where I usually go is nice.
when - referring to a time
Valentine’s Day is a day when lovers exchange gifts.
why - referring to a reason
This is why I wrote this book.
Subject Pronoun or Object Pronoun?
You can distinguish subject and object pronouns as follows:
 If the relative pronoun is not followed by a noun or pronoun, it is a subject
pronoun. Subject relative pronouns can never be omitted (dropped.) Example:
The apple which is lying on the table is sweet. The teacher who lives next door
is nice. NOT The apple is lying on the table is sweet. The teacher lives next door
is nice.
 If the relative pronoun is followed by a noun or pronoun, the relative
pronoun is an object pronoun. Object relative pronouns can be omitted
(dropped) in restrictive (defining) relative clauses. Example: The film (which)
we watched yesterday was fantastic. The writer (who/whom) we met last
weekend is very famous.