Module-5 Introduction To Electronics Communication. Notes

||Jai Sri Gurudev ||
Sri Adichunchanagiri Shikshana Trust®
SJB INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Accredited by NBA & NAAC with ‘A’ Grade
No. 67, BGS Health & Education City, Dr. Vishnuvardhan Road
Kengeri, Bangalore – 560 060
Department of Electronics & Communication

Engineering
Introduction to Electronics Communication (BESCK104C/204C)
MODULE – 5
Analog Communication Schemes & Digital Modulation Schemes
Notes (as per VTU Syllabus)

I SEMESTER – B. E
Academic Year: 2022 – 2023 (ODD)
Course Coordinator: Darshan B D
Designation: Assistant Professor

Introduction to Electronics & Communication
Modern communication system scheme
Information source and input transducer
Dept. of ECE/SJBIT Page 2



Transmitter:


Channel or medium

Noise
Noise and Noise Figure (F)

One can define the SNR as the ratio of the signal power to the noise power at a point in the

Receiver

Multiplexing

Types of Communication System

Types of Modulation
Amplitude Modulation
Amplitude Modulation Amplitude Modulation is the changing the amplitude of the carrier signal with
respect to the instantaneous change in message signal. The amplitude modulated wave form, its envelope,
and its frequency spectrum bandwidth. Fig (a) Sinusoidal modulation signal (b)High frequency carrier (c)
AM signal.
Modulation Index, m=M/A

Where:
A= the carrier amplitude.
M = the modulation amplitude and is the peak change in the RF amplitude from its un-modulated value.

Using the equation above a modulation index of 0.75 means that the signal will increase by a factor of
0.75 and decrease to 0.25 of its original level.
A modulation index of 1 is the maximum level of modulation that can normally be applied and occurs
when the envelope increases by a factor of 1, i.e., twice the steady state value, and falls to zero.
FM, Phase Modulation, Pulse Modulation, PAM, PWM, PPM, PCM. Concept of Radio wave
propagation







Digital Modulation Schemes:
Advantages of Digital Communication Over Analog Communication
Advantages of Digital Communication

As the signals are digitized, there are many advantages of digital communication over analog
communication, such as
• The effect of distortion, noise, and interference is much less in digital signals as they are less
affected.
• Digital circuits are more reliable.
• Digital circuits are easy to design and cheaper than analog circuits.
• The hardware implementation in digital circuits, is more flexible than analog.
• The occurrence of cross-talk is very rare in digital communication.
• The signal is un-altered as the pulse needs a high disturbance to alter its properties, which is very
difficult.
• Signal processing functions such as encryption and compression are employed in digital circuits to
maintain the secrecy of the information.
• The probability of error occurrence is reduced by employing error detecting and error correcting
codes.
• Spread spectrum technique is used to avoid signal jamming.
• Combining digital signals using Time Division Multiplexing TDM is easier than combining analog
signals using Frequency Division Multiplexing FDM.
• The configuring process of digital signals is easier than analog signals.
• Digital signals can be saved and retrieved more conveniently than analog signals.
• Many of the digital circuits have almost common encoding techniques and hence similar devices
can be used for a number of purposes.
• The capacity of the channel is effectively utilized by digital signals.

Radio Signal Transmission


ASK
The short form of Amplitude Shift Keying is referred as ASK. It is the digital modulation
technique. In this technique, amplitude of the RF carrier is varied in accordance with
baseband digital input signal. The figure depicts operation of ASK modulation. As
shown in the figure, binary 1 will be represented by carrier signal with some amplitude
while binary 0 will be represented by carrier of zero amplitude(i.e. no carrier).
ASK modulation can be represented by following equation:

s(t) = A2* cos(2*π*fc*t) for Binary Logic-1
s(t) = A1* cos(2*π*fc*t) for Binary Logic-0
Here A2>A1
Signalling used is ON-OFF signalling.
Bandwidth requirement for ASK is:
BW = 2/Tb = 2*Rb
Often in ASK modulation, binary-1 is represented by carrier with amplitude-A2 and
binary-0 is represented by carrier with amplitude-A1.
• In ASK probability of error (Pe) is high and SNR is less.

• It has lowest noise immunity against noise.
• ASK is a bandwidth efficient system but it has lower power efficiency.

FSK
The short form of Frequency Shift Keying is referred as FSK. It is also digital
modulation technique. In this technique, frequency of the RF carrier is varied in
accodance with baseband digital input. The figure depicts the FSK modulation. As
shown, binary 1 and 0 is represented by two different carrier frequencies. Figure
depicts that binary 1 is represented by high frequency 'f1' and binary 0 is represented
by low frequency 'f2'.
Binary FSK can be represented by following equation:

s(t) = A* cos(2*π*f1*t) for Binary 1
s(t) = A* cos(2*π*f2*t) for Binary 0
In FSK modulation, NRZ signalling method is used. Bandwidth requirement in case of
FSK is:
BW = 2*Rb + (f1-f2)
• In case of FSK, Pe is less and SNR is high.

• This technique is widely employed in modem design and development.
• It has increased immunity to noise but requires larger bandwidth compare to other
modulation types.

PSK
The short form of Phase Shift Keying is referred as PSK. It is digital modulation
technique where in phase of the RF carrier is changed based on digital input. Figure
depicts Binary Phase Shift Keying modulation type of PSK. As shown in the figure,
Binary 1 is represented by 180 degree phase of the carrier and binary 0 is represented
by 0 degree phase of the RF carrier.
Binary PSK can be represented by following equation :

If s(t) = A*cos(2*π*fc*t) for Binary 1 than
s(t) = A*cos(2*π*fc*t + π) for Binary 0
In PSK modulation, NRZ signalling is used. Bandwidth requirement for PSK is:
BW = 2 * Rb = 2 * Bit rate
• In case of PSK probability of error is less. SNR is high.
• It is a power efficient system but it has lower bandwidth efficiency.
• PSK modulation is widely used in wireless transmission.
• The variants of basic PSK and ASK modulations are QAM, 16-QAM, 64-QAM and so
on.

Multiple Access Technique

Multiple Access Techniques

In wireless communication systems, it is often desirable to allow the subscriber to send
information simultaneously from the mobile station to the base station while receiving information
from the base station to the mobile station.
A cellular system divides any given area into cells where a mobile unit in each cell communicates
with a base station. The main aim in the cellular system design is to be able to increase the
capacity of the channel, i.e., to handle as many calls as possible in a given bandwidth with a
sufficient level of quality of service.
There are several different ways to allow access to the channel. These includes mainly the
following −
• Frequency division multiple-access (FDMA)

• Time division multiple-access (TDMA)
• Code division multiple-access (CDMA)
• Space division multiple access (SDMA)
Depending on how the available bandwidth is allocated to the users, these techniques can be
classified as narrowband and wideband systems.
Narrowband Systems
Systems operating with channels substantially narrower than the coherence bandwidth are
called as Narrow band systems. Narrow band TDMA allows users to use the same channel but
allocates a unique time slot to each user on the channel, thus separating a small number of
users in time on a single channel.
Wideband Systems
In wideband systems, the transmission bandwidth of a single channel is much larger than the
coherence bandwidth of the channel. Thus, multipath fading doesn’t greatly affect the received
signal within a wideband channel, and frequency selective fades occur only in a small fraction
of the signal bandwidth.
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)

FDMA is the basic technology for advanced mobile phone services. The features of FDMA are
as follows.
• FDMA allots a different sub-band of frequency to each different user to access the network.
• If FDMA is not in use, the channel is left idle instead of allotting to the other users.
• FDMA is implemented in Narrowband systems and it is less complex than TDMA.
• Tight filtering is done here to reduce adjacent channel interference.
• The base station BS and mobile station MS, transmit and receive simultaneously and
continuously in FDMA.

Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

In the cases where continuous transmission is not required, there TDMA is used instead of
FDMA. The features of TDMA include the following.
• TDMA shares a single carrier frequency with several users where each users makes use of non-
overlapping time slots.
• Data transmission in TDMA is not continuous, but occurs in bursts. Hence handsoff process is
simpler.
• TDMA uses different time slots for transmission and reception thus duplexers are not required.
• TDMA has an advantage that is possible to allocate different numbers of time slots per frame to
different users.
• Bandwidth can be supplied on demand to different users by concatenating or reassigning time
slot based on priority.
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

Code division multiple access technique is an example of multiple access where several
transmitters use a single channel to send information simultaneously. Its features are as follows.
• In CDMA every user uses the full available spectrum instead of getting allotted by separate
frequency.
• CDMA is much recommended for voice and data communications.
• While multiple codes occupy the same channel in CDMA, the users having same code can
communicate with each other.
• CDMA offers more air-space capacity than TDMA.
• The hands-off between base stations is very well handled by CDMA.
Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA)

Space division multiple access or spatial division multiple access is a technique which is MIMO
(multiple-input multiple-output) architecture and used mostly in wireless and satellite
communication. It has the following features.
• All users can communicate at the same time using the same channel.
• SDMA is completely free from interference.
• A single satellite can communicate with more satellites receivers of the same frequency.
• The directional spot-beam antennas are used and hence the base station in SDMA, can track a
moving user.
• Controls the radiated energy for each user in space.

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||Jai Sri Gurudev ||

Sri Adichunchanagiri Shikshana Trust®

SJB INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Department of Electronics & Communication

Notes (as per VTU Syllabus)

Course Coordinator: Darshan B D

Designation: Assistant Professor

Modern communication system scheme

Information source and input transducer

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Noise and Noise Figure (F)

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Dept. of ECE/SJBIT Page 10

Types of Communication System

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Modulation Index, m=M/A

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Digital Modulation Schemes:

Advantages of Digital Communication Over Analog Communication

Advantages of Digital Communication

Dept. of ECE/SJBIT Page 20

Radio Signal Transmission

Dept. of ECE/SJBIT Page 21

Dept. of ECE/SJBIT Page 22

ASK modulation can be represented by following equation:

• In ASK probability of error (Pe) is high and SNR is less.

Dept. of ECE/SJBIT Page 23

Binary FSK can be represented by following equation:

• In case of FSK, Pe is less and SNR is high.

Dept. of ECE/SJBIT Page 24

Binary PSK can be represented by following equation :

Dept. of ECE/SJBIT Page 25

Multiple Access Technique

Dept. of ECE/SJBIT Page 26

Multiple Access Techniques

• Frequency division multiple-access (FDMA)

Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)

Dept. of ECE/SJBIT Page 27

Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA)

Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA)

Space Division Multiple Access (SDMA)

Dept. of ECE/SJBIT Page 28

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