Sonnet Tutorial Release 9

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Cover: James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879). A professor at Cambridge University, England, Maxwell established the interdependence of electricity and magnetism. In his classic treatise of 1873, he published the first unified theory of electricity and magnetism and founded the science of electromagnetism.

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Sonnet Tutorial
Printed: May 2003

Release 9
Sonnet Software, Inc. 100 Elwood Davis Road North Syracuse, NY 13212 Phone: (315) 453-3096 Fax: (315) 451-1694 Technical Support: support@sonnetsoftware.com Sales Information: sales@sonnetsoftware.com www.sonnetsoftware.com

Copyright 1989,1991,1993, 1995-2003 Sonnet Software, Inc. All Rights Reserved

Registration numbers: TX 2-723-907, TX 2-760-739

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Copyright Notice

Reproduction of this document in whole or in part, without the prior express written authorization of Sonnet Software, Inc. is prohibited. Documentation and all authorized copies of documentation must remain solely in the possession of the customer at all times, and must remain at the software designated site. The customer shall not, under any circumstances, provide the documentation to any third party without prior written approval from Sonnet Software, Inc. This publication is subject to change at any time and without notice. Any suggestions for improvements in this publication or in the software it describes are welcome.

Trademarks

The program names xgeom, emstatus, emvu, patvu, dxfgeo, ebridge, emgraph, gds, emserver and emclient (lower case bold italics), Lite, LitePlus, Level2 Basic, Level2 Silver, and Level3 Gold are trademarks of Sonnet Software, Inc. Sonnet and em are registered trademarks of Sonnet Software, Inc. UNIX is a trademark of Unix Systems Labs. Windows 95, Windows 98, Windows2000, Windows ME, Windows XP and Windows NT are trademarks of Microsoft, Inc. X Window System is a trademark of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. AutoCAD and Drawing Interchange file (DXF) are trademarks of Auto Desk, Inc. SPARCsystem Open Windows, SUN, SUN-4, SunOS, Solaris, SunView, and SPARCstation are trademarks of Sun Microsystems, Inc. HP, HP-UX, Hewlett-Packard are trademarks of Hewlett-Packard Company. ADS, Series IV, Touchstone, and Libra are trademarks of Agilent Technologies. Super-Compact is a trademark of Compact Software, Inc. GDSII is a trademark of Calma Company. FLEXlm is a registered trademark of Globetrotter Software, Inc. OSF/Motif is a trademark of the Open Software Foundation. IBM is a registered trademark of International Business Machines Corporation. MS-DOS and Windows are registered trademarks of Microsoft Corporation.

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Table of Contents

Table of Contents
Table of Contents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1

Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
The Sonnet Design Suite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Describing Menu Bar Accesses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 Shift Selecting Modes in the Project Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Getting Started . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Invoking Sonnet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 UNIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Windows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 Obtaining the Example Projects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 The Project Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Zoom and Cell Fill. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Metal Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Dielectric Layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 Em - The Electromagnetic Simulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Setting Up the Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 Setting Up Analysis Frequencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 Analysis Run Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Executing an Analysis Run . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 The Response Viewer- Plotting Your Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Invoking the Response Viewer.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Displaying a Smith Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Selecting Another Curve for Display . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Data Readouts - Smith Chart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Closing the Response Viewer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 Current Density Viewer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

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Sonnet Tutorial
Invoking the Current Density Viewer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Current Density Values. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Frequency Controls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Animation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Time Animation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Frequency Animation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 40 41 41 41 42 46

Creating a Circuit: Dstub. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

The Substrate, Subsectioning, and Cell Size . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Metalization Levels and Dielectric Layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Entering your Circuit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Invoking the Project Editor. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Specifying Box Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Setting Cell Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Setting the Dielectric Layers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adding Metalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Duplicating a Polygon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Adding Ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Saving the Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A Simple Outline of the Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Subsectioning the Circuit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Frequency Sweep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Linear Frequency Sweep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Selecting Analysis Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Input the Linear Sweep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Run Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Executing the Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Invoking the Response Viewer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Editing Curve Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Removing a Measurement from a Curve Group. . . . . . . . . . Adding a New Curve Group . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 55 57 58 60 68 71 72 74 74 75 76 76 77 78 79 81 81 84 85

Em - The Analysis Engine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

Observing the Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

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Table of Contents
4

Determining Cell Size . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

Calculating Cell Size for Non-Integer Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 Vias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Inputting the Circuit in the Project Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Invoking the Project Editor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 Specifying Box Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Using the Cell Size Calculator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 Setting the Dielectric Layers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Palette of Standard Geometries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 Creating an Airbridge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Adding Ports and Reference Planes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114 Em - The Electromagnetic Simulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 Setting Up the Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 Selecting Run Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 Executing the Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Viewing your Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 Adding a File to a Graph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

Appendix I

Using the Sonnet Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

Clicking on a Menu Item or Button. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 Dragging the Mouse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 Scroll Bars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 Menu Bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126 Dialog Boxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 Default button. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 Mixed in Text Entry Boxes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Disabled Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Tool Bar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Shortcut Keys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

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Sonnet Tutorial

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Chapter 1 Introduction

Chapter 1

Introduction

This manual is intended to provide you with a quick and easy start in using the Sonnet suite. There are presently three tutorials. The first tutorial, in Chapter 2, provides you with an overview of the Sonnet products and how they are used together. The second tutorial, in Chapter 3, walks you through a simple example from entering the circuit in the graphical project editor, to viewing your data in the response viewer, our plotting tool. The third tutorial covers design issues which need to be considered in the project editor. There are supplemental tutorials available on analysis features, translators and the far field viewer available in the Sonnet Supplemental Tutorials.

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Sonnet Tutorial

The Sonnet Design Suite

The suite of Sonnet analysis tools is shown on page 12. Using these tools, Sonnet provides an open environment to many other design and layout programs. The following is a brief description of all of the Sonnet tools. Check with your system administrator to find out if you are licensed for these products: Project Editor The project editor is a user-friendly graphical interface that enables you to input your circuit geometry or circuit netlist for subsequent em analysis. If you have purchased the DXF and/or the GDSII translator, the translator interface is found in the project editor. You also set up analysis controls for your project in the project editor. Program module: xgeom Analysis Engine Em is the electromagnetic analysis engine. It uses a modified method of moments analysis based on Maxwell's equations to perform a true three dimensional current analysis of predominantly planar structures. Em computes S, Y, or Z-parameters, transmission line parameters (Z0, Eeff, VSWR, GMax, Zin, and the Loss Factor), and SPICE equivalent lumped element networks. Additionally, it creates files for further processing by the current density viewer and the far field viewer. Ems circuit netlist capability cascades the results of electromagnetic analyses with lumped elements, ideal transmission line elements and external S-parameter data. Program module: em Analysis Monitor The analysis monitor allows you to observe the on-going status of analyses being run by em as well as creating and editing batch files to provide a queue for em jobs. Program module: emstatus Response Viewer The response viewer is the plotting tool. This program allows you to plot your response data from em, as well as other simulation tools, as a Cartesian graph or a Smith chart. You may also plot the results of an equation. Program module: emgraph

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Chapter 1 Introduction
Current Density Viewer The current density viewer is a visualization tool which acts as a post-processor to em providing you with an immediate qualitative view of the electromagnetic interactions occurring within your circuit. Program module: emvu Far Field Viewer The far field viewer is the radiation pattern computation and display program. It computes the far-field radiation pattern of radiating structures (such as patch antennas) using the current density information from em and displays the far-field radiation patterns in one of three formats: Cartesian plot, polar plot or surface plot. Program module: patvu GDSII Translator The GDSII translator provides bidirectional translation of GDSII layout files to/ from the Sonnet project editor geometry format. Program module: gds DXF Translator The DXF translator provides bidirectional translation of DXF layout files (such as from AutoCAD) to/from the Sonnet project editor geometry format. Program module: dxfgeo Agilent Interface The Agilent Interface provides a seamless translation capability between Sonnet and Agilent EEsof Series IV and Agilent EEsof ADS. From within the Series IV or ADS Layout package you can directly create Sonnet geometry files. Em simulations can be invoked and the results incorporated into your design without leaving the Series IV or ADS environment. Program module: ebridge

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Sonnet Tutorial

DXF Files DXF Translator

Sonnet Software Professional suite

Project Editor Circuit Geometry or Netlist projects Analysis Engine Electromagnetic Simulation S, Y, Z Parameters Z0,Eeff, GMax, Zin, VSWR, Loss factor

GDS Files

GDSII Translator Response Viewer Series IV ADS Interface Plotting Tool Analysis Monitor Analysis Monitor and Batch Editor

SPICE

Agilent Files

Translators

Far Field Viewer Far Field Radiation Computation & Display

Current Density Viewer Current Visualization Tool

Note that the illustrations are from Windows examples, but the appearance of Sonnet in UNIX is very similar. This manual is used for both applications.

Describing Menu Bar Accesses

In this manual, we describe accessing the menu bar using a pointer description to illustrate selecting the desired menu buttons. For example, in the project editor, Tools Add Metalization Draw Polygon means to move the cursor to Tools on the project editors menu bar, press and hold down the left mouse button, drag the cursor down the menu which appears until Add Metalization is highlighted, causing another pull-down menu to appear.

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Chapter 1 Introduction
Continuing to hold down the mouse button, drag the cursor until Draw Polygon is highlighted and release the mouse button. The new mode will be indicated on the status bar. The figure below depicts the access described.

If a (Shift) appears before the flow description, you should hold the shift key down while performing the menu selection. This enables you to remain in the mode selected, until you explicitly choose to exit it. For a complete explanation, see Shift Selecting Modes below.

Shift Selecting Modes in the Project Editor

When selecting a mode, such as Tools Add Port, you will remain in the mode until you add one port to the circuit. After adding a single port, the project editor will then automatically return to pointer mode. If you wish to continue in the Add Port mode in order to add multiple ports, then hold the shift key down while selecting Add Port mode from the menu with the mouse. You will continue in this mode until you select another mode from the menu bar or press the Escape key which will place you back in pointer mode, the default startup mode, which allows you to edit your circuit. Note that shift selecting a mode applies to all methods of entering that mode, including selection of an icon from the tool bar or tool box, or use of a shortcut key. Also, when using an icon button to enter a mode, double clicking on the icon acts the same as pushing the shift key.

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Sonnet Tutorial

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Chapter 2 Getting Started

Chapter 2

Getting Started

The first tutorial is designed to give you a broad overview of the Sonnet suite, while demonstrating some of the basic functions of the Sonnet products. The following topics are covered: Invoking Sonnet programs. Opening a circuit geometry project in the project editor. Running a simple analysis in em. Plotting S-parameter data in the response viewer. Performing a simple animation in the current density viewer.

Invoking Sonnet
You use the Sonnet task bar, shown below, to access all the modules in the Sonnet Suite. Opening the Sonnet task bar, for both Windows and UNIX systems is detailed below.

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Sonnet Tutorial

UNIX
1 Open a terminal. If you do not know how to do this, please see your system administrator.

Enter sonnet at the prompt. The Sonnet task bar appears on your display.

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Chapter 2 Getting Started

Windows
1 Select Start Programs Sonnet Sonnet from the Windows desktop Start menu.

The Sonnet task bar appears on your display.

Obtaining the Example Projects

Example projects are supplied with your software and are available through the PDF manuals on your computer. The Application Examples manual, when accessed in PDF format on your computer, allows you to open the project in the Project Editor or, in the case of multifile examples, copy the example folder to your personal working directory. NOTE: You must have Adobe Acrobat Reader installed on your system to access the manuals in PDF format. If you do not have the program, it is available for installation by selecting Admin Install Acrobat from the Sonnet Task Bar main menu. To copy the Filtwall project to use in this tutorial, do the following:

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Sonnet Tutorial
1 Click on the Manuals button on the Sonnet Task Bar. The file sonnet_online.pdf is opened on your display. The manuals available in PDF format are identical to the hard copy manuals which came with your installation package. 2 3 Click on the Application Examples button in the PDF document. Click on the Complete List button. A page appears with a complete list in alphabetical order of the example files. 4 Click on Filtwall in the list. This will take you to the Filtwall example project in the Application Examples manual. 5 Click on the Load into Project Editor button at the top of the page. The project editor is invoked on your display with the file filtwall.son open. This file is a read-only to prevent corrupting the example files. 6 Select File Save As from the project editor main menu. The Save As browse window appears. Save the project in your working directory. This allows you to save any changes you make to the circuit.

The Project Editor

The project editor, when editing a circuit geometry project, provides you with a graphical interface which allows you to specify all the necessary information concerning the circuit you wish to analyze with the electromagnetic simulator, em. The example circuit, filtwall.son, shown on page 20, is a two port microstrip filter with a 15 mil Alumina substrate and 100 mils of air above. Note that the resonators run to the edge of the substrate, shorting them to the box wall.

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Chapter 2 Getting Started

Circuits in Sonnet are modeled as being enclosed in a six-sided metal box which is ground. Any circuit metal touching the box is shorted to ground. This does not apply to the two ports shown on the circuit. A standard box wall port is a grounded port, with one terminal attached to a polygon edge coincident with a box wall and the second terminal attached to ground. The model for a box wall port is pictured below.

+
Box wall port on page 46.

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Sonnet Tutorial

The circuit is placed on top of the substrate.

Short circuits

Air Layer 100 mils

Six-sided metal box

Substrate Layer - 15 mils

A three-dimensional view of the circuit in the six-sided metal box modeled in the project editor. The view shown in the project editor window is a two-dimensional view from the top looking directly down on the substrate.

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Chapter 2 Getting Started

Zoom and Cell Fill

The project editor has a zoom feature which allows you to take a closer look at any part of your circuit. You will zoom in on a section of the filter, to observe an example of staircase cell fill. The cell fill represents the actual metalization analyzed by em. There are various types of cell fill, one of which is staircase. Staircase uses a staircase of cells to approximate any angled edges of polygons. Therefore, the actual metalization analyzed by em may differ from that input by you. 7 Select View Cell Fill from the project editor main menu to turn off the cell fill. This command toggles the state of cell fill. Only the outline of the polygons are displayed. 8 Click on the Zoom In button on the tool bar. The appearance of the cursor changes. A magnifying glass with a plus sign, the icon on the Zoom In button, appears next to the cursor.

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Sonnet Tutorial
9 Select the section of the circuit you wish to zoom in on. Move the mouse to the upper left of the junction of the feed line and the first resonator, as shown below. Click and drag the cursor down and to the right. A rubber band surrounding the area follows the cursor. When you release the mouse button, the project editor zooms in on the selected area.

As you can see in the enlargement on page 23, one of the metal polygons has a diagonal edge. 10 Select View Cell Fill from the project editor main menu to turn on the cell fill. The metal fill pattern appears in the polygons on your display. Note that the outline of the actual metal has a staircase edge which approximates the diagonal edge drawn in the project editor. The default setting in the project editor is staircase fill.

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Chapter 2 Getting Started

Note that em analyzes the staircase edged metal, not the diagonal polygon.

Diag onal

NOTE:

In some versions of Sonnet, diagonal fill is not available. In that case, skip to step 15. This will not affect simulation results since staircase fill is restored before running the analysis. 11 Click on the polygon circled above to select it. The polygon is highlighted to indicate selection. 12 Select Modify Metal Properties from the project editor main menu. The Metalization Properties dialog box appears on your display as shown below. 13 Select Diagonal from the Fill Type drop list. Diagonal fill type, while more accurately modeling the input edge, requires more processing time. 14 Click on the OK button to apply the changes and close the dialog box. The metal fill is updated. As you can see, the metal em analyzes is closer to your input than in the case of staircase fill. But the increased accuracy comes at the price of increased processing time.

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Sonnet Tutorial
In this case, staircase fill provides the required degree of accuracy and will be used for the analysis. The fill type will be changed back to staircase later in the tutorial. 15 Click on the Full View button. The whole circuit appears on your display.

Metal Types
The project editor allows you to define any number of metal types to be used in your circuit. Multiple metal types may be used on any given level. A metal type specifies the metalization loss used by em. Both the DC resistivity and the skin effect surface impedance are accurately modeled in em. Metal types are defined in the Metal Types dialog box where a fill pattern is assigned as part of the definition. For a detailed discussion of metal types and loss, see Chapter 5, Metalization and Dielectric Loss in the Sonnet Users Guide. After a polygon is drawn in your circuit, you can change the metal type. In our example, all the polygons are comprised of Copper metal. An example is given below of changing the metal type of one polygon to Lossless metal. 16 Click on the any resonator of the filter to select it. The polygon is highlighted to indicate selection.

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Chapter 2 Getting Started

17 Select Modify Metal Properties from the project editor main menu. The Metalization Properties dialog box appears on your display as shown below.
Metal Drop List

18 Click on the Metal drop list and select Lossless from the list. Click on the OK command button to apply the change and close the dialog box. The fill pattern changes for the selected polygon as shown below.

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Sonnet Tutorial
The metal for this polygon now has the loss associated with the default lossless metal. The project editor allows you to define any number of metal types for use in your circuit. For details on defining metal types, see the project editors online help. You will not be analyzing with lossless metal; the metal is switched back later in the tutorial.

Dielectric Layers
19 Select Circuit Dielectric Layers from the project editor main menu. The Dielectric Layers dialog box, which allows specification of the dielectric layers in the box, appears on your display, providing you with an approximate side view of your circuit. The project editor level number appears on the left. A level is defined as the intersection of any two dielectric layers and is where your circuit metal is placed.
.

Metal Box (Ground)

Air (100 mils)

Level 0 Metal

Alumina Substrate - 15 mils

Metal Box (Ground)

Refer to page 20 for a three-dimensional drawing of the dielectric layers. The air layer is required to keep the metal top of the box away from the circuit metal.

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Chapter 2 Getting Started

20 Click on the OK command button to close the Dielectric Layers dialog box. 21 Select File Revert to Saved from the project editor main menu. This returns filtwall.son to the original form which you copied from the example directory. To reduce the time required to complete this tutorial, the simulation results are provided. In order to use the pre-computed results, there must be no differences in the source file. This step ensures that you are analyzing the original file and that you are able to successfully launch em from the project editor.

Em - The Electromagnetic Simulator

Em performs electromagnetic analysis for arbitrary 3-D planar geometries, maintaining full accuracy at all frequencies. Em is a full-wave analysis engine which takes into account all possible coupling mechanisms. The project editor provides an interactive windows interface to em. This interface consists of menus and dialog boxes which allow you to select run options, set up the analysis type and input parameter values and optimization goals. You may save the settings for an analysis file in a batch file using the analysis monitor. In the next part of this tutorial, you set up the analysis for and analyze the circuit filtwall.son which you examined in the project editor. If you have not already done so, load filtwall.son into the project editor.

Setting Up the Analysis

These analysis controls have already been input to this example file, but the steps are explained in order to show how the information is entered. You will be using the Adaptive Band Synthesis (ABS) technique to analyze the circuit. ABS provides a fine resolution response for a frequency band with a small number of analysis points. Em performs a full analysis at a few points and uses the resulting internal data to synthesize a fine resolution band. This technique, in most cases, provides a considerable reduction in processing time. The points at which a full

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Sonnet Tutorial
analysis is performed are referred to as discrete data. The remaining data in the band is referred to as adaptive data. For a detailed discussion of ABS, see Chapter 9, Adaptive Band Synthesis (ABS) in the Sonnet Users Guide. 22 Select Analysis Setup from the project editor main menu. The Analysis Setup dialog box appears on your display as shown below.

Analysis Control drop list

Setting Up Analysis Frequencies

23 Select Adaptive Sweep (ABS) from the Analysis Control drop list. Since the default type of sweep is Adaptive, you will not need to take any action for this step. The adaptive sweep uses ABS to analyze the circuit. This enables the Start and Stop text entry boxes. 24 Enter the Start, and Stop values in the appropriate text entry boxes. The frequency band you wish to analyze is from 4.7 GHz to 5.5 GHz, therefore, enter 4.7 in the Start text entry box, and 5.5 in the Stop text entry box. These entries may already be present. If you needed to change the frequency units, you would do so using the Units dialog box, accessed by selecting Circuit Units from the project editor main menu.

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Chapter 2 Getting Started

Analysis Run Options

Run options for em are available in the Analysis Setup dialog box. This example uses the De-embed option, which is set by default, and the Compute Current Density option. De-embedding is set in the Advanced Options dialog box which you access by clicking on the Advanced button in the Analysis Setup dialog box. Since it is set by default, you do not need to do this for this example. De-embedding is the process by which the port discontinuity is removed from the analysis results. Inaccurate data may result from failing to implement this option, even when you are not using reference planes. For a detailed discussion of deembedding refer to Chapters 7 and 8 in the Sonnet Users Guide. If this option is on, de-embedded response data is output to the project file. The Compute Current Density run option instructs em to calculate current density information for the entire circuit which can be viewed using the Current Density Viewer. Be aware that for an adaptive sweep, current density data is only calculated for discrete data points.

TIP
The Memory save option (not used in this example) uses less memory by storing matrix elements as single precision numbers rather than double precision. Its use is recommended in order to execute a simulation that otherwise might not be possible within the bounds of your memory limitations. 25 Click on the OK button to apply the changes and close the dialog box.

Executing an Analysis Run

The control frequencies and run options are all specified. The analysis time for the circuit will vary depending on the platform on which the analysis is performed.

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Sonnet Tutorial
26 Select Project Analyze from the project editor main menu to invoke em and run the analysis. The analysis monitor appears on your display with the output window displaying response data. The analysis time will vary depending on the platform on which you are running the software. This analysis needs only four discrete frequencies to create the adaptive data and complete the analysis. When the analysis is complete, the message Analysis successfully completed. appears in the analysis monitor as shown below.

The Response Viewer- Plotting Your Data

The response viewer is used to display the results from an em analysis as either a Cartesian graph or Smith chart. S-, Y- and Z-Parameters can be displayed alone or simultaneously as well as transmission line parameters. You can also display

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Chapter 2 Getting Started

multiple curves from multiple projects on a single plot or choose to open multiple plots at the same time. It is also possible to display parameter sweeps and optimization results in a number of advanced ways. This tutorial covers only the most basic of the response viewers functions.

Invoking the Response Viewer.

27 Select Project View Response New Graph from the project editor main menu to invoke the response viewer. The response viewer window appears on your display with a Cartesian graph of the curve group filtwall with curve DB[S11] displayed. The project file contains multiple curves which are displayed in user-defined curve groups.

Plot Legend Curve Group Legend Plot Window

A data point is the measurement for a particular frequency. The data for all frequencies makes up a measurement. A measurement is a set of response data uniquely identified by parameter type, response type, port numbers and project file. An example would be: DB[S11] in the filtwall.son file

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Sonnet Tutorial
DB identifies the response type as magnitude in dB. S identifies the parameter type as an S-Parameter. 11 identifies the output port as Port 1 and the input port as Port 1. The project file from which the measurement originated is filtwall.son. A curve group is made up of one or more measurements. Different curve groups may come from different project files yet be displayed simultaneously

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Chapter 2 Getting Started

Displaying a Smith Chart

28 Change the plot to a Smith Chart by selecting Graph Type Smith from the response viewer main menu. The plot is changed to a Smith chart of filtwall.son which appears on your display. Again, the curve group filtwall with the DB[S11] curve is displayed. This curve group is the default displayed upon startup.

TIP
You can right-click on most parts of the response viewer window to invoke popup menus. For example, right clicking in the plot window and selecting Type Smith from the pop-up window also displays a Smith Chart.

Selecting Another Curve for Display

You may display multiple curves from multiple files simultaneously. Curve groups contain one or more measurements. To add a different measurement for display in a curve group, perform the following.

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Sonnet Tutorial
29 Select Graph Type Cartesian from the main menu. This changes the plot back to a Cartesian graph. 30 Click on the curve group, filtwall, in the curve group legend to select it. A box appears around the curve group name to indicate its selection.

Curve group filtwall

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Chapter 2 Getting Started

31 Select Curve Edit Curve Group from the response viewer main menu. The Edit Curve Group dialog box appears on your display as shown below.

TIP
Double-clicking on the Curve Group in the Curve Group legend also opens the Edit Curve Group dialog box. If this project file contained parameter combinations or optimization data, the dialog box would include a section that allowed you to select parameter combinations to display. 32 Double-click on DB[S21] in the Unselected list to move it to the Selected list. DB[S21] moves to the Plotted list.

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Sonnet Tutorial
33 Click on the OK command button to apply these changes. The Edit Curve group dialog box is closed and the Cartesian graph is updated to display the curve group filtwall, which now contains the two curves, DB[S11] and DB[S21]. Since the axes are set to autoscale, the values on the axes are automatically adjusted. The graph should appear similar to that pictured below.

Note that very few of the symbols ( O ), indicating data points, appear on the curves. When you are displaying adaptive data from an ABS analysis, the only points highlighted with a symbol in the response viewer are those from the discrete points where a full analysis was performed. 34 Right-click on the curve group name, filtwall, which appears in the Curve Group legend and select Properties from the pop-up menu which appears on your display. The Data Set Style dialog box appears on your display.

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Chapter 2 Getting Started

35 Click on the Symbol radio button in the dialog box. The dialog box should appear similar to that shown below.

36 Click on an arrow button next to the Symbol display until the word None appears. The symbols for the discrete data points are no longer displayed. Only the line represents all the adaptive data. 37 Click on the OK command button to apply these changes and close the dialog box. The graph should appear similar to that pictured below.

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Sonnet Tutorial

Data Readouts - Smith Chart

The response viewer can provide a readout on any given data point on your plot in two different ways. The information provided is dependent upon the type of data point selected. In the next section, you see how to obtain data on the Smith chart. 38 Right-click in the plot window, then select Type Smith from the pop up menu which appears on your display. The plot is changed to a Smith Chart. It is important to note that the curve group filtwall only contains one curve: DB[S11]. The curve groups defined for Cartesian graphs are independent of those defined for Smith charts. Zooming in on a section of the Smith chart makes it easier to distinguish individual points. 39 Click on the Zoom In button on the tool bar. A change in the cursor indicates that you are in zoom in mode.

TIP
If you have a three-button mouse, clicking on the center mouse button when the cursor is in the plot window, will put you in zoom in mode. 40 Click and drag your mouse in the Smith chart until the rubber band surrounds the area you wish to magnify. Then release the mouse button. The display is updated with a magnified picture of the selected area. To return to the full graph, click on the Full View button on the tool bar. Zooming operates in the same manner on a Cartesian graph. For our example, select one of the end points of the graph to enlarge. 41 Move the cursor over a discrete data point in the Smith Chart. A discrete data point is indicated by the O symbol. A popup appears, similar to that shown below, on your display with data about that point.

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Chapter 2 Getting Started

42 Click on the Full View button on the tool bar. The full view of the Smith chart appears in the response viewer window. 43 Click on a data point in the Smith chart. The readout for that data point appears in the Status Bar at the bottom of the response viewer window.

Selected Point

Readout in Status Bar

To move between points on a curve use the and keys. To move between curve groups on the display use the and keys.

Closing the Response Viewer

To close the program, perform the following: 44 Select File Exit from the response viewer main menu. The response viewer display is closed.

Current Density Viewer

The current density viewer is a visualization tool used to view the results of circuits previously analyzed with em. Em saves the resulting current density information in the project file ready for input to the current density viewer.

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Sonnet Tutorial
To produce the current density data, you must select the Compute Current Density option in the Analysis Setup dialog box in the project editor. This was done for you in the example file.

Invoking the Current Density Viewer

45 Select Project View Current from the main menu of the project editor or the main menu of the response viewer after clicking on the curve group Filtwall in the legend. The current density viewer window appears on your display with the first frequency in filtwall.son displayed. The color plot should appear similar to the one shown below. You are viewing the magnitude of the current density with a 1 Volt, 50 ohm source and Port 2 with a 50 ohm load.

Red areas represent high current density, and blue areas represent low current density. A scale is shown on the left of the window which defines the values of each color.

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Chapter 2 Getting Started

Current Density Values

46 Click on any point on your circuit to see a current density value. The current density value (in amps/meter) at the point that you clicked is shown in the status bar at the bottom of your window along with the coordinates of the location.

Frequency Controls
A different frame is displayed for each analysis frequency. 47 Click on the Next Frequency button on the tool bar. The lowest frequency appears on your display as the default, which in this case is at 4.7 GHz. When you click on the Next Frequency button, the display is updated with the current density at 4.995 GHz. NOTE: The scale to the left of the display is also updated. 48 Click on the Frequency Drop list, and select 5.275. The drop list allows you to go directly to any of the analysis frequencies.

Animation
The current density viewer provides two types of animation: frequency and time. To do an animation in the frequency domain, the current density viewer takes a picture of your circuit at each frequency point and links the pictures together to form a movie. In the time domain, the current density viewer takes a picture of your circuit at instantaneous points in time at a given frequency by changing the excitation phase of the input port(s). Animation allows you to see how your response changes with frequency or time, providing insight into the properties of your circuit.

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Sonnet Tutorial
The animation menu and controls are the same whether animating as a function of frequency or time. The current density viewer accomplishes this by translating the data into frames. The animation menu then allows you to step one frame at a time, or play the frames by displaying them consecutively. How the data relates to a frame in either animation mode is discussed below.

Time Animation
For Time Animation, each frame corresponds to an input phase. The type of data plotted is determined by the Parameters Response menu. In this case, the data is the JXY Magnitude, the total current density. This is the default setting upon opening a current density viewer window. For more details about response types, see Parameters - Response in the current density viewers help. To invoke help for the current density viewer, select Help Contents from its main menu. 49 Select Parameters Scale from the current density viewer main menu. The Set Scale dialog box appears on your display. 50 Click on the User Scale checkbox and enter a value of 100 in the Max Value text entry box. This allows you to set a fixed scale to avoid automatic updates of the scale during the animation. 51 Click on the OK command button to close the dialog box and apply the changes. The dialog box disappears and the scale to the left of the current density viewer window is now fixed at a maximum value of 100.

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Chapter 2 Getting Started

52 Select Animation Settings from the current density viewer main menu. The Animation Settings dialog box appears on your display as shown below.

53 Click on the Time Radio button to select Time Animation. This enables the cycle type drop list and the Number of Steps text entry box. 54 Select Half Cycle from the cycle type drop list. Our example uses half cycle, the default, in which the phase ranges from 0 to 180. For Full Cycle the phase ranges from 0 to 360. For Quarter Cycle, the range is 0 to 90. 55 Enter a value of 36 for the Number of Steps. The number of steps is used to determine how many frames the animation includes. There are 180 in a half cycle; therefore, 36 steps yield a value of 5 for the phase interval. The lowest phase, 0, corresponds to the first frame and the highest phase, 175, corresponds to the last frame. This phase value represents an offset from the Source Phase for any given port set in the Port Parameters dialog box. For details on how to set the Source Phase, see Parameters Ports in the current density viewers online help. To access the current density viewers help, select Help Contents from its main menu. For this example, the Source Phase for port 1 is set to the default of 0. Port 1 is terminated with a 50 ohm load.

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Sonnet Tutorial
56 Enter 0.1 in the Frame Duration text entry box. Before playing the frequency data by displaying consecutive frames, you may set the duration for each frame. This is the amount of time that each frame will appear on the display. The default value is 0.5 seconds. For this example, the frame duration is 0.1 seconds. 57 Click on the OK command button in the Settings dialog box. This saves the settings and closes the Animation Settings dialog box. 58 Select Animation Animate View from the current density viewer main menu. The current density viewer enters animation mode. The first frame, which displays the Magnitude of JXY(t) at 5.275 GHz and 0 degrees, appears in the window and should resemble the picture below. The response type and frequency are determined by the settings when animation mode was launched. The present mode and frame is identified in the title bar of the window.

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Chapter 2 Getting Started

The Animation Controls, shown below, also appear on your display.

59 Click on the Continuous Play button in the Animation Controls. This command toggles the Play commands in and out of continuous mode. In continuous mode, when the last frame is reached, the current density viewer starts over at the first frame and continues to cycle through the frames until a stop command is received. If the play direction is reverse, when the first frame is reached, the current density viewer starts over at the last frame and continues to display frames, in reverse order, until you press stop. Continuous mode is indicated by a change of color of the Continuous Play mode icon. 60 Click on the Play button in the Animation Controls. Selecting Play starts the animation at the present frame, 5.275 GHz and 0 degrees, which corresponds to t = 0. Subsequent frames are displayed consecutively in 5 intervals. Each frame is displayed for 0.1 seconds, the delay set earlier. When the last frame is reached, the display starts over with the first frame and repeats until you press the Stop button in the Animation Controls. Be aware that the first time through, the current density viewer is calculating the displays for each frame. Subsequently, the displays update at a slower rate. After the initial loading cycle of all the frames is complete, the display updates at the input rate of 0.1 seconds. 61 Click on the Stop button in the Animation Controls. This stops the animation, although the window remains in animation mode. 62 Click on the Exit Animation button in the Animation Controls. This exits the animation mode. The Animation Controls disappear from the display.

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Sonnet Tutorial
Frequency Animation
For Frequency Animation, each frequency will have its own frame. The lowest frequency, 4.7 GHz, corresponds to the first animation frame and the highest frequency, 5.5 GHz, corresponds to the last frame. 63 Select Animation Settings from the current density viewer main menu. The Animation Settings dialog box appears on your display. 64 Click on the Frequency radio button to select Frequency Animation. If the radio buttons, Time and Frequency, in this dialog box are disabled, you stopped the animation but did not exit the animation mode. You must click on the Exit Animation button in the Animation controls to exit the animation mode and allow you to modify the animation settings. Only the Frame Duration may be changed while running an animation. 65 Click on the OK button to close the Animation Settings dialog box and apply the changes. 66 Select Animation Animate View from the current density viewer main menu. The current density viewer enters animation mode. The first frame, which displays the JXY Magnitude response for 4.7 GHz, appears in the window. The response type and frequency are determined by the settings when animation mode was launched. Since the ABS band was defined from 4.7 GHz to 5.5 GHz, the first discrete frequency at which the circuit was analyzed is 4.7 GHz. Remember that current density data for an ABS sweep is only calculated for discrete data points not for all the adaptive data. The Animation Controls also appear on your display. Note that Continuous Play mode is still on from the previous example.

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Chapter 2 Getting Started

67 Click on the Play button in the Animation Controls. Selecting Play starts the animation at the present frame, 4.7 GHz. Subsequent frames, consecutively by frequency, are displayed, each for 0.1 seconds, the delay set previously. When the last frame is reached, the display starts over with the first frame and repeats until you press the Stop button in the Animation Controls. Note that a description of each frames contents appears in the title bar of the window. 68 Select File Exit from the current density viewer main menu. This command exits the current density viewer. 69 Select File Exit from the project editor main menu. This command exits the project editor program. This completes the first Sonnet tutorial. The next tutorial concentrates on entering a circuit in the project editor.

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Sonnet Tutorial

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Chapter 3 Creating a Circuit: Dstub

Chapter 3

Creating a Circuit: Dstub

The second tutorial walks you through the process of entering a circuit in the project editor, analyzing the circuit using the analysis engine, em, and observing your analysis data in the response viewer. Some of the concepts covered in this tutorial are: Setting up box settings Determining cell sizes Setting up dielectric layers Adding metal rectangles to a circuit Adding metal polygons to a circuit Copying, flipping and moving polygons in a circuit Performing a simple analysis

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Sonnet Tutorial
Plotting response data

The example for this tutorial is a circuit geometry project dstub.son. The circuit, as it appears upon completion, is shown below, along with a view showing the orientation when looking at the project editor display. Even if you plan on using a translator to import your circuits, this tutorial provides you with the basics of the project editor environment which you need to accurately translate your circuit.

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Chapter 3 Creating a Circuit: Dstub

The circuit is placed on top of the substrate.

Air Layer 100 mils Substrate Layer - 20 mils

Six-sided metal box

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A three-dimensional view of the circuit in the six-sided metal box modeled in the project editor. The view shown in the project editor window is a two-dimensional view from the top looking directly down on the substrate.

Sonnet Tutorial

The Substrate, Subsectioning, and Cell Size

To input a circuit geometry in the project editor, you must set up the box and substrate parameters as well as drawing the circuit. Below is a discussion of some of the factors to consider when setting up the box and cell size. Specifying the parameters of the enclosing box defines the dimensions of the substrate, since the substrate covers the bottom area of the box. There are three interrelated box size parameters: Cell Size, Box Size, and Number of Cells. Their relationship is as follows: (Cell Size) X (Num. Cells) = Box Size Therefore, changing one parameter may automatically cause another parameter to change. Any one of the parameters can be kept constant when changing sizes by clicking on the corresponding Lock checkbox. The electromagnetic analysis starts by automatically subdividing your circuit into small rectangular subsections. Em uses variable size subsections. Small subsections are used where needed and larger subsections are used where the analysis does not need small subsections. A cell is the basic building block of all subsections, and each subsection is built from one or more cells. Thus a subsection may be as small as one cell or may be multiple cells long or wide. Thus the Dimensions of a cell determine the minimum subsection size. The smaller the subsections are made, the more accurate the result is and the longer it takes to get the result. Therefore, there is a trade off between accuracy and processing time to be considered when choosing the cell size. The project editor gives you a measure of control over the subsection size. For a detailed discussion of subsectioning, please see Chapter 4, Subsectioning in the Sonnet Users Guide. Note that the dimensions of a cell need not be a round number. For example, if you want to analyze a line that is 9.5 mils wide, you need not set your cell dimension to 0.5 mils. You may want to set it to 4.75 mils (9.5 mils divided by 2)

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Chapter 3 Creating a Circuit: Dstub

or 3.16667 mils (9.5 mils divided by 3). This will speed up the analysis because fewer subsections will be used. Also, the width of the cell does not need to be the same as the length. When viewing your substrate, notice that the project editor displays a grid made up of regularly spaced dots. The distance between each grid point is the cell size. The cell size may be entered directly or you may enter the number of cells. This sets the number of cells per substrate side, thus implicitly specifying the cell size in relationship to the box size. Note that the number of cells must be an integer number.

TIP
When the number of cells per side is large, selection of a power of two value provides em with a significant speed increase. For example, 256 cells per side is more efficient than 250 cells per side.

Metalization Levels and Dielectric Layers

The analysis engine and the project editor can handle any number of metalization levels. The default in a new project file is two dielectric layers with one metalization level in between. Typically metalization is referred to as levels and dielectric as layers. Each metalization level is sandwiched between two dielectric layers. It may be helpful to think of a level as being attached to the bottom of the dielectric layer above.You add another metalization level by adding dielectric layers through the Dielectric layers dialog box. When you are in the main window, you are viewing a metalization level of your circuit.

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Sonnet Tutorial

Entering your Circuit

In this section of the tutorial, you input the circuit dstub.son. The complete circuit, with dimensions, is shown below.

90 mils 20 mils 200 mils 60 mils

60 mils

190 mils 90 mils 20 mils 330 mils

The dimensions of the example file, dstub.son.

Invoking the Project Editor

1 Open the Sonnet task bar. If you do not yet know how to do this, please refer to Invoking Sonnet, page 15.

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Chapter 3 Creating a Circuit: Dstub

2 Click on the Edit Project button in the Sonnet task bar. A pop-up menu appears on the task bar.

Select New Geometry from the pop-up menu. A project editor window, with an empty substrate, appears on your display as shown below. The view shown in the project editor window is a two-dimensional view from the top looking directly down on the substrate. The tool box, which allows easy access to commonly used functions, also appears on your display.

Tool box

Specifying Box Settings

Before drawing the circuit, you must specify the parameters of the enclosing box, which includes the dimensions of the substrate and the cell size.

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Sonnet Tutorial
4 Select Circuit Box from the project editor main menu. The Box Settings dialog box appears on your display. This dialog box is used to set the box size dimensions for your circuit. The box size for our example is 200 mils by 330 mils.

Enter 330 in the X text entry box in the Box Size row of the Box Settings dialog box. This sets the x dimension of the box, and thereby, the substrate, to 330 mils.

Enter 200 in the Y text entry box in the Box Size row of the Box Settings dialog box. This sets the Y dimension of the box, and thereby, the substrate, to 200 mils. Note that when these values are entered, the number of cells value is updated to correspond to the new box size.

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Chapter 3 Creating a Circuit: Dstub

Setting Cell Size
In observing the dimensions of the circuit, shown on page 54, it can be seen that common factors of the dimensions, in both the x and y directions, are 2, 5, and 10 mils, in order for all the metalization to fall on the cell grid. Off-grid metalization is possible; however, that is addressed elsewhere. A cell size of 10 mils by 10 mils provides enough accuracy for this circuit while needing the least processing time. These are the default values, so that steps 7 and 8 may not be necessary. 7 Enter 10 in the X text entry box in the Cell Size row of the Box Settings dialog box. This sets the x dimension of the cell to 10 mils. 8 Enter 10 in the Y text entry box in the Cell Size row of the Box Settings dialog box. This sets the y dimension of the cell to 10 mils. 9 Click on the OK command button in the Box Settings dialog box. The dialog box disappears from your display and the substrate is updated to show the new size.

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Sonnet Tutorial

Setting the Dielectric Layers

Next, you need to specify the dielectric layers. 10 Select Circuit Dielectric Layers from the project editor main menu. The Dielectric Layers dialog box, which allows specification of the dielectric layers in the box, appears on your display. A new geometry project always has two default layers whose material is Air. The project editor level number appears on the left providing you with an approximate side view of your circuit. A level is defined as the intersection of any two dielectric layers and is where your circuit metal is placed. 11 Enter a value of 100 in the Thickness text entry box in the first line of the Dielectric Layers dialog box. This dielectric layer is the air above the actual microstrip. The layer thickness has absolutely no impact on execution time or accuracy. Remember, the analysis is done inside of a six-sided metal box, so there is a metal top cover above the 100 mils of air. Specifying a small number for this thickness moves the top cover closer to the circuit metalization, providing stronger coupling between the top cover and the circuit metalization. If you do not know the actual dimensions of the box, or if you do not have a top cover, a good rule of thumb for microstrip is to set the air thickness to several (3-5) substrate thicknesses. The rest of the parameters are the default values for Air and do not need to be changed.

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Chapter 3 Creating a Circuit: Dstub

12 Click on the second entry line in the Dielectric Layers dialog box to select it, then click on the Edit button. The Dielectric Editor dialog box is opened. You did not need the Dielectric Editor for the first layer since you only wanted to change its thickness and this can be done directly in the Dielectric Layers dialog box. However, to change any other parameter of the dielectric layer you must use the Dielectric Editor dialog box.

TIP
Double-clicking on an entry in the Dielectric Layers dialog box, opens the Dielectric Editor dialog box on that entry. 13 Enter Alumina in the Mat. Name text entry box. The material you wish to use for this dielectric layer is Alumina. 14 Enter a value of 20 in the Thickness text entry box. This specifies a 20 mil thick substrate. 15 Enter a value of 9.8 in the Erel text entry box. The dielectric constant for alumina is 9.8. 16 Click on the OK button to close the Dielectric Editor and apply the changes. The Dielectric Layers dialog box is updated and should appear similar to that shown below.

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Sonnet Tutorial
.

Metal Box (Ground)

Air (100 mils)

Level 0 Metal

Alumina Substrate - 20 mils

Metal Box (Ground)

Note that the thickness of each layer must be specified. If not, the default value, 0.0, causes em to issue an error message and stop execution. The setup of the box size, and dielectric layers is complete. The only metal type used for this circuit is lossless, the default metal type available in any new project editor file. In the next section, you input the metal polygons which make up the circuit. 17 Click on the OK command button to apply the changes and close the dialog box.

Adding Metalization
First, you add the center rectangle of the circuit. 18 Click on the Add a Rectangle button in the tool box. The appearance of the cursor changes.

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19 Move the cursor until the readout in the pointer area of the status bar reads 0.0, 90.0 mils then click the mouse.

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20 Move the cursor up and to the right until you go up two cell grids and towards the right edge of the box. Click on a point a few cells in from the box wall. A rubber band stretches from the first point you clicked to the location of the cursor. When you click a second time, a metal rectangle appears in your circuit as shown below. We have deliberately made the polygon too short in order to demonstrate the Reshape tool. It should appear similar to the picture below.

Next, well use the reshape tool to extend the polygon to the box wall. 21 Click on the Reshape button in the Tool Box. The appearance of the cursor changes to indicate that you are in reshape mode.

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Chapter 3 Creating a Circuit: Dstub

22 Drag the mouse so that the two end points of the polygon are selected.

Distance between the two selected points.

TIP
When two vertices of a polygon are selected, the distance between them is displayed in the status bar at the bottom of the window. 23 Click on one of the selected points and drag it to the box wall. The circuit should appear as pictured below. You may select anywhere from one vertex to all the vertices when in reshape mode. When more than one vertex is selected, moving one vertex causes all other selected vertices to move and retain

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Sonnet Tutorial
their relative position to the first vertex as happened in this example. It is also possible to add additional vertices to a polygon by using the Add Points button in the tool box.

Next, youll add the polygons. 24 Click on the Add a Polygon button in the Tool Box. The appearance of the cursor changes.

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Chapter 3 Creating a Circuit: Dstub

25 Type 60,90 followed by Enter on the keyboard. This enters the first point on the polygon. A rubber band stretches from this point to the location of the cursor.

26 Type @20<270 followed by Enter on the keyboard. The sign @ indicates a relative distance from the last point. The <270 provides the angle at which the segment should emanate. Therefore, a segment 20 mils in length going straight down is added to the polygon and a line connecting the two points appears. 27 Move the cursor down 20 mils and to the right 20 mils until the status bar reads 20.0 X 20.0 mils and then click. Another segment is added to the polygon. As before, the rubber band now stretches from the last point to be added.

TIP
If you add a point in the wrong location, hitting the backspace, or delete key, deletes the last entered point of the polygon.

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28 Enter 270,50 followed by Enter to enter the next point. Continue adding points in this manner until the polygon is complete. The table below lists all the points in the polygon. Point 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Coordinates 60,90 60,70 80,50 270,50 270,70 80,70 80,90 60,90

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Chapter 3 Creating a Circuit: Dstub

Note that you can complete the polygon by double-clicking on point 7 or by clicking on point 8 after adding point 7. Your circuit should now appear as shown below. Note that the metal polygons whose edges are touching are connected electrically.

When a polygon is complete, a fill pattern which defines the actual metalization analyzed by em appears on your display. In the picture above, notice the staircase approximation for the mitered bend. Em does not analyze the bend as you entered it; the staircase approximation is analyzed instead.

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29 Enter ^M (Control-M) at the keyboard to turn off the metal fill. The circuit, shown below, appears only with the outline of the polygons you have entered.

30 Enter ^M (Control-M) at the keyboard to turn the metal fill back on. The display is updated with the metal fill on. The metalization, as mentioned above, represents the actual metal used in the simulation by em.

TIP
Selecting Diagonal fill type for this polygon would have provided a much closer approximation of metalization to the entered polygon, at the cost of increased processing time. That degree of accuracy was not required for this circuit. For more details on Fill Types, see Modify - Metal Properties in the project editors help. To access the project editors help, select Help Contents from its main menu.

Duplicating a Polygon
You now create the other stub by duplicating the one just entered.

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Chapter 3 Creating a Circuit: Dstub

31 Click on the completed polygon to select it. The polygon appears highlighted. 32 Select Edit Duplicate from the project editor main menu. A copy of the polygon appears on your circuit. Note that the duplicate polygon is highlighted, indicating its selection for edit commands. 33 Select Modify Flip from the project editor main menu. The Flip dialog box appears on your display.

Left/Right Flip Up/Down Flip

34 Click on the Left/Right Flip button in the Flip dialog box. The polygon flips about its center in left/right direction. 35 Click on the Up/Down Flip button in the Flip dialog box. The polygon flips about is center in the up/down direction.

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36 Click on the Close button in the Flip dialog box. The Flip dialog box disappears from your display. Your circuit should now appear as shown.

37 Move the polygon, by dragging it with the mouse, until it is opposite the other polygon on the other side of the strip. The circuit should now look like this:

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Chapter 3 Creating a Circuit: Dstub

Adding Ports
To complete the circuit, you need to add the two ports. The simplest type of port, used in this example, is the boxwall port. A boxwall port is connected between a polygon and the box wall. NOTE: The polygon must be touching the wall. 38 Click on the Add Port button in the tool box while holding down the shift key. The shape of the cursor changes to indicate Add Port mode. Holding down the shift key allows you stay in Add Port mode after adding the first port. This allows you to add multiple ports without having to select the Add Port button each time. 39 Click on the left edge of the circuit on the left box wall. Port 1 is added to the circuit. Ports are numbered automatically in the order that they are added. It is possible to change port numbers and types after they have been added to the circuit. For more details, see Chapter 6, Ports in the Sonnet Users Guide.

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40 Click on the right edge of the circuit on the right box wall. Port 2 is added to the circuit which should appear as shown below.

41 Push the ESC key. This exits Add Port mode and returns the project editor to pointer mode. Note that the ports are actually attached to the polygon; therefore, moving or copying the polygon also moves or copies the ports.

Saving the Circuit

You have completed defining the circuit in the project editor, but before you analyze the circuit using em, you need to save the circuit. 42 Select File Save from the project editor main menu. The Save File dialog box appears on your display.

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Chapter 3 Creating a Circuit: Dstub

43 If necessary, browse to the directory in which you wish to save the file. 44 Enter dstub.son in the File Name text entry box and click on the Save command button. The file is saved as a circuit geometry project with the name dstub.son. Notice that this name now appears in the title bar. This completes the circuit editing section of this tutorial.

Em - The Analysis Engine

In the next section of the tutorial, the circuit you entered is analyzed using the electromagnetic simulator engine, em. The following discussion provides background on em and explains the theory behind the analysis engine. Instructions continue at step 45 on page 77. The analysis engine, em, performs electromagnetic analyses for arbitrary 3-D planar geometries, maintaining full accuracy at all frequencies. Em is a fullwave analysis engine which takes into account all possible coupling mechanisms.

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Sonnet Tutorial
Analyses are set up in the project editor. The analysis monitor provides an interface that allows you to monitor analyses and manage batch files for running analyses. Your analysis control settings are saved as part of your project file.

A Simple Outline of the Theory

Em performs an electromagnetic analysis of a microstrip, stripline, coplanar waveguide, or any other 3-D planar circuit, such as the one shown below, by solving for the current distribution on the circuit metalization using the Method of Moments.

Em analyzes planar structures inside a shielding box. Port connections are usually made at the box sidewalls. Vias and dielectric bricks (not shown) may also be included.

Subsectioning the Circuit

The analysis starts by subdividing the circuit metalization into small rectangular subsections. In an actual subsectioning, shown on page 75, small subsections are used only where needed. Otherwise, larger subsections are used since the analysis time is directly related to the number of subsections. Triangular subsections can be used to fill in the diagonal staircase at the users discretion. These subsections are based on the cells specified in the geometry file.

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Chapter 3 Creating a Circuit: Dstub

Em effectively calculates the coupling between each possible pair of subsections in the circuit.

Em calculates the tangential electric field on all subsections, given current on one subsection. This figure shows the actual subsectioning for an example circuit.

Frequency Sweep
There are three types of analyses that may be done in em: frequency sweep, parameter sweep and optimization. This section of the tutorial describes how to set up a linear frequency sweep, and invoke em.

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Linear Frequency Sweep

The analysis control section of the Analysis Setup dialog box in the project editor allows you to select the type of analysis and the frequencies used in analyzing your circuit. A linear frequency sweep is used to execute an analysis using one or multiple frequencies evenly spaced in an ascending order.

Analysis Type

Selecting Analysis Options

There are two options available in the Analysis Setup dialog box, which may be turned on when you wish to use the option and set to off if the option is not desired. In addition there are other run options in the Advanced Options dialog box which are invoked by selecting the Advanced Options command button in the Analysis Setup dialog box. The De-embed option, found in the Advanced Options dialog box, is set to on by default for a new analysis. This example uses the De-embed option. If the project editor is not still open from the previous part of the tutorial, invoke the project editor and open the file dstub.son.

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Chapter 3 Creating a Circuit: Dstub

45 Select Analysis Setup from the project editor main menu. The Analysis Setup dialog box appears on your display. The default type of analysis is the Adaptive Sweep(ABS) already displayed in the Analysis Control drop list. The other types of analysis are Linear Frequency Sweep, Frequency Sweep Combinations, Parameter Sweep, Optimization and External Frequency File. 46 Select Linear Frequency Sweep from the Analysis Control drop list. The appearance of the dialog box is updated for the linear frequency sweep to include the Start, Stop and Step text entry boxes as shown below.

Input the Linear Sweep

Frequency Control for this analysis is provided by direct input into text entry boxes. The circuit is analyzed from 4.0 GHz to 8.0 GHz in 0.25 GHz intervals. 47 Enter 4.0 in the Start text entry box and enter 8.0 in the Stop text entry box. The analysis starts at 4.0 GHz and ends at 8.0 GHz. 48 Enter 0.25 in the Step text entry box. The constant intervals between analysis frequencies is 0.25 GHz.

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Run Options
This analysis uses the De-embed run option. The De-embed option is on by default. De-embed Option: De-embedding is the process by which the port discontinuity and transmission line effects are removed from the analysis results. Inaccurate data may result from failing to implement this option. When the De-embed option is set, the circuit is automatically de-embedded to the specified reference planes, or the box edge if no reference planes are specified in the circuit geometry. For a detailed discussion of de-embedding refer to Chapters 7 and 8 in the Sonnet Users Guide. In our case, no reference planes are specified, so that the circuit is de-embedded to the box walls. This completes setting up the analysis run. The Analysis Setup dialog box should appear similar to that shown here.

49 Click on the OK command button to apply the changes and close the dialog box. This completes the setup for your analysis.

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Chapter 3 Creating a Circuit: Dstub

Executing the Analysis

50 Select Project Analyze to execute the analysis. The analysis monitor appears on your display with the Response Data window displayed. As the analysis progresses, the response data is output to the window. The progress bar indicates the ongoing status of the analysis. When the job is complete, the message Analysis successfully completed appears just below the progress bar and the progress bar is completely filled in.

The output data from the analysis is shown in the Response Data window, as pictured above. You can use the scroll bars to the right and bottom of the window to see all your response data.

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51 Click on the Batch List command button in the analysis monitor window. The batch list appears. The batch list shows the history of your runs and allows you to set up a list of analyses to run sequentially. The data displayed in the analysis monitor applies to the presently selected batch list entry.

For more information about batch lists, see help for the analysis monitor. To access the analysis monitors help, select Help Contents from its main menu.

Observing the Data

For this example, you shall display a Cartesian graph of your response data.

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Chapter 3 Creating a Circuit: Dstub

Invoking the Response Viewer

52 Select Project View Response New Graph from the analysis monitor main menu. The response viewer window appears on your display with a Cartesian graph displaying the curve group dstub which consists of the S11 curve from the response data.

Plot Legend

Curve Group Legend

Editing Curve Groups

The project file contains multiple curves which are displayed in user-defined curve groups. A measurement is a set of response data uniquely identified by parameter type, response type, port numbers and project file. An example would be:
DB[S21] in the dstub.son file

DB identifies the response type as magnitude in dB. S identifies the parameter type as an S-Parameter. 21 identifies the input port as Port 1 and the output port as Port 2. The project file from which the measurement originated is dstub.son. A curve group is made up of multiple measurements.

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A data point is the measurement for a particular frequency. The data for all frequencies makes up a measurement. Curve groups consist of a set of measurements defined by the user. The measurements in a curve group must all come from the same project file and be the same response and parameter type. Different curve groups may come from different project files yet be displayed simultaneously. Since this analysis only included a frequency sweep, no parameter combinations are available. 53 Click on Dstub in the Curve Group Legend. A box appears around Dstub in the Curve Group legend and the curve group is highlighted on the plot.

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Chapter 3 Creating a Circuit: Dstub

54 Select Curve Edit Curve Group from the response viewer main menu. The Edit Curve Group dialog box appears on your display.

TIP
You may also access this dialog box by right-clicking in the Curve Group Plot and selecting Edit Curve Group from the pop-up menu which appears. The project and data collection drop lists are disabled since you are editing an existing curve group. 55 Double click on DB[S21] to move this curve from the unselected list to the selected list. This adds the DB[S21] measurement to the dstub curve group.

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Sonnet Tutorial
56 Click on the OK button to apply the changes and close the dialog box. The dialog box disappears from your display and the plot is updated to include both data curves.

Another way to add the DB[S21] curve would have been to create an additional curve group. That is shown below.

Removing a Measurement from a Curve Group

57 Click on DB[S21] in the Curve Group legend to select it. A box appears around the entry in the legend and the plot is highlighted. 58 Right click on DB[S21] and select Delete Measurement from the pop-up menu which appears. The curve legend and plot window are updated. Your graph should now appear as it did when the response viewer was invoked.

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Chapter 3 Creating a Circuit: Dstub

Adding a New Curve Group

59 Select Curve Add Curve Group from the response viewer main menu. The Add Curve Group dialog box appears on your display. This dialog box is the same as the Edit Curve Group dialog box, but here the project drop list, group name and axis radio buttons are enabled.

The default name of dstub_2 appears in the Group Name text entry box. The response viewer uses the basename of the project file with an incremental number attached as the default for curve group names. If you wish to change the curve group name, edit the text in the entry box. 60 Double click on DB[S21] in the Unselected list. DB[S21] is moved from the Unselected list to the Selected list. Since a curve group defaults to the left axis with the magnitude (dB) of SParameters plotted, no other changes need to be made.

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61 Click on the OK button to apply the changes and close the dialog box. The curve group, dstub_2 is added to the plot. Note that the appearance is very similar to when both measurements were in the same curve group. There are two major differences. Different symbols are used to represent data points in this graph. In the original graph, since the two measurements were in the same curve group, the same symbol was used to represent data points. This graph is also different, in that there are now two entries, one for each curve group, in the Curve Group legend.

This completes the second tutorial.

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Chapter 4 Determining Cell Size

Chapter 4

Determining Cell Size

The third tutorial is designed to give you a demonstration in using the Cell Size Calculator to obtain the optimal cell size for your circuit as well as using the palette of standard geometries and vias. Some of the following topics are covered: The cell grid Using the Cell Size Calculator to determine cell size Using the Palette of Standard Geometries Vias

For this tutorial, you analyze a rectangular spiral with an airbridge, as shown in the figure below. First, the circuit is entered in the project editor, then an analysis is run using em. You observe your output data using the response viewer, Sonnets plotting tool. A comparison is made using a circuit with exact dimensions versus a circuit with approximations that yields a significant improvement in processing

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Sonnet Tutorial
time. The goal of this tutorial is to teach you how to make wise choices in balancing the needed level of accuracy versus the processing time requirements and to teach you how vias are modeled.

The circuit is a 3 turn spiral inductor whose conductor width is 9.8 mils and spacing is 3.4 mils. The overall size is 150 mils by 150 mils. Before you enter the circuit in the project editor, you need to make some design decisions.

Calculating Cell Size for Non-Integer Dimensions

In general, you should follow these steps when determining your cell size: Determine critical parameters. Enter the critical parameters in the Cell Size Calculator to determine the optimal cell size with the minimal reduction in accuracy.

Before using the Cell Size Calculator to determine the cell size for your circuit, you must decide which parameters are the most critical. You use the most critical parameters to calculate the best cell size for your circuit in Sonnet.

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Chapter 4 Determining Cell Size

In the case of the spiral inductor the most critical parameters are the conductor widths and spacings. The overall size of the spiral, 150 mils by 150 mils, is not as critical For this example, the conductor width is 9.8 mils and the spacing is 3.4 mils. These might be the values obtained from an optimization or synthesis software. In order to model these two dimensions exactly, it would be necessary to choose a cell size of 0.2. This cell size would require an inordinately large number of subsections and hence a prohibitive amount of processing resources. So you need to calculate a cell size that provides a level of accuracy within your tolerance while using less of your memory and processing time. For more information about cell sizes and subsectioning, please refer to Chapter 4, Subsectioning, in the Sonnet Users Guide.

Vias
The spiral inductor uses an airbridge to connect one end of the inductor to the boxwall port. Vias, which are a special kind of subsection which allows current to flow in the z-direction between metal levels, are needed to model the airbridge. The via features in Sonnet are quite versatile. They can be used to create the many via structures commonly found in multilayer designs. In Sonnet, vias can connect between any two metalization levels. This allows the user to create internal level to level vias which extend between any two metalization levels in the circuit including the two outermost levels (Top and Gnd) or the present level and ground (GND). An internal level to level via is used to create the vertical portion of the airbridge in this example. Sonnets vias use a uniform distribution of current along their length and thus are not intended to be used to model resonant length vertical structures. Keep the via lengths small with respect to a wavelength. To create vias, use the project editor to enter via polygons where desired. Sonnet places subsectional vias (called via-posts) along the entire perimeter of the via polygon. This perimeter is always one cell wide. Vias extend in the direction presently selected in the Tools menu. The length of the via is equal to exactly the

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Sonnet Tutorial
thickness of the dielectric layers which it traverses. The via-posts are rectangular cylinders with a horizontal cross-sectional area equal to one cell. If you make the cell size smaller, the vias become smaller with more of them along the edge of the via polygon. Of course, the length of the via is unchanged. Current in a subsectional via is uniform throughout the body of the via and is Z directed. Via loss is determined by the metal type used for the via.
Metal

Level 0

- Metalization - Via

Vias

Metal Level 1

Via polygons used to construct the airbridge.

For a detailed discussion of all the types of vias and how they are modeled, please refer to Chapter 17, Vias and 3-D Structures in the Sonnet Users Guide.

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Chapter 4 Determining Cell Size

Inputting the Circuit in the Project Editor

In this section of the tutorial, you input the circuit spiral.son. The complete circuit, with dimensions, is shown below.

Conductor Width = 9.9 mils 125.4 mils Spacing = 3.3 mils 128.7 mils 122.1 mils 148.5 mils

148.5 mils The dimensions of the example file, spiral.son.

Invoking the Project Editor

First, open the Sonnet task bar. If you do not yet know how to do this, please refer to Invoking Sonnet, page 15.

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1 Click on the Edit Project button in the Sonnet task bar. A pop-up menu appears on the task bar.

Select New Geometry from the pop-up menu. The project editor window, with an empty substrate, appears on your display as shown below. The view shown in the project editor is a two-dimensional view from the top looking directly down on the substrate. The tool box, which allows easy access to commonly used functions, also appears on your display.

Tool Box

Specifying Box Settings

Before drawing the circuit, you must specify the parameters of the enclosing box, which includes the dimensions of the substrate and the cell size.

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Chapter 4 Determining Cell Size

3 Select Circuit Box from the project editor main menu. The Box Settings dialog box appears on your display. This dialog box is used to set the box size and cell size dimensions for your circuit.

Using the Cell Size Calculator

You will enter the critical dimensions into the Cell Size Calculator to determine the optimal cell size.

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4 Click on the Cell Size Calculator button in the Box Settings dialog box. A dialog box appears on your display asking if you wish to go straight to the calculator or use the Wizard. For the first few times you use the Cell Size Calculator function, we suggest you use the wizard until you are familiar with how the calculator functions. The Wizard is already selected as the default choice.

Click on the Next button to continue using the Wizard. The X Direction Target Entry box appears on your display. In the introduction to this tutorial, the trace width and spacing were identified as the critical dimensions. The critical dimensions are the same in both the x and y direction for this case. It is possible to have different dimensions be critical in each direction. Remember that the cell size does not have to be a square; the x and y dimensions of a cell may be different. Hence, you enter critical dimensions in both the x and y direction when using the Cell Size Calculator.

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Chapter 4 Determining Cell Size

6 Enter 9.8 in the X Target text entry box and click on the Add button to the right. The trace width, 9.8 mils, is added to the list of critical dimensions in the x direction.

Enter 3.4 in the X Target text entry box and click on the Add button to the right. The spacing, 3.4 mils, is added to the list of critical dimensions in the x direction. This completes the list of critical dimensions in the x direction.

Click on the Next button to continue. The Y Direction Target Entry box appears on your display. This is identical to the previous entry but applies to the y direction. Since the trace width and spacing are the same in both the x and y direction, the same values are entered for the y direction as were entered in the x direction.

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9 Enter the values 9.8 and 3.4 in the same manner cited above for the x direction.

10 Click on the Next button to continue. The Target Tolerance Entry box appears on your display. You may enter the tolerance of your dimensions as a function of percentage or length units. Your tolerance should be a non-zero value. The default tolerance is 5% which is a good value for this example. You do not need to change any settings.

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Chapter 4 Determining Cell Size

11 Click on the Next button to continue. The suggested cell dimensions are displayed, 3.3 mils by 3.3 mils for the cell size. This would make the trace width 9.9 mils.

12 Click on Finish to complete the Wizard and enter the suggested dimensions for the cell size. The cell size dimensions now appear in the Box Settings dialog box. Note that when the new cell size is entered, the box size and Num. Cells entries are updated. The cell size calculator used the original box size of 160 mils by 160 mils to arrive at a box size of 48 cells by 48 cells. To allow enough space for the spiral, we shall change the box size to 124 cells by 124 cells. 13 Enter 124 in the X text entry box in the Num. Cells row of the Box Settings dialog box. This sets the x dimension of the box, and thereby, the substrate, to 124 cells. The box size is updated to 409.2 mils. 14 Enter 124 in the Y text entry box in the Num. Cells row of the Box Settings dialog box. This set the Y dimension of the box, and thereby, the substrate, to 124 cells.

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Note that when these values are entered, the box size value is updated to correspond to the new number of cells.

15 Click on the OK command button in the Box Settings dialog box. The dialog box disappears from your display and the substrate is updated to show the new size. The substrate appears blank with no cell grid visible. In fact, the cell size is simply too small for the grid to show up at a magnification of 1.0. In this

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Chapter 4 Determining Cell Size

particular case, zooming in to a magnification of approximately 6.0x makes the cell grid visible.The magnification level appears in the Status Bar at the bottom of the project editor window.

Setting the Dielectric Layers

Next, you need to specify the dielectric layers. 16 Select Circuit Dielectric Layers from the project editor main menu. The Dielectric Layers dialog box, which allows specification of the dielectric layers of the structure, appears on your display providing you with an approximate side view of your circuit. The project editor level numbers appear on the left. A level is defined as the intersection of any two dielectric layers and is where your circuit metal is placed.

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This circuit requires two metal levels in order to place an airbridge above the spiral. Since a level is defined as the intersection of two dielectric layers, the addition of a dielectric layer also adds another metal level.

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Chapter 4 Determining Cell Size

17 Click on the Above button in the Dielectric Layers dialog box. The Dielectric Editor dialog box appears on your display. This dialog box allows you to edit the parameters of a dielectric layer in your circuit.

18 Enter a value of 250 in the Thickness text entry box and Air in the Mat. Name text entry box. This dielectric layer is the air above the actual microstrip. The layer thickness has absolutely no impact on execution time. Remember, the analysis is done inside of a six-sided metal box, so there is a metal top cover above the 250 mils of air. Specifying a small number for this thickness moves the top cover closer to the circuit metalization, providing stronger coupling between the top cover and the circuit metalization. This cover is set high enough to prevent coupling. Since our substrate thickness is 25 mils, this means the top cover is 10X this distance; the reason 250 mils was selected. 19 Enter a value of 1.0 in the Erel text entry box. This is the dielectric constant for air. This value may already be present. The rest of the parameters are correct for air and do not need to be edited. 20 Click on the OK button to close the dialog box and add the dielectric layer. The Dielectric Layers dialog box is updated to include the new entry.

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21 Enter a value of 1.0 in the Thickness text entry box in the middle entry line of the Dielectric Layers dialog box, presently labeled Unnamed. This specifies a 1 mil thick layer. The other parameters define air as the dielectric so there is no need to edit them. To edit a layer entry, double-click on the entry line to open the Dielectric Editor dialog box which allows you to change the parameters. 22 Double-click on the bottom entry line to open the Dielectric Editor dialog box. 23 Enter a value of 25.0 in the Thickness text entry box. This specifies a 25 mil thick substrate. 24 Enter a value of 9.8 in the Erel text entry box. Since the dielectric constant for alumina is 9.8, this defines a 25 mil thick alumina substrate for your circuit. 25 Enter Alumina in the name text entry box. This identifies this dielectric layer as alumina.

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Chapter 4 Determining Cell Size

26 Click on the OK button to close the dialog box and apply the changes. The Dielectric Layers dialog box should appear similar to that shown below.

Note that the thickness of each layer must be specified. If not, the default value, 0.0, causes em to issue an error message and stop execution. The setup of the box size, and dielectric layers is complete. The only metal type used for this circuit is lossless, the default metal type available in any new project file. In the next section, you input the metal polygons which make up the circuit. 27 Click on the OK command button to apply the changes and close the dialog box.

Palette of Standard Geometries

The metalization in this circuit consists of a rectangular spiral and airbridge. You use the Palette of Standard Geometries, pre-defined metalization shapes, to add the rectangular spiral to your circuit.

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28 Select 1 from the Level drop list on the tool bar to go to level 1 in your circuit. The view in the project editor is now level 1 where you wish to place the spiral. 29 Select View Measuring Tool from the project editor main menu. The measuring tool Readout dialog box appears on your display. You will use the Readout dialog box to position the anchor where you want to place the rectangular spiral on the substrate. 30 Click on the Anchor button in the Readout dialog box. The Anchor Setup dialog box appears on your display. 31 Enter 128.7 in the X text entry box and 283.8 in the Y text entry box in the Anchor Setup dialog box. These values give the position of the upper left hand corner of the rectangular spiral in your circuit. The upper left hand corner was selected because this is the reference point used in the standard palette spiral inductor. 32 Click on the OK button to close the dialog box. The Anchor, a large +, appears on your substrate. The anchor is used to help position the spiral. NOTE: The precision used in placing the geometry in this example is done to ensure that the results are consistent with results displayed later in the tutorial. In many cases, the exact placement of the spiral would be unimportant. 33 Select Tools Add Metalization Rectangular Spiral from the project editor main menu. The Rectangular Spiral Attributes dialog box appears on your display. 34 Enter 3 in the Number of Turns text entry box. The rectangular spiral has 3 turns.

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Chapter 4 Determining Cell Size

35 Enter 9.9 in the Conductor Width text entry box. The width of the conductor for the spiral is 9.9 mils; the value obtained in the calculations at the beginning of this tutorial. 36 Enter 3.3 in the Conductor Spacing text entry box. The spacing for the spiral is 3.3 mils; the value obtained in the calculations at the beginning of this tutorial. 37 Enter 148.5 in the First Length and Second Length text entry boxes. This sets the overall dimensions of the rectangular spiral to 148.5 by 148.5; the values obtained in the calculations at the beginning of this tutorial. 38 Click on the OK button to add the Spiral. A black outline of the spiral with a cursor fixed at the upper left hand corner appears on your circuit display. As you move the mouse the position of the cursor and spiral change accordingly.

TIP
You may want to zoom in on the location of the spiral to make it easier to position the spiral before adding it to your circuit. You may zoom in using the Space Bar, middle button on your mouse, or the button on the tool bar. 39 Move the spiral until the cursor is on the Anchor and click the left mouse button. The metalization of the spiral is drawn on your circuit. This places the rectangular spiral at the desired location in your circuit. Note that the outline of the polygon extends past the metalization at the inside beginning point of the spiral. This is

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because the polygon edge lies between two cell boundaries. You will need to zoom in on this section of the circuit to observe this. The metalization that em analyzes must fall on the cell grid and is shown by the cell fill pattern.

Edge of Polygon

Edge of Metalization

Next, you need to extend the conductor to the box wall. 40 If you have not already done so, zoom in on the end of the conductor. Your circuit should appear similar to that pictured below.

41 Click on the Reshape button in the project editor tool box. This mode, as indicated by the cursor, allows you to select points on a polygon and move them.

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Chapter 4 Determining Cell Size

42 Drag your mouse to select the end points of the conductor. The two points appear highlighted. 43 Select Modify Snap To from the main menu. The Snap Objects dialog box appears on your display.

44 Click on the Top radio button in the Box Walls section of the dialog box. This will extend the conductor to the box wall.

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45 Click on the OK button to close the dialog box and apply the changes. The full view of your circuit should resemble the one shown below.

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Chapter 4 Determining Cell Size

Creating an Airbridge
46 Zoom in on the area of the upper left hand corner of the spiral to the left box wall.

47 Click on the Add a Rectangle button in the project editor tool box. 48 Drag the mouse to create a rectangle 115.5 mils by 9.9 mils. As you move your mouse when adding the rectangle, the size of the polygon is shown in the status bar. Use this to get the proper size rectangle. This polygon is a feedline which connects to the spiral using an airbridge.

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49 Move the rectangle so that the left end is on the box wall and the top lines up with start of the spiral. Your circuit should look like this:

50 Click on the Up One Level button on the tool bar. Level 0 of your circuit is displayed. There is no metalization on this level yet, however, the outline of the metalization placed on Level 1 appears as a dashed line.

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Chapter 4 Determining Cell Size

51 Add a rectangle which extends from three cells after the end of the feed line to a cell before the beginning of the spiral (42.9 mils by 9.9 mils). Zoom in if you need to. Use the dashed lines as guides for the ends of the polygon.

52 Select Tools Add Via Down One Level if it is not already selected. Any vias added will extend down one level from the originating level.

TIP
You may click on the Via Down One Level button in the tool box. 53 Hold down the Shift key and select Tools Add Via Draw Rectangle to add the via polygon. Holding down the shift key allows you to add multiple via polygons to your circuit. If the Via Direction Notice appears, click on OK to close the message. The Add Via Rectangle mode is indicated by a change in the appearance of the cursor.

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54 Click on the upper corner of the outline of the metal below and drag your mouse to the lower corner of the metal polygon, then release the mouse. The via polygon is drawn in your circuit and should appear similar to that shown below. Note that the arrows on the via point downward to indicate the direction of the via polygon.

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Chapter 4 Determining Cell Size

55 Click on the upper right hand corner of the metal polygon on this level and drag your mouse over two cells and down three. Release the mouse. A via polygon connecting the airbridge to the beginning of the spiral is added to your circuit as shown below. Note that the first via polygon does not have metal in the middle but this one does. A via polygon has metalization in a one cell thick wall around the perimeter. The second via polygon is only two cells wide so that there is no space in the middle.

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If you go down one level, the vias now appear in your circuit, but with the triangles pointing up, to indicate that the via originated on the level above. The via on the right overlaps the metal of the spiral; the overlap area does not appear in reverse video, but the triangle indicates where the edge of the via polygon is.

56 Press the Escape key to return to pointer mode. This exits Add Via mode.

Adding Ports and Reference Planes

57 Go to Level 1 if you are not already there. 58 Hold down the Shift key and click on the Add Port button in the project editor tool box. Holding down the shift key allows you to add multiple ports without returning to pointer mode. 59 Click on the feedline at the left box wall. This adds Port 1 to the circuit.

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Chapter 4 Determining Cell Size

60 Click on the end of the conductor at the top box wall. This adds Port 2 to the circuit.

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61 Push the Escape key to return to pointer mode. 62 Select Circuit Ref. Planes/Cal. Length from the project editor main menu. The Reference Planes/Calibration Lengths dialog box appears on your display. In the list, Left, Right, Top and Bottom refer to the box wall on which the port is situated.

List of Reference Planes

Fixed Radio Button

63 Select the Left entry in the list of reference planes. The Left entry line is highlighted. 64 Click on the Fixed radio button. This enables the text entry box for the fixed value. This choice uses a fixed value for the reference plane. 65 Enter 115.5 in the Length text entry box for the Fixed radio button and click on the Apply button. The reference planes extends from the port on the left side of the box 115.5 mils into the circuit. The left entry line now reads Fixed, plane length of 115.5 mils. 66 Select the Top entry in the list of reference planes. The Top entry line is highlighted.

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Chapter 4 Determining Cell Size

67 Click on the Linked radio button. This choice allows you link the reference plane to a point on a polygon. If that point is moved for any reason, the length of the reference plane changes accordingly. 68 Click on the Mouse button next to the linked radio button to select a point. The dialog box disappears and the cursor changes to a cross. 69 Click in the circuit on the corner of the spiral as pictured below. You will need to zoom in on this area of the circuit. Click on this point to set the reference plane.

The dialog box re-appears. The top entry line now reads Linked, distance from port: 125.4 mils. 70 Click on the OK button to apply the reference planes and close the dialog box. The reference planes extend from the box wall for the length input in the Reference Planes dialog box. When analyzed by em, the circuit is automatically de-embedded to the reference planes when the De-embed option is selected. Deembedding is the process by which the port discontinuity and any reference plane lengths are removed from the analysis results. Note that the fixed length reference plane is represented by a solid black arrow on the circuit and the linked reference planes is shown by the outline of an arrow.

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Inputting the circuit is now complete. Your circuit should appear as shown below.

71 Select File Save from the project editor main menu and save the file under the name spiral.son in your working directory. The Save dialog box appears on your display. You need to save the circuit file before analyzing with em.

Em - The Electromagnetic Simulator

In the next part of this tutorial, you analyze the circuit spiral.son which you input in the project editor.

Setting Up the Analysis

72 Select Analysis Setup from the project editor main menu. The Analysis Setup dialog box appears on your display. For this circuit, you will analyze using an adaptive sweep from 0.2 GHz to 2 GHz. An adaptive sweep provides approximately 300 data points in the band. For a detailed discussion of Adaptive Band Synthesis, see Chapter 9, Adaptive Band Synthesis (ABS), in the Sonnet Users Guide.

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Chapter 4 Determining Cell Size

73 Select Adaptive Sweep (ABS) from the Analysis Control drop list if it is not already selected. The text entry boxes for the sweep are updated for an adaptive sweep. 74 Enter 0.2 in the Start text entry box and 2 in the Stop text entry box. This defines the frequency band of the adaptive sweep as 0.2 GHz to 2.0 GHz.

Selecting Run Options

Run options for em are available in the Analysis Setup dialog box in the project editor. This example uses only the De-embed option, which is set by default. De-embedding is the process by which the port discontinuity and any reference plane lengths are removed from the analysis results. Inaccurate data may result from failing to implement this option, even when you are not using reference planes. For a detailed discussion of de-embedding refer to Chapters 7 and 8 in the Sonnet Users Guide. The analysis setup is now complete. The dialog box should appear similar to that shown below.

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75 Click on the OK command button to apply the changes and close the dialog box. 76 Select File Save from the project editor main menu. This saves the analysis setup as part of your project file. You must perform the save before running em. If the file is not saved when em is invoked, a request to save the file appears before em executes.

Executing the Analysis

77 Click on the Analyze button on the project editor tool bar. The analysis engine, em, is launched and the analysis monitor appears on your display with the Response Data window shown. As the analysis progresses, the response data is output to the Analysis monitor and the progress bar is updated. When the analysis is complete, the Analysis successfully completed. message appears in the analysis monitor window.

Viewing your Response

In the next part of this tutorial, you plot your response data in the response viewer and compare the data to the analysis results of the circuit analyzed at the exact dimensions.

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Chapter 4 Determining Cell Size

78 Select Project View Response New Graph from the analysis monitor main menu. The response viewer appears on your display with the curve group spiral which includes the DB[S11] measurement. Note that since the analysis is an adaptive sweep, symbols only appear on the discrete data points.

spiral Curve Group

NOTE:

You can invoke the response viewer as soon as the analysis of one frequency is complete. To input subsequent information produced by em, select Graph Freshen Files from the response viewer menu.

TIP
You could also use the View Response button on the analysis monitors tool bar to invoke the response viewer.

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79 Double-click on the curve group spiral in the Curve Group legend. The Edit Curve Group dialog box appears on your display.

80 Double-click on the DB[S11] entry in the Selected list on the right side of the dialog box. This moves the entry to the Unselected list. 81 Double-click on the DB[S21] entry in the Unselected list. This moves the entry to the Selected list. You can also use the right arrow and left arrow to move entries between the lists. 82 Click on the OK button to apply the changes and close the dialog box. The curve group should now display the DB[S21] measurement.

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Chapter 4 Determining Cell Size

Adding a File to a Graph

For comparison, add the project file for the spiral inductor analyzed at the exact dimensions. The project file for the exact circuit, which includes the response data, has been provided. 83 Copy the example, Spiral_exact, to your working directory. You can access the example through the online manuals. If you do not know how to do this, see Obtaining the Example Projects, page 17. Save the file to your working directory. 84 Click on the Add File button on the tool bar of the Response Viewer. A Browse dialog box appears on your display. Use the browser to locate the spiral_exact.son project file which was copied in the previous step. When the file is added, the default curve group spiral_exact which contains the measurement DB[S11] is added to the graph.

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85 Follow the procedure above to edit the curve group to display DB[S21] in place of DB[S11]. As you can see the results achieved with the estimated circuit are very close to those of the exact circuit; however, the estimated circuit only took a fraction of the processing time due to a much bigger cell size.

The graph title was added by right clicking in the area above the graph in the plot window, then selecting Options from the pop-up menu that appears. The title is entered in the Graph Options dialog box opened by selecting this command. This completes the third tutorial.

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Appendix I Using the Sonnet Environment

Appendix I

Using the Sonnet Environment

The following appendix discusses basic instructions in the use of the Sonnet environment. If you are already familiar with basic mouse actions such as selecting menu items, dragging and scrolling, you may skip this appendix.

Clicking on a Menu Item or Button

When told to click on a menu item or on a dialog box button, you should move the mouse until the cursor appears over the desired item or button, then press and release the left mouse button. Note that the left mouse button is the primary button for the purposes of this manual. Your system may allow you to swap the left and right mouse button, in which case your primary button would be the right mouse button.

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Dragging the Mouse

When told to drag the mouse, you should press the left button and continue to hold the left button down while moving the mouse. When you complete the desired action, then you release the left mouse button.

Scroll Bars
Scroll bars appear in the Sonnet windows for panning, and appear in some of the dialog boxes. To cause the display to move in increments, click on the arrow icon at either end of a scroll bar. Alternately, place the cursor on the bar at the center and drag the bar to the desired position.

Menu Bar
All Sonnet applications make use of a menu bar which appears across the top of the application window. You access the applications functions by selecting the appropriate menu item on the menu bar. The project editors menu bar is used for this example. Menu bars for other Sonnet applications differ in content, but not in basic functioning. You access the project editors functions by selecting the appropriate menu item on the menu bar, shown below along with the tool bar. To select a project editor function on the menu bar, use the mouse to position the cursor directly on the desired function. Clicking the left mouse button will cause a pull-down menu to appear. To select a menu item, you position the cursor over the desired item and click the left mouse button again. For example, position the cursor on the menu item Tools. Click the left mouse button and a pull-down menu appears. Now move

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Appendix I Using the Sonnet Environment

the cursor to point at Add Via and again click the left mouse button to select. The mode in the status bar on the bottom of the project editor display will change from Pointer to Via and the cursor will change shape to indicate the current mode.

The project editors menu bar and tool bar.

Alternately, you hold the mouse button down, and drag the cursor down until the desired function is highlighted. Then release the button. For example, move the mouse so that the cursor is on the Tools. Press, and continue to hold down, the left mouse button. The project editor menu item is highlighted and a pull-down menu appears. To select a menu item, such as Add Port, move the cursor down so that Add Port is highlighted and then release the left mouse button. If the button is released while the cursor is outside the menu, no action results and the pull-down menu disappears. If, for some reason, you do not want any item on the menu, just move the cursor off the menu so that no item is highlighted and then release the mouse button. When you select a function in the menu bar, one of four possible things will happen: a mode change, a switch toggle, the appearance of a dialog box or a change in an object. A change of mode will be indicated by cursor shape and messages in the status bar at the bottom of the project editor window. A switch toggle will be indicated by the appearance of a check next to the menu item

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indicating that the item is active, shown on the left below. If the item was already active, selecting it will turn it off, indicated by the disappearance of the check mark, shown on the right below.

Cell Fill turned on

Cell Fill turned off

Notice that some menu items have an ellipsis (...) after them. Selecting these items will invoke a dialog box. These menu items require more information before an action can take place. The last possibility is that a selected object will be modified, as in the Convert to Metal or Brick command. Other menu items, e.g., the Add Metalization option under the Tools menu, have an arrow icon pointing to the right. This indicates the presence of another pulldown menu. Making a selection in a lower level pull-down menu functions as described above.

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Appendix I Using the Sonnet Environment

Dialog Boxes
Dialog boxes appear when more information is needed to fulfill a particular function. A dialog box may contain text entry boxes, check boxes, command buttons, radio buttons and drop lists. See the figure below for examples of these components. Radio buttons

Check boxes

Command buttons

Drop list

Text entry boxes

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You use text boxes to enter parameters. This is done by positioning the cursor over the desired box and clicking on the left mouse button. Selection is indicated by highlighting the box and the appearance of an I cursor. You then enter the appropriate data through the keyboard. Check boxes are used to turn a particular function on or off. Simply click the check box to change its state. Command buttons appear as stand alone boxes which contain an action. Click on the button with the left mouse button to cause the action to occur. Radio buttons are used for multiple selections which are mutually exclusive. When you click on one radio button, all other associated radio buttons are turned off. Drop lists are used to make selections from a predetermined list of mutually exclusive options. Clicking on the arrow icon causes a list to appear from which you click on your selection. The text position of some Drop lists are editable. If an entry in a dialog box is already at the desired value, no action need be taken. When all entries are at the desired values, you click on the OK button to implement the changes and close the dialog box. To implement the values entered, but leave the dialog box open for further input, click on the Apply button. If you wish to exit a dialog box without applying any changes, click on the Cancel button. It is important to note, however, that any changes already implemented by use of the Apply button will not be undone by the Cancel button. Some dialog boxes will contain a Use Mouse button. Clicking on this button will allow you to set parameters with the use of the mouse in the project editor window. Changes made by using the mouse are applied immediately and do not require further action.

Default button
One button in a dialog box will appeared highlighted by a distinctive outline, and is the default command button. Pressing the return key will implement this action, without the need to position the cursor and click on the button.

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Appendix I Using the Sonnet Environment

Mixed in Text Entry Boxes
The word Mixed, when appearing in a text entry box or drop list, indicates that multiple objects are selected, and have different values for that particular field. If you edit values in the dialog box and click on the OK or Apply command button, all values except for the field in which Mixed appears, will be updated. If you edit the text entry box which contains Mixed with a discrete value, that value will be applied to all of the multiple selected objects.

Disabled Functions
Depending on the mode and parameters selected, some menu items may not be available. The text in these selections will be a lighter color and will not become highlighted if you drag the cursor on them. In the Users Manuals, we refer to these items as disabled. This also refers to icons on the tool bar and tool box. The icon will appear faded, if the item is not available. Clicking on a disabled option will not select the menu item. You must select the appropriate mode or parameter to activate the item. Please note that on monochrome monitors the text for the disabled options may appear the same as the available options. However, the disabled options will not become highlighted and cannot be selected.

Tool Bar
All Sonnet applications make use of a tool bar which appears across the top of the application window just below the menu bar. The project editors tool bar is used for this example. Tool bars for other Sonnet applications differ in content, but not in basic functioning. Just below the menu bar in the project editor display appears a tool bar consisting of a series of small icons. See the figure on page 127. These icons allow quicker access to more frequently used commands. Placing the cursor over these icons will cause a brief description of their function to appear in the message field of the status bar at the bottom of the project editor window. For a complete description of the icons on a given applications Tool Bar, see the Users Manual or online help of that application.

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Shortcut Keys
Some menu items have a shortcut associated with them. These menu items can be selected by typing the associated shortcut key. Shortcuts are shown on the menu bar at the end of the name of the menu item. Typing the shortcut key has the same effect as selecting the menu item with the mouse, but with no need to go through the menus. Most of the shortcut keys are control keys, i.e. you must first hold down the Control key, and then press the key. In the menus, the control key is indicated by Ctrl + before the letter. The control keys are denoted in the manual with a ^ symbol. Any time you see a ^ symbol before a letter, e.g., ^U, you should interpret this as meaning a control key. As an example, to type a Control-U (^U), hold down the Control key and press the U key.

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Index

Index

A
accuracy 58 Add Polygon button 64 Add Port button 71 Add Rectangle button buttons Add Rectangle 60 adding ports 71 rectangle 60 air 58, 101 analysis executing 29, 79 specifying frequencies 28 animate view 44, 46 animation 41 animate view 44, 46 controls 45 Continous Play button 45 Exit Animation button 45 Play button 45 Stop button 45 exit 45 frames 42 frequency 41, 46 settings 43, 46 time 41, 42 Animation Settings dialog box 43

attributes modifying 23, 25

B
backspace key 65 box 20 size 56 wall 71 box settings specifying 55, 92 Box Settings dialog box 56, 93 box size 52 box wall 19 buttons 45, 125, 130 Add Polygon 64 Add Port 71 Continuous Play 45 Edit Circuit 92 Exit Animation 45 Full View 24 Next Frequency 41 Play 45 Zoom In 21

C
cancel button 130 Cartesian graph 30 cell 52

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Sonnet Tutorial
cell fill 21 diagonal 23 staircase 22 cell grid 53 cell size 52 dimensions 52 setting 57 vias 90 Circuit Layers 26 clicking 125 command buttons 130 Compute Current Density option 40 Continuous Play button 45 control key 132 conventions 12 dialog boxes 129 disabled functions 131 dragging the mouse 126 scroll bars 126 status bar 12 tool bar 131 coupling mechanisms 73 current density data 40 current density values 41 current density viewer 11 animation 41 current density data 40 exiting 47 first tutorial 3947 frequency controls 41 design suite 10 dialog boxes Animation Settings 43 Box Settings 56, 93 cancel button 130 command buttons 130 conventions 129 default buttons 130 Dielectric Layers 27, 58, 99 drop list 130 Flip 69 Metalization Attributes 25 OK button 130 radio buttons 130 Set Scale 42 text boxes 130 use mouse button 130 dielectric layers 26, 53 setting 58, 99 thickness 58, 101 Dielectric Layers dialog box 27, 58, 99 disabled functions 131 double clicking 13 drop lists 130 dstub 73 dstub.geo 49, 73 three-dimensional view 51 duplicating 68 DXF Translator 11 dxfgeo 11

D
data curves selecting 81 de-embed run option 78 default buttons 130 delete key 65

E
ebridge 11 Edit Circuit button 55, 92

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Index
em 30 accuracy 58 first tutorial 2747 run options 29, 78 second tutorial 7380 speed 53 theory 74 third tutorial 118120 emgraph 10 emstatus 10 emvu 11 erel 101 example files dstub 73 filtwall 17 obtaining 17 spiral 87, 88, 118 spiral_exact 123 excitation phase 41, 43 exit file 39 exiting project editor 47 frequency animation 41, 46 selecting 46 frequency control current density viewer 41 input 77 full-wave analysis 73

G
gds 11 grid 53 ground 19

H
hot keys 132

I
invoking project editor 54 invoking programs 15 UNIX 16 Windows 17

F
file exit 39 revert to saved 27 save 72 filtwall 17 filtwall.geo description 18 flip 69 Flip dialog box 69 frame duration 46 frames 42 frequencies specifying 28

K
keyboard control key 132 shortcut keys 132 keyboard entry 66

L
layers 26, 53 setting 58, 99 levels 26, 53 linear sweep inputting 77

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Sonnet Tutorial M
main menu accesses 12 clicking 125 menu clicking 125 menu bar accesses 12 menus 126 metal box 19, 20 metal types 24 metalization adding to a circuit 60 levels 53 Metalization Attributes dialog box 25 mode change 127 shift selecting 13 modify attributes 23, 25 flip 69 mouse clicking 125 dragging 126

P
parameters ports 43 scale 42 patvu 11 phase 41, 43 Play button 45 polygon adding to a circuit 64 duplicating 68 keyboard entry 66 moving 70 selecting 69 ports adding to a circuit 71 project editor cell fill 21 exiting 47 first tutorial 1827 invoking 54 menu bar 12 saving a project 72 second tutorial 5473 shift selecting modes 13 tool box 55, 92 view orientation 20 zoom 21

N
new circuit selecting 55, 92 Next Frequency button 41 number of cells 52 power of two 53 number of steps 43

R
radio buttons 130 rectangle adding to a circuit 60 response viewer first tutorial 3039 second tutorial 8086 selecting curves for display 33 third tutorial 120124

O
OK button 130

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Index
revert to saved 27 run options 29, 78 Compute Current Density 40 de-embed 78

T
task bar 16 edit circuit 55 text boxes 130 thickness layer 58, 101 time animation 41, 42 selecting 43 tool bar 13, 131 tool box 13, 55, 92, 131 Add Polygon button 64 Add Port button 71 Add Rectangle button 60

S
save file 72 saving a project 72 scale parameters 42 scroll bars 126 Set Scale dialog box 42 settings animation 43, 46 shift key 13 shift selecting modes 13 shortcut keys 65, 132 shorted 19 smith chart 30 opening 33 Sonnet invoking programs 15 suite 10 task bar 16 edit circuit 55 source phase 43 spiral 87, 88, 118 spiral_exact 123 status bar 12, 13, 127, 131 Stop button 45 subsectional vias 89 subsectioning 52, 74 subsections 52, 54, 91 substrate 52, 53, 58 switch toggle 127

U
use mouse button 130

V
via cell size 90 loss 90 posts 90 subsectional 89, 90 view full view 24 view orientation project editor 20

X
xgeom 10

Z
Zoom In button 21 zooming 21

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Sonnet Tutorial

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