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THREE ORDERS
1. Describe two features of early feudal society in France.
Answer
Two features of early feudal society:
(i) The lord enjoyed special status. His order was supreme. Nobody could deny
his order.
(ii) It was based on the lord peasants relationship. The peasants offered labour
in the service of the service of their lord.
(iii) Early society was divided into three orders .These order were the priests,
nobles and the peasants. In reality the nobility played a very dominating role in
the society.
2. How did long-term changes in population levels affect economy and society
in Europe?
Answer
Long term changes in population levels affected the economy and society:
(i) A number or towns came into being. They also became the centre of trade
and commerce. Society became more advanced and civilized.
(ii) This change brought about new changes in agricultural production.
Production reached at its peak. Good quality of goods was also produced .It
increased the life expectancy rate.
3. Why did knights become a distinct group, and when did they decline?
Answer
Local wars became the common feature of the European society during the 9th
century. There was also a shortage of trained cavalry for these wars. The adroit
horsemen were the need of the hour to win these localized wars among the
nobles feudal. Taking the advantage of this situation, the knights became a
distinct group precisely for the achieving this aim. The fall of feudal power
paved the way for the way for the decline of knight during the 15th century.
4. What was the function of medieval monasteries?
Answer
The places where few religious figures preferred to live during middle age
Europe were as monasteries. The function of the medieval monasteries was:
(i) The monasteries also inspired the people to donate.
(ii) They also inspired the people to serve the sick.
(iii)They encourage to develop art and architecture.
(iv) The people living in monasteries inspired the people to lead a simple life.
Answer in Short Essay
5. Imagine and describe a day in the life of a craftsman in a medieval French

town.
Answer
Following guidelines are given
(a) Trading guilds controlled and supervised their activities and took great care
of their needs.
(b) Craftsmen worked under the supervision of guilds. They were skilled
persons.
6. Compare the conditions of life for a French serf and a Roman slave.
Answer
French serf:
They cultivated land that mainly belonged to the lord. Most of the produce from
these lands were to given to the lord. The lord could decide their fate. As a
whole their life was full of misery. They also had to work that belonged to the
lord and most of the wages. They could not leave the estate without the prior
permission of their master/lord and could not marry their child according to
their wishes. They also had to work that belonged exclusively to the land and
were given no wages.
Roman Slave:
Roman slaves were regarded as a form of property. They were treated as object
or commodity which could be bought and sold in market. They have no right
and identity of their own. They were forced to do work several hours. They
were forced to produce more children, so that when they grew up, they could
also made slaves.
CHANGING CULTURE TRADITIONS
. Q:Which elements of Greek and Roman culture were revived in the fourteenth
and fifteenth centuries?
Answer
The religious, artistic and literary elements of Greek and roman culture were
revived in 14th and 15th centuries.
2. Compare details of Italian architecture of this period with Islamic

architecture.
Answer
Comparison is given below:
(i) Both styles took care of decoration.
(ii) Beautiful buildings were constructed under the patronage of both styles.
(iii) Arch and pillars were the key features of both the styles.
(iv) Under the patronage of Italian architecture style beautiful catherdrals and
monasteries were constructed while large and magnificent mosques were
constructed under the Islamic style of architecture.
3. Why were Italian towns the first to experience the ideas of humanism?
Answer
The towns of Italy were the first to experience the ideas of humanism because
of the following reasons:
(i) Education spread in Italy by 13th and 14th centuries.
(ii) A number of classical books were composed by roman and Greek scholars.
(iii) Universities were first of all developed here to spread education.
(iv) Humanism as a subject was first taught in Italian schools, colleges and
universities. Italian people were made aware of humanist views and ideas.
4. What was the function of medieval monasteries?
Answer
Venice was free from the influence of the church and feudal lords. Here i.e, in
Venice, bankers and rich merchants played a significant role in governing the
city while there was absolute monarchy in France. The common people were
deprived of rights.
Answer in Short Essay
5. Imagine and describe a day in the life of a craftsman in a medieval French

town.
Answer
Main features of humanist thought are given below:
(i) Ideal life for human beings.
(ii) Encouraging dignity of human beings.
(iii) Proclamation of freedom of the individual.
(iv) Stress on physical pleasure or material pleasure for human.
(v) The humanist thought laid stress on freedom of human life from control of
religion.
6. Compare the conditions of life for a French serf and a Roman slave.
Answer
(i) In cities and towns many artists , scholars and writers were patronized by
aristocrates.
(ii) Towns become the centre of art and learning activities.
(iii) Towns begin to enjoy the status of autonomy from the kings.
(iv) Urban culture developed with the beginning of cities.
(v) Towns and cities begin to flourish on European landscape.

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THREE ORDERS

1. Describe two features of early feudal society in France.

Answer in Short Essay

5. Imagine and describe a day in the life of a craftsman in a medieval French

2. Compare details of Italian architecture of this period with Islamic

4. What was the function of medieval monasteries?

Answer in Short Essay

5. Imagine and describe a day in the life of a craftsman in a medieval French

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