Journal of Computer Science and Technology Studies

ISSN: 2709-104X
DOI: 10.32996/jcsts
JCSTS
AL-KINDI CENTER FOR RESEARCH
Journal Homepage: www.al-kindipublisher.com/index.php/jcsts AND DEVELOPMENT

| RESEARCH ARTICLE

Linux vs. Windows: A Comparison of Two Widely Used Platforms

Muhammad Talha Awan1 and Kashaf Khan2✉
12Department of Computer Science, Bahria University Karachi Campus, Karachi, Pakistan
Corresponding Author: Kashaf Khan, E-mail: kashaf.khan21997@gmail.com

| ABSTRACT
Current studies in OS is usually between linux and windows these days. Both Windows and Linux are widely used PC operating
systems (OS). Windows is an eye-catching operating system, but it is not as safe as Linux. With growing worries about OS security,
Linux has become well-known among OS users for its security and efficiency. This paper manages two of the principal common
types of operating systems (Linux, Windows) with the significance of the operating system in any device and, moreover, to direct
the study over Linux and Windows. We've compared various characteristics concerning Windows and Linux that are utilized in
various researches and directed a survey for this reason. The results of the survey related to Windows and Linux are analyzed.
The findings indicate that Linux is more preferred when concerned with security, whereas Windows is preferred when user-
friendliness is concerned.

| KEYWORDS
Operating System, OS, Windows, Personal Computer, Linux, Open Source, Proprietary, User Interface, UI, GUI, Security, PC,
Graphical User Interface

| ARTICLE DOI: 10.32996/jcsts.2022.4.1.4

1. Introduction
The operating system in a device can be thought of as a link between the needs of end-users and the capabilities of the PC hardware.
OS is both a software and system software that not only resolves difficulties between the client and the PC hardware but also includes
a few capabilities within the system such as managing PC memory, files, and the protection of other system software. In this way,
for all the activity of these capacities, we have numerous OS out of that Windows and Linux are two operating systems that are
ceaselessly going after the control of the PC market. Every OS have shown huge development inside the OS purchaser market.
Microsoft sent off its underlying OS in 1985. Almost about time, Linux came on the internet.

Windows was released in November 1985 as a graphic or figure-based operating system shell for MSDOS (Microsoft Disk Operating
System). Windows is an operating system that prioritizes the PC's growing demands and the client's graphical user interface. Linux
is a well-known open-source operating system that runs on the Linux kernel. KernelCare, dpkg, and GNOME programming were
used to produce Linux, which was introduced in September 1991. Windows is the most well-known operating system on the market.
Clients benefit from Windows in a variety of ways. Because of its simple user interface, Windows is straightforward to comprehend.
However, these days, clients are increasingly switching from Windows to LINUX. In recent years, the Linux industry has dominated
the IT sector. Because Windows is not more secure than Linux and does not provide hardware adaptability for use, it is becoming
increasingly untrustworthy day by day.

Copyright: © 2022 the Author(s). This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons
Attribution (CC-BY) 4.0 license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/). Published by Al-Kindi Centre for Research and Development,
London, United Kingdom.
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Linux vs. Windows: A Comparison of Two Widely Used Platforms

Fig. 1. The architecture of the Linux Operating System

Since 1993, both Windows and Linux have attempted to gain control of the operating system buyer market. Both operating systems
have their own set of benefits and drawbacks. Our research aims to determine the main differences between Windows and Linux
and how these differences might affect the expected utilization of end clients. There are several key areas from which we would
want to analyze Linux and Windows. These areas include cost, security, configurability, and user-friendliness, which we'll be
discussing in detail and the others will be discussed briefly and asked and analyzed in our survey. We’ll conjointly inspect explicit
instances where each of these two OS will be the best fit for explicit errands. Our interest group is any PC client that needs to utilize
and execute an excellent system and improve and use its greatest execution.

Fig. 2. The architecture of the Windows Operating System

The rest of this paper is as follows: in Section II, a literature review and a short depiction of all the relative technologies until now
is given. The methodology used to understand our examination is presented in section III. The benchmark results are introduced
in section IV. Finally, a few closing comments and future work are given in Section V.

2. Literature Review
2.1 Classification of Past and Present Operating Systems:
This section has compiled various famous past and current Windows and Linux Operating System facilities beginning with Windows
followed by Linux.

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 JCSTS 4(1): 41-54

1) Windows:
a) Windows 3.x:
Li R (2012), Yang N (2012) and Ma S (2012) state in their research that The Microsoft 3.0 and 3.1 versions of Windows
come with a number of features, such as VDD ("Virtual Device Drivers"), which helps divide arbitrary devices among many
DOS applications. This adaptation application may run in either bound or secured mode, allowing it to access a maximum
of (MB) megabytes of memory and participate in the virtual memory of software. The address space remains constant
during execution, and the partitioned memory provides layers of protection. The user interface in Windows 3.0 has also
been improved. We can see that Windows 3 is GUI-based and more beneficial for customers, like providing multitasking
capabilities.

b) Windows 9.x:
In August 1995, Windows 95 was delivered. Windows 95 is as yet based on MS-DOS; it is delivered with availability for
neighbourhood 4-bytes (32-bits) applications, join and furthermore use hardware, preplanned coordinating, information
names empowering till 255 char just as offers higher strength over its past variants. Windows 95 features a brand-new
user interface, as well as a brand-new start menu, taskbar, and Windows Explorer.

c) Windows NT:
NT was released with a focus on security, multi-user capability, and POSIX compatibility and was built on an expandable
kernel with preplanned scheduling and support for multiprocessor design. Li R (2012), Yang N (2012) and Ma S (2012)
state in their research that Windows NT's bit is completely different from prior Windows variations, and it's also a
crossover bit that both Windows and IBM used. The Mach microkernel is the foundation of the Windows NT crossover
bit.

d) Windows XP:
Windows XP totally accompanies a new UI which brings a new choice of Start menu and Windows Explorer, smoothly
running media just as the organization focuses, and furthermore, XP arrived with various settings which can offer security
with software program that is utilized with the past variants of windows, just as an online guide. Windows XP was
exceptionally effective as even after the launch of its other follower variants; individuals found it simple to utilize.

e) Windows Vista:
Vista highlights brand-new capacities, like a new covering and UI to outstanding specialized adjustments, with a solid
focus on safety features. It accompanies different versions, and furthermore, to make the system very defensive, a more
rigid, permit understanding was there with Windows Vista.

f) Windows 7:
Windows 7 was released with a progressive approach to the Windows series, resulting in stated characteristics such as
application security and hardware security that is far superior to Windows Vista. Multi-contact support, a newly created
shell, an updated taskbar, and HomeGroup, which is a home system administration tool, were all included in Windows 7.

g) Windows 8 / 8.1:
Windows 8 was released with a completely new and different approach to UI by making changes at the start screen, which
includes large artistic tiles that are more useful for contact correspondences and take into account the current reliability
redesigned data, as well as a moderately new set of applications that are designed with interaction, i.e. touch-based
gadgets in mind. Cloud-focused features and other online systems like Microsoft OneDrive are included in Windows 8
and 8.1. It has also been upgraded to Windows RT for use on ARM-based devices.

h) Windows 10:
Windows 10 introduces a new start menu and the option to run the Windows Store app in Windows, regardless of the
overall screen size. Windows 10 comes with a plethora of excellent features, such as numerous desktop options that allow
us to move a handful of our Tabs to an advanced work area and put them to the side. In the same way that Siri is
equivalent to Google, Currently, we have Cortana as a remote assistant in Windows 10 and a tablet PC in Windows 10
that supports a variety of customized out-of-the-box qualities.

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Linux vs. Windows: A Comparison of Two Widely Used Platforms

Table 1 below summarises the specific features of different versions of windows.

Table I. Versions of Microsoft Windows with Specific Features

Windows Releas Specific Features
OS Version e Date
Introduced multitasking.
Supported 256 colors which
Windows 3.x 1992
brought a more modern, colorful
look to the interface
Introduced start button, taskbar,
windows explorer, start menu,
Windows 9.x 1995 web browser, plug and play
feature—introduced 32-bit
processor.
1999- Designed to act as servers in
Windows NT
2000 networks
Introduced 64 bit processor.
Improved windows appearance
Windows XP 2001
with themes and offered a stable
version.
Windows Updated the look and feel of
2006
Vista Windows
Improved boot time, New
features like aero peek, pinning
Windows 7 2009
programs to the taskbar,
handwritten recognition etc.
Faster than previous versions of
windows. The start button was
removed in Windows 8 but was
introduced again in 8.1 and
Windows 8 / served as a common platform
2012
8.1 for mobile and computer. It
takes better advantage of multi-
core processing, SSDs, touch
screens and other input
methods.
Multiple desktops, Cortana voice
assistant, Central notification
Windows 10 2015
center for app notifications and
quick actions.

2) Linux:
a) Ubuntu:
Ubuntu is usually the distro of choice for brand-new individuals. It tends to focus on functionality and simpleness for the
user that wants the system to "simply function". Launches come every 6 months and also are available on a live CD.
Equipment assistance is typically quite good, except for wireless.

b) Linux Mint:
Based upon Ubuntu. Concentrate on the convenience of use and accessibility of proprietary software programs such as
codecs as well as a flash plug-in. Uses Cinnamon desktop, which appears like a Windows user interface.

c) Debian:
Debian is a completely cost-free, non-commercial circulation of Linux. It holds to the initial idea of the 'Open Resource'
software program. Debian focuses on stable releases that function without issues on all platforms and, therefore, will
certainly not be the first to integrate the current bells and whistles.

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 JCSTS 4(1): 41-54

d) Fedora:
Fedora acts as Red Hat's "testing room" for Red Hat Enterprise Linux. Thus, new innovations are deployed swiftly, though
the atmosphere will, for that reason, be much less steady. It permits full-disk file encryption through a straightforward
checkbox throughout the mounting process.

e) CentOS / Redhat:
Red Hat Linux is a modern Linux dissemination implied for web servers just as workstations. It depends on open-source
Fedora, yet it is made to be a steady stage with enduring help. Red Hat utilizes brand name guidelines to stop its authority.
Red Hat Enterprise Linux software from being rearranged. Notwithstanding, the center software program is free, just as
open-source. CentOS is a local community-based project which utilizes the Red Hat Linux code disposes of all Red Hat's
trademarks, just as makes it promptly accessible for nothing use and course. It's an absolutely free variant of Red Hat EL,
so it's great assuming you want a steady framework that will surely be supported for quite a while.

f) openSUSE:
It is a distro for newbies that additionally wish to utilize Linux in a professional atmosphere.

g) ArchLinux:
Arch Linux is a very customizable, non-commercial distribution for i686 and x86_64 computer systems. All the required
bundles can be installed on purpose to minimize pointless bundles using disk room. This distro would not be good for
novices since all arrangements are done with editing and enhancing the setup data. This distro takes even more setup
time than a few of the distros.

h) Kali Linux:
It is basically a Debian-derived Linux circulation that was originally designed for digital forensics and infiltration screening.
The Offensive Safety and Security dept. Keeps and funds it.

2.2 Related Work

D'Elia (2011) and Paciello ( 2011) offered an examination over execution and investigations of execution overestimations of data of
applications in both operating systems Windows as well as Linux.

Casadesus-Masanell (2003) and P. Ghemawat (2003) researched a vibrant setup of competition between Windows as well as Linux.

Economides (2006) and E. Katsamakas (2006) evaluate the tactical constraints in b/w an open-source and a proprietary innovation
platform just as their rivals. Giri (2017), Nandgaonkar (2017) and Gosavi (2017) offered migration towards online OS for Windows
from Linux and vice versa.
3. Methodology
Our methodology is that we will be comparing both these OS on the basis of four key areas stated below.
1. Cost

2. Security
3. Configurability

4. User Friendliness

We will compare and discuss all these areas in detail. For this comparison, we will first be performing a survey. For this purpose, our
survey methodology is that we made a simple questionnaire. First of all, we requested respondents to indicate how Linux looks at
Microsoft Windows as an operating system. (Our questionnaire didn’t ask about any specific Linux distro or variant of Windows
because different people used different OS distributions or versions, so it would've been difficult to gather responses specific to a
single OS.

We consider eight major attributes and had asked our respondents to answer based on these below:
 Ease of installation
 Ease of management/ administration

 Security.

 Reliability.

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Linux vs. Windows: A Comparison of Two Widely Used Platforms

 Flexibility.

 Scalability.
 Availability of skilled support staff

 Total cost of ownership. (TCO)

For the assessment of both OS, respondents were approached to demonstrate which OS is better keeping in mind about every one
of the eight attributes, as follows:
 Linux much better.

 Linux somewhat better

 Linux and Windows are about the same.

 Windows somewhat better

 Windows much better.

 No opinion.

 Other: _______________________

In our investigation, we have not considered the reactions for "no opinion" and averaged all the other responses afterwards. Then,
we requested that respondent’s show which of the accompanying best portrays their essential involvement with both OS:

 User.

 IT manager.

 System administrator.
 Engineer./.programmer.

 None.

 Other: ______________________

The second question thus allowed us to open the survey to all willing participants and categorize responses in our analysis according
to the respondents' experience.

Let us discuss in detail now our key four areas:

1. Cost:

Windows 10 Licenses is priced at $139 for Home $199.99 for Pro. Pro version is usually best suited for businesses, large
enterprises, or businesses. Businesses that need a more powerful and faster OS mostly buy Windows 10 Pro for
Workstations License, which usually costs $309. While this option may be affordable for small businesses with limited
technical support, it would become quite expensive for many large businesses and corporations.

Linux, then again, is totally free. It is authorized under the GNU General Public License, which takes into account the free
circulation of the Linux source code. Anybody can change the code to suit their particular requirements as long as the code
is never sold at a cost. It is likewise essential to note that many organizations give subscription‐based backing to Linux at
an ostensible charge. Red Hat, of the many organizations that give Linux support, offers Red Hat Enterprise Linux with an
essential help membership for $349, which incorporates Web support, 2 workday reaction, and limitless episodes. The
secret expense in Linux lies in its backing and upkeep.
Windows likewise underlines that Windows Server diminishes the Total Cost of Ownership (TOC). Anyway, once a Linux
server is appropriately introduced and custom-fitted to your requirements, it is fundamentally more expense productive to
keep up with over the long haul.

2. Security:
Because Windows is built on the Windows component, it is vulnerable to various security threats. Song (2006), Stinson
(2006), Lee (2006) and Albee (2006) state in their research that in the last quarter of 2006, 11,000 malware applications for
Windows were discovered. Botnets have also become a threat to Windows. Botnets are a collection of infected computers
controlled by vengeful individuals, and they're commonly used to launch large-scale denial-of-service attacks. Song X

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 JCSTS 4(1): 41-54

(2006), Stinson (2006), Lee (2006) and Albee (2006) again state in their research that Microsoft argues that Windows is
designed to be secure. The closed-source strategy used by Windows only allows Microsoft's software engineers to repair
flaws. Microsoft continues to claim that closed source provides a faster and more viable response to security vulnerabilities
or defects. In any case, major changes and updates are only released once a month after extensive programming and
testing. It is common for bugs and security problems to go unpatched for an extended period. There are numerous flaws
in Microsoft's design that render it defenceless in the face of security threats. Many people mistakenly believe that Windows
is the primary source of security vulnerabilities and malware simply because it controls the largest share of the overall
market. With Windows' multiple hidden security flaws, it's easy to see why it's frequently compromised as technology
advances.

The security model for Linux traces its roots back straightforwardly to UNIX, which was the first to perform various tasks
and stage a convenient PC working framework. UNIX, from the start, isolated manager honours from those of the typical
client, something that Windows didn't carry out until they understood that individuals would really be involving their
working framework for more than one client. The UNIX working framework likewise used the principal encryption strategies
to be utilized on PCs and fostered a framework that permitted PCs to speak with each. Since the main PCs networks
connected these enormous PCs together, it was important to guarantee security across the organization and guarantee
that information parcels got to their expected objections. The Linux working framework has acquired all of its safety efforts
and plan from UNIX and has even as a rule added to it. The UNIX working framework splits control between typical clients
and one superuser, known as root. All clients, naturally when they login onto the framework, start as ordinary clients and
afterwards can turn into the superuser assuming they know the right secret phrase. This keeps an amateur client from
accidentally making a system‐wide change that could carry the framework to a crushing stop. It likewise shields an ordinary
client from rolling out any damaging improvements to the framework that could endanger the utilization by different
clients on the framework. In the UNIX framework, each record and interaction has a place with a particular client and a
particular gathering. Each document has explicit consents for the proprietor, gathering, and others that incorporate read,
compose and execute access. The root client can execute any document with execute consent and read, compose, and
adjust any record on the file system. This model guarantees that main the right individuals approach records and orders.

Because major framework alterations must be refined as superusers, it is incredibly impossible for someone without
sufficient honours to annihilate a framework. While an aggressor can still exploit a bit of security flaw, with many people
contributing to the code, a security flaw can be fixed in a matter of hours. However, repairing a security hole in Windows
may take some time.

3. Configurability:

Windows frameworks are restricted by the need to have a real face to appropriately keep up with and arrange the OS.
Rather than having the option to effectively add new security elements and components, Windows solid plan makes it hard
to effectively add another security module to the current framework without doing a significant framework upgrade. All
the security includes that accompany the arrival of a specific Windows programming discharge are the main elements that
will be accessible to the framework chairman. In terms of client validation, Windows is utilized to constrain clients and
customers to demonstrate their character to the framework. While Linux based verification takes into account validation
from Windows-based customers, Windows then again will just verify Windows-based customers.

Linux is designed to be tailored to the client's specific requirements. Because Linux is an open-source program, anyone can
download it, modify it, and then recompile it to meet their own needs. Likewise, since Linux isn't restricted by the
dependence on a graphical point of interaction, the clients can ordinarily exceptionally tweak projects to do precisely what
they need them to do and to assume that they need more control, they can even dig into shell prearranging to robotize
and further alter explicit errands. Because of Linux's particular plan, it doesn't dependably need to depend on explicit
exclusive programming to achieve errands. Linux machines can be changed to meet the particular requirements of every
single client. While it may require some investment to arrange and alter Linux to your necessities, the practically unlimited
quantities of ways you can tailor Linux incredibly dwarf how much time taken.

4. User-Friendliness:

No other operating system comes close to Windows in terms of Ease of use. What more could you ask for than a simple
"point and snap" environment with a great GUI? While Windows isn't as safe as Linux right out of the box, it is far easier to
set up and install. It is possible to set up, install, and design Windows in a few hours. The majority of Windows' utility may
be discovered through simple "point and snap experimentation," and the Windows help system does an excellent job of
answering the most insignificant questions that a novice director could have. In Windows, every possible adjustable option
is directly at your fingertips. While Windows is really simple to use, it also implies that most people with regular PCs will
install Windows, which means they will be less secure, less up to date, and provide fewer administrations than Linux. On

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Linux vs. Windows: A Comparison of Two Widely Used Platforms

the other hand, Windows can be the best option if you require an operating system that you won't have to hire a PC
professional to manage or buy a book to learn Linux.
On the other hand, Linux may appear to be a little more intimidating to the typical PC user and occasionally even PC
chairman. While many Linux distributions now include a graphical user interface (GUI), such as Gnome or KDE, others do
not and rely only on message-based commands. This puts the client in a position where he must learn how to investigate
and construct a Linux machine entirely using text-based commands. Linux includes an implicit handbook known as the
man pages that allows users to see all of the unique features that each programme or order offers. This manual covers a
wide range of commands, including shell commands and even commands for new programming languages such as C. It's
also possible that most Linux newbies will require extensive documentation and experience before they can properly
explore on a Linux machine. This knowledge can be found in online Linux client networks, websites, and publications. To
someone who is very informed about Linux, Linux might be considered extremely simple to comprehend in many respects.
It has also been widely reported that Linux is generally safer, better maintained, and provides more support than Windows
because understanding the Linux operating system requires someone with above-average PC abilities.

Table 2 shows a brief comparison and description of Windows 10 and Linux Ubuntu in these key areas based on the above factors.

Table II. Brief Comparison of Windows and Linux

User Usability Security Cost

Availability Modifica (User-
OS
(Source Code) tion Friendliness
)
User Window Improved The cost of
cannot provides security software
modify in Ease of use than the and OS is
Proprietary (Not
Windows OS and a nice previous high as it is
freely Available)
independ GUI version but proprietary.
ently still not that
secure.
Users can Widely used Very Secure Everything is
easily by and safe to community-
Modify programmer use. based and
Linux Open Source the OS as s and freely or less
Ubuntu (Freely Available) source gained costly
code much available.
freely attention in
available a few years.

4. Results and Discussion

One method for assessing the after-results of this study is to view the short examination between the two OS as displayed in Table
2.

Another way is to look at the number of traits where every system was evaluated better than the next, as displayed in Table 3 and
Table 4. According to this viewpoint, Linux is the champ, leading the pack in five out of eight classes. (By and large) that Linux is "to
some degree better" than Windows as far as security, unwavering quality, adaptability, versatility, and all-out cost of possession. (By
and large) is "fairly better" as far as simplicity of starting establishment, simplicity of on-going organization, and "much better" as
far as accessibility of gifted care staff.

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 JCSTS 4(1): 41-54

Table III. Windows Vs. Linux Survey Demographics

Linux Windows Other Total

Users Users Users
User 10 20 10 50
IT 0 0 0
0
Manager
System 0 0 0
0
Admin
Engineer / 10 10 60
Programm 40
er
Other 0 0 0 0
Total 50 30 20 100

As demonstrated before, there are contrasts in intensity between how System Admins and IT Chiefs see each operating system in
any case.

These distinctions give the detailed reactions for system admins with experience on both operating systems versus IT chiefs with
obligations regarding both operating systems versus all survey respondents. The investigation on the general benefits of each
operating system and gives rules to picking between Linux and Windows depending on these eight attributes.

Almost 54.5% of users are windows based, and the other is Linux or MacOS based in our survey.

Fig. 3. Different OS Users in Survey

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Linux vs. Windows: A Comparison of Two Widely Used Platforms

In terms of simplicity of installation, the majority of respondents (45.5%) preferred Windows.

Fig. 4. Ease of Installation Graph

The majority of the respondents, i.e. 27.3%, opted for either no opinion or that both windows and OS are about the same in
terms of Ease of administration.

Fig. 5. Ease of Administration Graph

In terms of skilled staff availability, most respondents (63.6 percent) preferred Windows.

Fig. 6. Availability of Skilled Staff Graph

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 JCSTS 4(1): 41-54

The majority of the respondents', i.e. 54.5%, opted that Linux is much better in terms of Scalability.

Fig. 7. Scalibility Graph

The majority of the respondents, i.e. 54.5%, opted for Linux much better in terms of reliability.

Fig. 8. Reliability Graph

The majority of the respondents, i.e. 90.9%, opted for Linux much better in terms of security.

Fig. 9. Security Graph

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Linux vs. Windows: A Comparison of Two Widely Used Platforms

The majority of the respondents, i.e. 63.6%, opted for Linux much better in terms of Total Cost of ownership.

Fig. 10. TOC Graph

The majority of the respondents, i.e. 81.8%, opted for Windows much better in terms of User Friendliness.

Fig. 11. User Friendliness Graph

The majority of the respondents, i.e. 45.5%, opted for Linux much better in terms of Flexibility.

Fig. 12. Flexibility Graph

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 JCSTS 4(1): 41-54

The majority of the respondents, i.e. 54.5% in our survey, were Engineers or Programmers.

Fig. 13. User Role Graph

No single operating system is the right choice for every organization and every application. Many organizations find that the best
approach is to run multiple operating systems. Linux and Windows are only two choices; there are many others; that said, for
organizations that are deciding between Windows and Linux.

TABLE IV. Attributes Summary Linux Vs. Windows

Linux Windows Same

Ease of Somewhat
Installation better
Ease of About the
Administratio Same
n
Availability of Much
skilled staff Better
Scalability Much Better
Flexibility Much Better
Reliability Much Better
Security Much Better
Total cost of
Somewhat
ownership
Better
(TCO)
User Much
Friendliness Better

While assessing Windows versus Linux as an operating system, our survey gives knowledge on the general benefits of each operating
system. IT admins and managers can utilize this knowledge to settle on informed choices on the operating system that best meets
their organisations' specific requirements and needs.
5. Conclusion
Linux and Windows will continue to compete in the operating system market. Following a comparison of the essential aspects of
both operating systems that are generally critical to the operation of a respectable system, Linux should be your choice if you are
looking for a secure, cost-effective, stable system that allows for the most configurability. Windows leads the way in terms of
user-friendliness, and it's ideal for a system that's simple to manage and won't perform crucial activities. In general, Linux
provides more functionality and a more secure environment, both of which are critical for a successful system.

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Linux vs. Windows: A Comparison of Two Widely Used Platforms

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