Work Education
Work Education
Work Education
WORK EDUCATION :
INTERIOR DECORATION
ASSIGNMENT
. Shadma
SUBMITTED TO : Dr Yasmeen
WARDHA SCHEME
The Wardha Scheme of Education is also known as Nai Talim/Basic
Education/Buniyadi Talim (Shiksha)/Basic Shiksha The scheme was the outcome of
sound thinking of Gandhiji. who initiated and strengthened several constructive
programmes for the economic, educational and social development of the people. He
considered education as an effective instrument of national reconstruction.
At the Round Table Conference in London (1931) he pointed out the ineffectiveness
of the system of primary education in India and the alarming low percentage of
literacy among Indian people. He held the policy of the British Government
responsible for this painful situation in the field of mass education Ghandiji found
the main defects of the system of education as, “I am fully convinced that the present
system of education is not only wasteful but positively harmful. They would pick up
evil habits. English has created a permanent bar between the highly educated few
and the uneducated many.” He further said, “let us now cry a halt and concentrate on
educating the child properly through manual work not as a side activity but as a
prime means of intellectual activity.”
In July 1937, Ghandiji wrote in the Harijan, “By education, I mean an all-round
drawing out of the best in a child and man – body, mind and spirit… Literacy itself is
not education, I would, therefore, begin the child’s education by teaching it a useful
handicraft and enabling it to produce from the moment it begins its training. Thus
every school can be made self-supporting, the condition begins that the state takes
over the manufacture of these schools.”
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
The Government of India Act, 1935 came into force in 1937. According to the Act,
Congress Ministries were formed in seven provinces in India. Prior to this Congress
had been strongly pleading for free, compulsory and universal education. After
having the power the Congress had to implement it in action.. Gandhiji was fully
conversant with the deplorable condition of education in the land. For improving this
condition he advocated a scheme of primary education based on Indian traditional
culture through the medium of mother tongue. But this required a huge sum of
money which meant fresh taxation.. To end this dilemma Gandhiji put forward the
proposal that the plan of mass education need not be held up for want of funds. Free
and compulsory primary education could be given to every child if the process of
schooling could be made self supporting by imparting education through a useful and
productive craft. Gandhiji expressed his views on education through a series of
articles in ‘Harijan’ in June 31, 1937, which later on developed into the Wardha
Scheme of Basic Education. The views of Gandhiji created controversies in the
academic circles. Therefore it was desirable to get the scheme examined by experts
and educationists. Finally, Gandhiji placed his Basic Education System to the nation
in the Wardha Conference in 1937.
For the purpose of discussing different aspects of the proposed new scheme of
education, an All India Education Conference was held in Wardha on 22nd and 23rd
October, 1937. The eminent educationists, congress leaders and workers alongwith
the Education Ministers of the seven states had attended the conference. Gandhiji
himself presided over it. After serious discussions the following four resolutions were
passed.
3) That the conference endorses the proposal, made by Mahatma Gandhi, that
the process of education throughout this period should centre around some
productive form of manual work, and that all other abilities to be developed or
training should be given, as far as possible, be integrally related to the central
handicraft chosen with due regard to the environment of the child.
4) That the conference expects that the system of education will be gradually able
to cover the remuneration of the teachers.
Appointment of a Committee
Prof. K. G. Saiyidain
Arya Nayakam,
Vinova Bhave,
Kaka Kalelkar,
J. C. Kumarappa,
Kishori Lal,
The report of the committee published in March 1938, has come to be known as the
Wardha Scheme of Education. It was approved by Mahatma Gandhi and was placed
before the Indian National Congress at its Haripura Session held in March 1938. The
Congress accepted the scheme.
The first report included the basic principles of the Wardha Scheme of education, its
aims, teachers and their training, organisation of schools, administration, inspection
and inclusion of craft centred education regarding handicrafts like spinning, weaving
etc. The second report dealt with Agriculture, Metal work, Wood craft and other basic
handicraft. An elaborate curriculum of all those subjects and ways and means to
establish their correlation with other subjects was also suggested.
In course of time more conferences were held, more committees were formed on this
important subject. As a result more new features were added to this aspect of
education which later on took the final shape. The conference of 1945 at Sevagram
characterized Basic Education as “education for life”. The conference considered it as
a radical and important revolution in social and economic structure of the Indian
society, i.e., creating a new way of life.” Since then Basic education came to be known
as ‘Nai Talim’. A conference of education ministers and educational workers was
called by B.G. Kher in 1946, that took some important resolutions which affected the
quality of Basic Education in different provinces. Basic Education has finally
emerged after a decade of experimentation and discussion
One. The word ‘Basic’ is derived from the word ‘Base’ which means the bottom or the
foundation of a thing upon which the whole thing rests or is made. It is basic because
it is based on ancient Indian culture. It is basic because it lays down the minimum
educational standards which every Indian child is entitled to receive without any
distinction of caste and creed. It is basic because it is closely related to the basic
needs and interests of the child. It is basic because it makes use of native
potentialities of the child. It is basic because it is intimately related to the basic
occupations of the community. It is basic because it is for the common man of the
country, who is the foundation and backbone of our national life. It is basic because it
comes first in time, i.e., it is the primary period of one’s education.
As the word ‘Basic’ is derived from the word ‘base’ which means the bottom or the
foundation of a thing upon which the whole thing rests or is made to stand Mahatma
Gandhi wanted to make the foundation of the educational edifice strong. It is with
this objective that he put forward this scheme. This scheme of education is based on
the national culture and civilisation of India. It aims at making a child self-reliant by
enabling him to use his acquired knowledge and skills in practical affairs of life. Basic
education has a close relationship with the basic needs and interest of education as
the child is the focal point of education. The central point of this scheme is some
handicraft, whose teaching will enable the student to solve the problems of his
livelihood and at the same time develop qualities of good citizenship. In Gandhi's
view, sound education must be rooted in the culture and life of the soil and therefore
he strongly pleads for relating education to the environment.
The fundamental features of the scheme which was evolved in due course are as
follows:
Gandhiji wanted education to be free and compulsory for all boys and girls between
the ages of seven to fourteen. He evolved a scheme of education which would be in
harmony with the culture and civilisation of the Indian people and which would solve
the problem of mass education in a practical way. ) Free and compulsory
education to be given for 8 years ( from 6 to 14 years) in two stages, instead of 7 to 14.
the junior stage covering 5 years and the senior 3 years.
The basic idea of this scheme is to impart education through some craft or productive
work. Craft work helps the child to acquire sensor and motor coordination and to
appreciate the value of honest labour. Gandhiji was of the opinion that the method of
training the mind through village handicraft from the beginning as the central focus
would promote the real, disciplined development of the mind. The advantages of
making craft as the centre of education as listed by the Zakir Hussain Committee are
as follows—
The self supporting aspect of the scheme may be interpreted in two ways—
(a) Education that will help one to be self supporting in later life,
The basic idea of Gandhiji was that if the craft chosen is taught efficiently or
thoroughly, it would enable the school to pay the cost of salaries of teachers. At the
same time his aim was to accord dignity of labour and ensure modest and honest
livelihood for the student after leaving school.
Medium of instruction:
One of the resolutions that was adopted at the All India National Conference at
Wardha was that education must be imparted through the mother tongue. In this
connection, the Zakir Hussain Committee’s observation was that the proper teaching
of the mother tongue is the foundation of all education. Without the capacity to speak
effectively and to read and to write correctly and lucidly, no one can develop
precision of thought or clarity of ideas. Moreover, it is a means of introducing the
child to the rich heritage of his people’s ideas, emotions and aspirations.
Ideal of citizenship:
Another important feature of the basic scheme is the ideal of citizenship which is
implicit in it. It aimed at giving the citizens of the future a keen sense of personal
growth, dignity and efficiency and social services in a cooperative community. The
Zakir Hussain Committee envisaged that the new generation must at least have an
opportunity of understanding their own problems and rights and obligations. A
completely new system is necessary to secure the minimum of education for the
intelligent exercise of the rights and duties of citizens.
The flexibility of the curriculum and free environment for the child to perform
according to his own capacity are other remarkable features of basic education.
Under this scheme the teachers and students are free to work according to their
interest and there is no compulsion for completing a prescribed portion due to fear of
examinations. Necessary changes may be introduced in the curriculum if a situation
demands. Thus, whatever the child learns according to his interest and capacity is
permanently remembered by him. The teacher is also free to organise necessary
environments for the development of the child.
The basic education is designed for children between seven and fourteen years of age
and accordingly curriculum has been suggested. For the boys general science and for
girls home science have been emphasized. The various subjects are —
(ii) Carpentry,
(iii) Agriculture,
(vii) Pottery,
2. Mother tongue.
3. Mathematics.
11) There is no place for religious and moral education in the curriculum
12) A school of say 5 ½ hours could roughly be divided on the following basis:
Art 40 minutes
Arithmetic 20 minutes
Thus the craft work will have 2 ½ hours instead of 3 hrs & 20 min.
13) External examinations are to be abolished. The day-to-day work of the student
is to be the determining factor.
15) Cleanliness and health, citizenship, play and recreation are to be given
sufficient importance.
3) The scheme is financially sound and acceptable in a poor country like India,
where about half of the total illiterate people of the world reside. It is helpful for
rapid expansion of elementary education with less burden on public exchequer.
Economically considered, carried out intelligently and efficiently, the scheme will
increase the productive capacity of our workers and will also enable them to utilize
their leisure advantageously.
4) From the strictly educational point of view greater concreteness and reality
can be given to the knowledge acquired by children by making some significant craft
the basis of education. Knowledge will thus become related to life, and its various
aspects will be correlated with one another.
In order to work out an effective and natural coordination of the various subjects and
to make the syllabus a means of adjusting the child intelligently and actively to his
environment, the Wardha Scheme laid stress on three centres, intrinsically
inter-connected, as the foci for the curriculum, i.e. the Physical Environment, the
Social Environment, and Craft Work, which is their natural meeting point since it
utilizes the resources of the former for the purpose of the latter.
The corner-stone of Basic education lies in the activities and the community life of
school. Apart from craft, productive activities and occupations find an important
place in the curriculum of a basic school. Living together and doing together is the
soul of any progressive system of education and basic system fully incorporates this
in its curriculum and methods of teaching.
V. Self-Sufficiency:
Ghandiji felt that the educational system as introduced by the foreigners in India was
expensive and it was very difficult for a poor country like India to spread education if
it follows that system. So Ghandiji went a step further and declared that New
Education must not only be work centered but must also be self-supporting.
“…You have to start with the conviction that looking at the needs of the villages of
India our rural education ought to be made self-supporting if it is to be compulsory.
This education ought to be for the kind of insurance against unemployment.
Not only from an economic point of view, must this education be self-sufficient, but
also from a social and moral point of view. This means that at the end of the period of
basic education the individual should become self-reliant and self-supporting.”
Seven years free and compulsory education is one of the fundamentals of his scheme
and this cardinal principle has been emphasized due to two reasons:
(i) India is a democratic country and success of democracy depends upon the
enlightened citizens. Our great leaders like Gokhale worked for the introduction of
compulsory education for a long time. In his historic speech, Gokhale said that if
elementary education was to spread in India, it must be made compulsory and if it
was to be compulsory it must be free.
It is now universally recognized that the young child can learn with great facility if
the medium of instruction is its mother tongue. Ghandiji asserted that no education
is possible through foreign medium and all elementary education must be imparted
through the medium of mother tongue.
Correlation is one of the important features and crux of basic education. In this
scheme of education, Ghandiji wished to give knowledge as a compact whole. The
modern educationist also advocated this. Basic education is therefore an effort to
correlate the life of the child with his immediate physical and social environment. It
is an effort to make knowledge easier and at the same time more meaningful.
X. Integrated knowledge:
In basic education, discipline does not mean order and external restraint but an
intelligent use of freedom. The teacher gets many opportunities to make
experiments, think for himself and put his ideas and plans into practice.
XIV. The system was able to remove class and caste distinction.
It helps to bring social solidarity and national integration.It also removes the barriers
between the educated and the non-educated, between manual work and intellectual
work, between the rich and the poor and village and the town.
Basic education is not a class education: the ultimate objective of basic education is
to create a social order in which there is no unnatural divisions between ‘have’ and
‘have-nots’ and every one is assured of a living wage and the right to freedom.
“The delicate but inexorable laws governing the development of the tender mind of
the child have been completely ignored. The child is treated just as a policeman or a
soldier, merely as a unit in a homogeneous mass. His individuality is ignored. He is
viewed merely as a means to an end—the end being earning capacity and citizenship
of sorts.
“play is the only means by which creative energy can be released. Enlightened and
informed educational opinion all over the civilized world is dedicatedly against
forcing the child to learn a craft before he is twelve plus. It is nothing short of cruelty
to make the child earn an anna or half an anna per hour during the stage when he
ought to be playing and enjoying himself.
“There are three aspect of human nature—cognitive, affective and co native. The
Wardha Scheme emphasizes the last aspect piously hoping that the student will
willy-nilly get trained in the first through his training in the last. The middle aspect is
completely ignored.
It is impossible to establish any natural association between craft and all the subjects
of cultural value which any sane system of education should cover through its
curriculum. Teaching should be concrete and should be based on the child’s active
experience in his environment. But it is absurd to hang all knowledge from the peg of
a single craft.
“Education suited to our national genius should have definite religious basis, with
contempt of worldly pursuits in its core. Craft-centered education is decidedly alien
to our ancient ideals.
In a hurry to pay more attention to craft, it has neglected the child. Basic education is
looked upon more as a social and economic duty than as a joyful adventure.” A craft
is only a slogan, a fiction, which is practiced on commercial occasions for the benefits
of visitors. In a basic school only two-third or half the normal time is given to
academic education, the rest being taken up by crafts. And further, since on the
time-table academic subjects generally come after the craft work, mostly agriculture,
students are sometimes too tired to take to academic work kindly .Students spend
one-third or half the time for craft work without acquiring any dexterity worth
speaking of in any craft.
After the independence Basic scheme of education made good progress for about a
decade but gradually due to several difficulties it failed to become a permanent and
lasting feature of our educational system . The causes may be —
The self supporting aspect of Basic Education received severe criticism in the
academic circle. Teachers, social leaders and educational administrators had shown
an indifferent attitude towards it. It was argued that the scheme turns a school into a
centre of small scale industry. Moreover, teachers had to depend upon the earnings
of the students.This had a demoralising effect on teacher-pupil relationship.
Too much emphasis on craft had led to the neglect of liberal education. Very often
the craft is not properly selected from the point of view of education and social
significance and teaching through craft has become just a slogan.
Another criticism levelled against Basic Education was that a single craft can and
should not be the basis of the entire educational process. It may not help in the
development of liberal education and thus would create an imbalance in the
educational system between vocational and intellectual education.
The method of correlation as technique of instruction was not stressed and sincerely
followed. Correlation is no doubt a sound principle of education but correlation of
the subjects through craft may appear to be sometimes unusual and time consuming.
Basic Education is often regarded as an inferior type of education meant for the poor
villagers. It has nothing to do with the urban people, who usually send their children
to modern types of schools. The general public had no confidence in basic schools
because of the degraded social value accorded to it. Thus Basic education failed to
become an integral part of our national system of education.
Basic Education can in no way help in the progress of modern scientific and
technological development of the society, which was the need of the day. Rapid
changes and modernisation of our society can only be possible through the
application of modern science and technology in the fields and factories.
Lack of finance and the absence of sound administrative policy was also responsible
for the failure of Basic Education. Practically there was no coordination between the
official and non-official agencies engaged in the organisation and development of
Basic education.
Teacher occupies the central position in Basic Education. Lack of adequate supply of
efficient, trained and sincere teachers was one the most important cause for the
failure of this scheme of education. Suitable orientation and training of teachers of
basic schools was highly needed, which was rare. The majority of the teachers had no
faith in this system.
Thus, it is quite justified to say that the fundamental principles of basic education are
still valid and fruitful in the context of our present educational reform. They are
relevant to be used as guiding principles of modern education. In fact, it needs to be
reformed on modern lines then it may serve as one of the most interesting and
fruitful techniques of instruction at the elementary stage.
Gandhiji keenly wanted to create a new social order based on truth and non-violence.
This can be brought about only through a silent social revolution. He believed that
revolutionary change in the educational system can help to bring this silent social
revolution. The scheme of Basic Education does not stand for mere technique, it
stands for a new spirit and approach to all education.
INTERIOR DECORATION
INTERIOR DECORATION
Interior decorating refers to the art and science of making an interior space more
aesthetically pleasing and functionally useful for its inhabitants. While the exterior of
a building can sometimes also be included in interior decorating, the term usually
refers solely to the interior design.
IMPORTANCE
● It involves the careful selection of items to suit the purpose and overall mood
of the area.
eg. Furniture, lightning, paint, wall coverings and curtains help to create an attractive
interior.
● A designer may use furnishings, colors and light or introduce some other
items in the plan to modify its appearance and conceal that feature if the
architectural feature does not suit the design plan.
Elements of arts-
Service, comfort, pleasure, and minimum care. It is based on the following functions.
MAGAZINE HOLDER
Materials Required: Shoe box, Scissors, fevicol, paper cutter, brush, chart paper,
colors.
Step 1: We take a cardboard shoe box and join the cover of the box and cut it with one
side.
Step 2: After joining the cover top, we will apply fevicol all over the box and cover it
with paper so that the base of the box becomes strong.
Step 3: Then cover the box with the chart paper of any color of our choice for the
base.
Step 4: Now we have to decorate it and for this l will make cutouts of pictures
depicting CHILD LABOUR.(We can see it in picture below).
Step 5: After cutting all the pictures, I color them accordingly and past them on my
magazine holder.
Uses of Magazine holder:-
Magazine holders can be used both in our school and home. In this we can put a lot
of magazines, paper rolls and lots of other things too.
DUSTBIN
Cover it with craft paper OR you can cover iit with any cloth fabric