BDwbU

mgvRKg© †ckvi HwZnvwmK †cÖÿvcU

(Historical Background of Social Work Profession)
2
f~wgKv
AvaywbK mgvRK‡g©i Rb¥Kv‡ji e¨vwß †ewk w`‡bi bv n‡jI gvby‡li g‡a¨ Kj¨vY ev †mevi
g‡bvfv‡ei m~ÎcvZ N‡U mf¨Zvi Avw`jMœ †_‡KB| gvbe mf¨Zvi cÖvi‡¤¢B cvi¯úwiK mvnvh¨,
mn‡hvwMZv I †mevi mnRvZ g‡bve„wË gvbyl‡K msNe× Rxeb hvc‡b DØy× K‡i| Avi G ai‡bi
Kj¨vYg~jK cÖ‡Póv †_‡KB mgvRKj¨v‡Yi hvÎv ïiæ| GB cÖ‡PóvB cwiewZ©Z mvgvwRK Ae¯’vi
mv‡_ mvgÄm¨ †i‡L av‡c av‡c wewfbœ ch©vq AwZµg K‡i AvaywbK, weÁvbm¤§Z I mymsMwVZ
†ckv`vi mgvRKg© wn‡m‡e weKwkZ n‡q‡Q| Z‡e Gi exR AsKzwiZ nq g~jZ Bsj¨v‡Ð| cÖv_wgK
ch©v‡q `vbkxjZv †_‡K Gi Kvh©µg ïiæ nq, wKš‘ mg‡qi Ave‡Z© gvby‡li agx©q, mvgvwRK I m¨vi DBwjqvg wefvwiR
A_©‰bwZK g~j¨‡ev‡ai cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ †mevg~jK Kvh©µg e¨w³MZ, †MvôxMZ I cÖvwZôvwbK ch©vq AwZµg
K‡i miKv‡ii n¯Í‡ÿ‡c AvBb cÖYqb I wbivcËvg~jK Kg©m~wPi gva¨‡g GKwU ¯’vqx I ˆeÁvwbK iƒc‡iLv jvf K‡i|
Avi GB †mevg~jK Kg©m~wP ciewZ©‡Z Av‡gwiKvq AvaywbK I ˆeÁvwbK iƒc cwiMÖn K‡i c~Y©v½ I cwic~Y©Zv AR©‡b
mÿg nq|
GB BDwb‡Ui cvVmg~n
cvV-2.1 : `wi`ª AvB‡bi aviYv
cvV-2.2 : mgvRKg© †ckvi weKv‡k `wi`ª AvB‡bi f~wgKvÑ 1601, 1834, 1905 Ges 1942
cvV-2.3 : mgvRKg© †ckvi weKv‡k `vbmsMVb mwgwZi f~wgKv I Kvh©µg
cvV-2.4 : mgvRKg© †ckvi weKv‡k b¨vkbvj G‡mvwm‡qkb Ae †mvk¨vj IqviKvm©Õi f~wgKv I Kvh©µg
cvV-2.5 : mgvRKg© †ckvi weKv‡k KvDwÝj Ab †mvk¨vj IqvK© GWz‡KkbÕi f~wgKv I Kvh©µg
cvV-2.6 : wkíwecø‡ei aviYv
cvV-2.7 : Av_©-mvgwRK Rxe‡b wkíwecø‡ei cÖfve
cvV-2.8 : mgvRKg© †ckvi weKv‡k wkíwecø‡ei f~wgKv

cvV-2.1 `wi`ª AvB‡bi aviYv (Concept of Poor Law)

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
2.1.1 `wi`ª AvBb Kx Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
2.1.2 `wi`ª AvB‡bi aviYv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
2.1.1 `wi`ª AvBb Kx?
cÖvK-wkíhy‡M Bsj¨v‡Ð wewfbœ Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯’vi †cÖÿvc‡U `wi`ª mgm¨v cÖKU AvKvi aviY K‡i|
d‡j miKvi wewfbœ AvBb cÖYq‡bi gva¨‡g mymsMwVZ Dcv‡q mgvR‡mev Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvi gva¨‡g µgea©gvb
`vwi`ª¨ mgm¨v wbqš¿‡Yi †Póv K‡i| wKš‘ †lvok kZvãx ch©šÍ `vwi`¨ª mgm¨v †gvKvwejvq miKvwi Kvh©µ‡gi †ewki
fvMB wQj kvw¯Í I `gbg~jK| hvi d‡j 1349 †_‡K 1601 wLª÷vã ch©šÍ wewfbœ AwfÁZvi Av‡jv‡K Bsj¨v‡Ð
evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq mgvRKg© cÖ_g cÎ

kvmK †kªwY Dcjwä Ki‡Z mÿg nb †h, `gbg~jK c×wZ bq eis RbM‡Yi m¤ú‡`i mبenvi wbwðZ K‡i
ev¯ÍegyLx c`‡ÿc MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡gB `vwi`ª¨ `~i Kiv m¤¢e| Avi G ai‡bi g‡bvfv‡ei †cÖwÿ‡Z Bsj¨v‡Ð cieZx©
mg‡q †ek KZ¸‡jv Kvh©Kix AvBb cÖYqb Kiv nq| GB AvBb¸‡jv miKvi KZ…©K cÖewZ©Z Ges `wi`ª I Amnvq
gvbyl‡`i †mevq wb‡qvwRZ| myZivs ejv hvq †h, `wi`ª AvBb n‡jv miKvwi c„ô‡cvlKZvq `wi`ª‡`i mvnvh¨`v‡bi
Rb¨ GKwU AvBbMZ c`‡ÿc hv Bsj¨v‡Ði Amnvq I `wi`ª RbM‡bi Afve †gvP‡bi Rb¨ GKwU miKvwi
Abykvm‡bi `„óvšÍ|
2.1.2 `wi`ª AvB‡bi aviYv
g~jZ wek kZ‡Ki c~‡e© Bsj¨vÐ Ges Av‡gwiKv‡Z miKvi cÖYxZ `wi`ª‡`i wbqš¿Y I `gbg~jK AvB‡bi mgwó `wi`ª
AvBb wn‡m‡e cwiMwYZ n‡Zv| `wi`ª‡`i A_©‰bwZK gyw³, mvgvwRK †mev cÖ`vb, `wi`ª‡`i wbqš¿Y A_ev `ªvwi`ª¨
cÖmvi cÖwZ‡ivaK‡í M„nxZ AvBbMZ †mev e¨e¯’v‡K `wi`ª AvBb wb‡`©k Kiv nq| `wi`ª AvBb `wi`ªvMvi ¯’vcb, ÎvY
I mvnvh¨ cvIqvi †hvM¨ I A‡hvM¨ wn‡m‡e `wi`ª †kÖwYwefvM Ges wfÿve„wË wbiærmvwnZKi‡Y wewfbœ c`‡ÿc MÖn‡Yi
AvBbMZ wfwË `vb K‡i|
`wi`ª AvBb¸‡jvi g‡a¨ ivRv Aóg †nbix cÖYxZ `wi`ª AvBb, GwjRv‡e_xq `wi`ª AvBb, kªwgK AvBb Ges `wi`ª
AvBb ms¯‹vi 1834 †Z we‡klfv‡e D‡jøL Kiv hvq| PZz`©k kZ‡K Bsj¨v‡Ð Ggb KZ¸‡jv mgm¨vi D™¢e nq hv
†`‡ki Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯’vi Dci weiƒc cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i| mvgšÍZ‡š¿i Aemvb, wfÿve„wËi cÖPjb, Kg©ms¯’v‡bi
Afve, Kv‡jv g„Zz¨, RvZxqZvev`x iv‡óªi D™¢e, wkíwecø‡ei m~Pbv cÖf…wZ `vwi`ª¨ Ae¯’v‡K Pig ch©v‡q DcYxZ K‡i|
Avi GB mgm¨v †gvKvwejvq 1349 mv‡j ivRv Z…Zxq GWIqvW© me©cÖ_g kªwgK AvBb cÖYqb K‡ib| GUv ZrKvjxb
mgvRe¨e¯’vq weivRgvb `vwi`ª¨ mgm¨vi g~‡jvrcvU‡b MwZkxjZv e„w× K‡i|
Bsj¨v‡Ð miKvwi ch©v‡q `vwi`ª¨ mgm¨v †gvKvwejvq me©cÖ_g MVbg~jK c`‡ÿc MÖnY K‡ib ivRv Aóg †nbix| 1531
mv‡j wZwb †h AvBb cÖYqb K‡ib †mwUB Aóg †nbix AvBb bv‡g cwiwPwZ| 1536 mv‡j ivRv Aóg †nbix `wi`ª‡`i
mvnvh¨ `v‡bi Rb¨ Aci GKwU AvBb cvm K‡i cÖKv‡k¨ wfÿve„wË eÜ Kivi GKwU wfwË ¯’vcb K‡ib| GQvovI
1553, 1572, 1576 I 1597 mv‡ji AvB‡bi gva¨‡g Bsj¨v‡Ð miKvwi D‡`¨v‡M ch©vqµ‡g mvwe©Kfv‡e `wi`ª‡`i
Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b MVbg~jK †mev Kvh©µg Pvjy Kiv nq|

mvims‡ÿc
`wi`ª‡`i Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯’vi Dbœqb I ¯^wbf©iZv AR©‡bi †ÿ‡Î Kvh©Ki f~wgKv cvj‡bi Ab¨Zg evnK `wi`ª
AvBbmg~n| hw`I ag©xq Abyf~wZ I gvbe‡mevg~jK `„wófw½i Av‡jv‡K `vbkxjZv I Ab¨vb¨ †mevKvh©µg cÖPwjZ
wQj Z_vwc mgmvgwqK Av_©-mvgvwRK cwieZ©b ZrKvjxb mgvRe¨e¯’vq weivRgvb mgm¨v‡K AviI fqven K‡i
†Zv‡j| ZvB Gme mgm¨v †gvKvwejvq miKvwi D‡`¨v‡Mi cÖ‡qvRbxqZvI †e‡o hvq eû¸‡Y| GiB djkÖæwZ‡Z
wewfbœ mg‡q miKvwi c„ô‡cvlKZvq cÖYxZ nq `wi`ª AvBbmg~n|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-2.1
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b :
1| `vwi`ª¨ kãwUi Bs‡iwR cÖwZkã Kx?
K) Poor L) Want
M) Poverty N) Promotion
2| ivRv Aóg †nbix KZ mv‡j AvBb cÖYqb K‡ib?
K) 1531 L) 1532
M) 1533 N) 1534

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evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-2.2 mgvRKg© †ckvi weKv‡k `wi`ª AvB‡bi f~wgKvÑ 1601, 1834, 1905, Ges 1942
mv‡ji AvBbmg~n (Role of Poor Laws in The Development of Social
Work Profession- Laws of 1601, 1834, 1905 and 1942)
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
2.2.1 mgvRKg© †ckvi weKv‡k `wi`ª AvB‡bi f~wgKv Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
2.2.2 1601 mv‡ji GwjRv‡e_xq `wi`ª AvBb m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
2.2.3 1834 mv‡ji `wi`ª AvBb ms¯‹vi m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
2.2.4 1905 mv‡ji `wi`ª AvBb Kwgkb m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
2.2.5 1942 mv‡ji wefvwiR wi‡cvU© m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
2.2.1 mgvRKg© †ckvi weKv‡k `wi`ª AvB‡bi f~wgKv
GKwU cwic~Y© †ckv wn‡m‡e mgvRKg© GKw`‡b weKwkZ nqwb| †ckv`vi mgvRK‡g©i hvÎv ïiæ nq
BD‡iv‡c Avi Gi c~Y©Zv N‡U Av‡gwiKvq| hw`I †ckv`vi mgvRK‡g©i †K›`ª¯’j Av‡gwiKv Z_vwc mgvRKg©‡K
†ckv`vi gh©v`vq DbœxZ Kivi †cQ‡b Bsj¨v‡Ði Ae`vb ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| †Kbbv, Bsj¨vÐ `yt¯’ I `wi`ª RbM‡Yi Kj¨vY
mvab Ges wfÿve„wË I `wi`ªZvi Awfkvc †_‡K mgvR‡K gy³ Kivi Rb¨ KwZcq we‡kl AvBb cÖYqb K‡i| Gme
AvB‡bi g‡a¨ 1536, 1572, 1598, 1601, 1834 mv‡ji `wi`ª AvBbmg~‡ni f~wgKv Ab¨Zg|
`wi`ª AvB‡bi gva¨‡g Bsj¨v‡Ð mgvRKj¨vY †ÿ‡Î miKvwi `vwq‡Z¡i ¯^xK…wZ I f~wgKvi my`„p wfwË cÖwZwôZ nq|
wKš‘ mbvZb mgvRKj¨vY AvaywbK mgv‡Ri eûgyLx RwUj mgm¨vi mgvav‡b e¨_© n‡j †ckv`vi mgvRK‡g©i hvÎv ïiæ
nq| agx©q cÖ_v I cÖwZôvbvw`i cvkvcvwk †hgb `wi`ª AvBbmg~‡ni weKvk N‡U Ges `wi`ª‡`i mvnvh¨Kv‡h© miKv‡ii
cwiKwíZ c`‡ÿc I Kg©m~wPi wfZ iPbvq D³ AvBbmg~n we‡kl f~wgKv cvjb K‡i †Zgwb we‡kl ¯’vb `Lj K‡i
Av‡Q Ges mgvRK‡g©i BwZnv‡m GK weeZ©b¯^iƒc †ckvMZ gvb AR©‡b mnvqZv K‡i‡Q| Bsj¨v‡Ði `wi`ª‡`i †mevq
DØy× n‡q Av‡gwiKvbiv Zv‡`i †`‡k mgvR‡mev ïiæ K‡i| Kvjµ‡g GB †mev †ckvMZ Av‡›`vj‡bi gva¨‡g
miKvwi ¯^xK…wZ jvf K‡i| hvi Rb¨ AvR mgMÖ wek¦e¨vcx GB AvBb mgv`„Z|
2.2.2 1601 mv‡ji GwjRv‡e_xq `wi`ª AvBb
Bsj¨v‡Ði ivbx cÖ_g GwjRv‡e‡_i ivRZ¡Kv‡j µgea©gvb `vwi`¨ª mgm¨v mgvavb, wfÿve„wË, feNy‡i I †eKviZ¡ †iva
Ges `yt¯’‡`i mnvqZvi j‡ÿ¨ wewfbœ AvBb cÖYqb Kiv nq| GB AvBb¸‡jvi gva¨‡g `wi`ª‡`i mvnvh¨v‡_© ivóªxq
¯^xK…wZ cÖ`vb, Znwej MVb, kªwgK‡`i mywbw`©ó Kvh©bxwZ, ¯’vbxq BDwbU I Ifviwmqvi wb‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g mvnvh¨Kvh©
cwiPvjbv Kiv n‡Zv| GQvov `wi`ª‡`i GjvKvwfwËK ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z K‡i mgvRKj¨vY ev †mev`vb Kvh©µg
cwiPvjbvmn mÿg wf¶Kz‡`i cÖwkÿ‡Yi gva¨‡g Kv‡R wb‡qvMmn eûgyLx Kj¨vYg~jK e¨e¯’v M„nxZ nq| Bsj¨v‡Ð
1349 †_‡K 1597 mvj ch©šÍ cÖYxZ wewfbœ `wi`ª AvB‡bi ch©v‡jvPbv, we‡kølY I g~j¨vq‡bi gva¨‡g GKwU Kvh©Kix
`wi`ª AvBb 1601 M„nxZ nq| Bsj¨v‡Ði BwZnv‡m GwUB weL¨vZ 1601 mv‡ji GwjRv‡e_xq `wi`ª AvBb bv‡g
cwiwPZ|
1601 mv‡ji `wi`ª AvB‡bi weavbmg~n I mvnvh¨`vb bxwZ
K. ‡mBme `wi`ª I Amnvq e¨w³‡K mvnvh¨`v‡bi ZvwjKvf~w³ n‡Z weiZ ivLv hv‡`i cwievi ev m¤ú`kvjx
AvZ¥xq¯^Rb Zv‡`i `vwqZ¡ MÖn‡Y mÿg|
L. c¨vwik ïaygvÎ †mBme `yt¯’ I `wi`ª e¨w³‡`i mvnvh¨`v‡bi Rb¨ ZvwjKvfy³ Ki‡e hviv c¨vwi‡ki evwm›`v
A_ev wZbeQi a‡i mswkøó c¨vwi‡k emevm Ki‡Q|
M. mÿg wf¶zK I ¯^”Qj AvZ¥xq ¯^Rbm¤úbœ wf¶zK‡`i mvnvh¨ †`qv I †bqv wbwl× †NvlYv Kiv nq|
N. 1601 mv‡ji `wi`ª AvB‡b `yt¯’ I `wi`ª‡`i‡K mvnvh¨ `v‡bi myweav‡_© wZbwU cÖavb fv‡M fvM Kiv nq :

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evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq mgvRKg© cÖ_g cÎ

1. mÿg `wi`ª : G AvB‡b hviv kvixwiK I gvbwmKfv‡e my¯’, mej, Kg©ÿg wKš‘ KvR bv K‡i wfÿve„wË K‡i
Zv‡`i‡K mÿg `wi`ª wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kiv nq| G‡`i‡K wfÿv`v‡b K‡Vvifv‡e wbwl× †NvlYv Kiv nq Ges Ab¨
c¨vwik (GjvKv) †_‡K AvMZ `wi`ª‡`i wbR c¨vwi‡k †diZ cvVv‡bvi e¨e¯’v Kiv nq| G ai‡bi `wi`ª‡`i
ms‡kva‡bi Rb¨ ms†kvabvMvi wKsev kªgvMv‡i KvR Ki‡Z eva¨ Kiv nq Ges Awb”Qv cÖKvk Ki‡j KvivMv‡i
†cÖiY K‡i kvw¯Í †`Iqv n‡Zv|
2. Aÿg `wi`ª : hviv kvixwiK I gvbwmKfv‡e †Kv‡bv KvR Ki‡Z Aÿg Zv‡`i‡K Aÿg `wi`ª ejv nq| iæMœ, e„×,
AÜ, ewai, c½y, wkïmšÍvbmn gv G †kªwYi AšÍfy©³| G‡`i‡K mvg_© Abyhvqx KvR w`‡q `wi`ªvMv‡i ivLv n‡Zv
Ges fiY‡cvl‡Yi e¨e¯’v Kiv n‡Zv| hv‡`i evm¯’vb wQ‡jv Ges hw` g‡b n‡Zv Zv‡`i‡K ¯’v‡b †i‡L fiY†cvlY
Kg e¨qeûj Zvn‡j Zv‡`i‡K Ifviwmqvi (miKvi wbhy³ mgvRKg©x) Gi ZË¡veav‡b ewntmvnvh¨ cÖ`v‡bi
we‡klZ Lv`¨, e¯¿, R¡vjvwb BZ¨vw`i e¨e¯’v Kiv n‡Zv|
3. wbf©ikxj evjK-evwjKv : GwZg, cwiZ¨³ I `wi`ª cwiev‡ii mšÍvbÑ hv‡`i wcZvgvZv cjvqb K‡i‡Q ev
fiY‡cvl‡Y Aÿg G ai‡bi `yt¯’ evjK-evwjKvivB G †kªwYi AšÍf³ y© | G AvB‡bi AvIZvq Gme evjK-
evwjKv‡`i fiY‡cvl‡Yi I iÿYv‡eÿ‡Yi Rb¨ K‡qKwU weKí e¨e¯’v ivLv nq| †hgb :
cÖ_gZ : †Kv‡bv ¯^”Qj bvMwiK webv Li‡P wbf©ikxj‡`i `vwqZ¡ †bqvi B”Qv‡cvlY Ki‡j kZ©nxbfv‡e Zv‡`i
wbKU `ËK †`qv n‡Zv|
wØZxqZ : Abyiƒc m¤¢e bv n‡j me‡P‡q Kg Li‡P `vwqZ¡ wb‡Z B”QzK e¨w³i wbKU †cÖiY Kiv n‡Zv|
Z…Zxq : AvU eQi ev Zvi †P‡q †ewk eq‡mi evjK-evwjKviv hviv M„n¯’vwj ev Abyiƒc Kv‡Ri †hvM¨ Zv‡`i‡K
wkÿvbexk wn‡m‡e †Kv‡bv bvMwi‡Ki wbKU Pzw³e× K‡i `ËK †`qv n‡Zv| GB Pzw³ Abyhvqx †Q‡jiv 24 eQi
eqm ch©šÍ Ges †g‡qiv 21 eQi ev we‡qi c~e© ch©šÍ KvR Ki‡Z eva¨ _vK‡Zv|
1601 mv‡ji GwjRv‡e_xq `wi`ª AvB‡bi Zvrch©
Bsj¨vÐ Z_v mvivwe‡k¦ `wi`ª‡`i Kj¨v‡Y M„nxZ cÖ_g cwiKwíZ AvBbMZ c`‡ÿc n‡jv 1601 mv‡ji GwjRv‡e_xq
`wi`ª AvBb| `wi`ª Rb‡Mvôxi Kj¨vY mva‡b miKvwi `vq-`vwq‡Z¡i ¯^xK…wZ wn‡m‡e GB AvBbwUi Zvrch© eZ©gv‡bI
¸iæZ¡mn we‡ePbv Kiv nq| mvgšÍmgvR e¨e¯’vq fv½b I wkíwecø‡ei c~e©j‡Mœ Bsj¨v‡Ð µgea©gvb `vwi`ª¨ wbqš¿Y,
wfÿve„wË I feNy‡i wbqš¿Y Ges `yt¯’ Amnvq‡`i Kvh©Kix †mev cÖ`v‡bi j‡ÿ¨ me©cÖ_g miKv‡ii cÖZ¨ÿ ZË¡veav‡b
1601 mv‡ji `wi`ª AvBb cÖeZ©b Kiv nq| mgvRKj¨v‡Yi j‡ÿ¨ cÖvwZôvwbKfv‡e Kg©x (Ifviwmqvi) wb‡qv‡Mi
m~PbvI nq m¤¢eZ GB AvB‡bi gva¨‡g| A‡b‡KB 1601 mv‡ji `wi`ª AvBbwU‡K †ckv`vi mgvRK‡g©i Rb¥-wfwË
wn‡m‡e we‡ePbv K‡i _v‡Kb|
2.2.3 1834 mv‡ji `wi`ª AvBb ms¯‹vi
ivRv Aóg †nbixi 1531 mv‡j `wi`ª AvBb cÖYqb n‡Z 1832 mvj ch©šÍ Bsj¨v‡Ði Av_©-mvgvwRK †ÿ‡Î e¨vcK
cwieZ©b mvwaZ nq| wkíwecø‡ei cÖfv‡e wkívqb I knivq‡bi cÖmvi, wkí I evwY‡R¨i Dbœqb, bZzb bZzb `vk©wbK
gZev`, cÖPwjZ `wi`ª AvB‡bi e¨_©Zv BZ¨vw` NUbvi cÖfv‡e mgvR Rxe‡bi wewfbœ Amw½Z Abyf~Z n‡Z _v‡K|
GQvovI G mg‡q `wi`ª AvBb Abykxj‡bi Zxeª we‡ivwaZv, `wi`ª Ki m¤ú‡K© RbM‡Yi Amš‘wó, `vwi‡`ª¨i cÖmvi Ges
cÖPwjZ mvnvh¨ `vb cÖwµqv `wi`ª‡`i g‡a¨ weiƒc cÖwZwµqv m„wó K‡i| hvi d‡j miKvi‡K `wi`ª AvBb cÖYq‡bi `yB
kZvãx c‡i Gme AvBb ms¯‹v‡ii Rb¨ bZzbfv‡e wPšÍvfvebv Ki‡Z nq| hvi †cÖwÿ‡ZB 1832 mv‡j cvj©v‡gÈ
KZ…©K `wi`ª AvBbmg~‡ni cÖ‡qvM I Kvh©KvwiZv AbymÜvb welqK RvZxq Kwgkb MVb Kiv nq| GB Kwgkb MV‡bi
g~j jÿ¨ wQj cÖPwjZ `wi`ª AvBb¸‡jv ev¯Íevq‡bi `ye©jZv AbymÜvb K‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq mycvwik †ck Kiv| Kwgkb
`xN© `yÕeQi cÖPwjZ `wi`ª AvBb cÖkvmb Ges Bsj¨v‡Ði cÖwZwU KvDwÈi Kvh©vejx ch©‡eÿY K‡i 1834 mv‡j `wi`ª
AvBb ms‡kvab m¤§wjZ mycvwikgvjv †ck K‡ib| Kwgkb cÖPwjZ mvnvh¨ e¨e¯’vi Dbœqb mva‡bi j‡ÿ¨ QqwU
mycvwik †ck K‡ib| G¸‡jv n‡jv :
1. 1795 mv‡ji w¯úb n¨vgj¨vÐ G¨v± KZ…©K cÖPwjZ AvswkK mvnvh¨ e¨e¯’vi we‡jvc mvab;
2. mKj mÿg I Kg©ÿg mvnvh¨ cÖv_©x‡K kªgvMv‡i †cÖiY Kiv;

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evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

3. ïaygvÎ Aÿg, e„×, Amy¯’ I mšÍvbmšÍwZmn weaev‡`i ewntmvnv‡h¨i e¨e¯’v Kiv;

4. `wi`ª AvBb BDwbqb MV‡bi gva¨‡g wewfbœ c¨vwi‡ki mvnvh¨ e¨e¯’vi cÖkvm‡bi g‡a¨ mgš^q mvab;
5. mvnvh¨cÖv_x©i Rxebgvb I mvgvwRK gh©v`v wbgœ †eZbfz³ Kg©Pvix‡`i A‡cÿv wbgœ ch©v‡q ivLv; Ges
6. ivRv KZ…©K †K›`ªxq wbqš¿Y †evW© cÖwZôv Kiv|
1832 mv‡j MwVZ ivRKxq Kwgk‡bi mycvwik¸‡jvB cieZx©‡Z 1834 mv‡j 14 AvM÷ AvB‡b cwiYZ nq, hv
Bsj¨v‡Ði BwZnv‡m 1834 mv‡ji `wi`ª AvBbms¯‹vi bv‡g cwiwPZ|

1834 mv‡ji `wi`ª ms¯‹vi AvB‡bi ˆewkó¨

GB ms¯‹vi AvB‡bI 1601 mv‡ji GwjRv‡e_xq `wi`ª AvB‡bi weavbmg~‡ni b¨vq mÿg `wi`ª‡`i Rb¨ K‡Vvi
cwikª‡gi kZ© Av‡ivc Kiv nq| Zv‡`i mv‡_ K‡qw`‡`i b¨vq AvPiY, gvb‡eZi Rxeb hvc‡b eva¨ Kiv AšÍfz©³ Kiv
nq| GB AvB‡bi gva¨‡g `wi`ª‡`i AvZ¥gh©v`vq AvNvZ nvbv nq Ges Zv‡`i cÖwZ K‡Vvi I wbh©vZbg~jK e¨e¯’v
MÖnY Kiv nq| A‡b‡Ki g‡Z GB AvB‡b `wi`ª‡`i Rxebgvb Dbœq‡bi †P‡q `wi`ª mvnvh¨ Lv‡Z e¨q nªvm Kivi cÖwZ
¸iæZ¡ †`qv nq|

1834 mv‡ji `wi`ª ms¯‹vi AvB‡bi bxwZ

ivRKxq Kwgk‡bi wi‡cv‡U©i wfwˇZ 1834 mv‡ji `wi`ª AvBbms¯‹vi Kvh©KixKi‡Y Kg©‡hvM¨Zvi bxwZ, kªgvMvi
cixÿv cyYtcÖeZ©b I wbqš¿Y e¨e¯’v †K›`ªxqfz³KiY bxwZmg~n‡K ¸iæZ¡ †`qv nq| GQvovI GB AvB‡bi gva¨‡g
miKv‡ii `wi`ª AvBb ev¯Íevq‡bi e¨qfvi A‡bKvs‡k n«vm Ki‡Z mÿg nq| †ivM cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Rb¨ miKvwifv‡e
wUKv`v‡bi e¨e¯’v Kiv nq| `vwi`ª¨ `~i Kiv nq Ges AvZ¥wbf©ikxjZv AR©‡bi gva¨‡g `wi`ªiv wb‡R‡`i cÖ‡qvRb
c~i‡Y m‡Pó nq|
2.2.4 1905 mv‡ji `wi`ª AvBb Kwgkb
Bsj¨v‡Ði wewfbœ Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯’vq m„ó `vwi`ª¨ mgm¨vi cvkvcvwk †eKviZ¡ mgm¨v wewfbœ mg‡q ÎvYmvnvh¨
Kvh©µg‡K we‡klfv‡e cÖfvweZ K‡i| G mgq BD‡ivc I Av‡gwiKvi wewfbœ †`‡ki DbœZ cÖhyw³, †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’v
I Bsj¨v‡Ði AwaKvsk RbwcÖq Kqjvi Lwb¸‡jv eÜ n‡q hvq| d‡j wekvj msL¨K kªwgK †eKvi‡Z¡i wkKvi n‡q
cwievi cwiRbmn mvnv‡h¨i Rb¨ Av‡e`b Rvbvq| GgZve¯’vq kªgvMvi I †emiKvwi `vb msMVb¸‡jv‡Z
Awbw`©óKvjxb Avkªq I mvnvh¨`v‡bi Ach©vßZv cwijwÿZ nq| D™¢~Z cwiw¯’wZ †gvKvwejvq RvZxq Riæwi Znwej
MVb Acwinvh© n‡q c‡o|
†eKvi‡Z¡i Ggb RwUj cwiw¯’wZ‡Z ZLbKvi ÿgZvmxb wjev‡ij cvwU© Zv‡`i wbe©vPbx cÖwZkÖæwZ Abyhvqx `wi`ª AvBb
ms¯‹vi I †eKvi‡`i mnvqZv`v‡b `„p cÖwZÁ nb| djkÖæwZ‡Z 1905 mv‡j jW© RR© n¨vwgëb‡K mfvcwZ K‡i 18
m`m¨ wewkó Royal Commission of the Poor Laws and Relief of Distress MVb K‡ib| Kwgkb wb‡Pi
mycvwikgvjv miKv‡ii wbKU †ck K‡ib|
1. `wi`ª AvBb BDwbqb I AwffveK †ev‡W©i KvDwÈ cwil` MVb Ges ¯’vbxq ÎvY mvnvh¨ cÖkvm‡bi msL¨v Kwg‡q
wZbwU A‡j fvM Kiv|
2. cÖPwjZ kvw¯Íg~jK `wi`ª mvnvh¨ Kg©m~wPi we‡jvc mvab K‡i gvbexq miKvwi mvnvh¨ Kg©m~wPi cÖeZ©b Kiv|
3. wgkª `wi`ªvMv‡ii we‡jvc mvab K‡i gvbwmK cÖwZeÜx I gvbwmK Amy¯’‡`i nvmcvZv‡j wPwKrmv Kiv Ges
wkï‡`i `ËK cwievi A_ev AvevwmK ¯‹z‡j ivLvi e¨e¯’v Kiv|
5. cÖexY‡`i Rb¨ RvZxqwfwËK cÖkvmb e¨e¯’v, `wi`ª‡`i Rb¨ webvg~‡j¨ nvmcvZvj myweav, †eKvi I Aÿg‡`i Rb¨
mvgvwRK exgv Kg©m~wP I webvg~‡j¨ miKvwi Kg©ms¯’vb †mev myweav cÖeZ©b Kiv|
1905 mv‡ji `wi`ª AvBb Kwgk‡bi Dch©y³ ev¯ÍegyLx mycvwikgvjv Bsj¨v‡Ði mgvR‡mevi †ÿ‡Î D‡jøL‡hvM¨
cwieZ©b Av‡b| `wi`ª‡`i mvnvh¨`v‡bi †P‡q wbivcËvi cÖwZ we‡kl ¸iæZ¡ †`qv nq| 1905 mv‡ji `wi`ª AvBb

BDwbU `yB c„ôv 23

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq mgvRKg© cÖ_g cÎ

Kwgk‡bi mycvwikgvjvi cwi‡cÖwÿ‡Z Bsj¨v‡Ð 1905 mv‡ji Lv`¨ AvBb, 1907 mv‡ji wkÿv AvBb, 1908 mv‡ji
e„×Kvjxb †cbkb AvBb, 1909 mv‡ji kªwgK wewbgq AvBb, 1911 mv‡ji RvZxq exgv AvBb, 1925 mv‡ji weaev,
GwZg I e„× †cbkb AvBb I 1931 mv‡ji RvZxq A_©bxwZ AvBbmg~n M„nxZ nq hv `wi`ª‡`i Av_©-mvgvwRK
wbivcËvi †ÿ‡Î GK D¾¡j `„óvšÍ ¯’vc‡b mÿg nq|
2.2.5 wefvwiR wi‡cvU©
wØZxq wek¦hy× Bsj¨v‡Ð ivR‰bwZK Aw¯’wZkxjZv m„wói cvkvcvwk e¨vcK mvgvwRK Aw¯’iZv I AwbðqZv m„wó K‡i|
d‡j we`¨gvb Av_©-mvgvwRK mgm¨vmg~n GKw`‡K †hgb RwUjiƒc aviY K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K mvgvwRK wbivcËvnxbZvi
g‡Zv bZzb bZzb mgm¨vi D™¢e nq| Avi GUv cÖwZ‡iv‡ai Rb¨ cÖPwjZ †mevg~jK Kg©m~wPi cwiKwíZ I MVbg~jK
ms¯‹vi mvab AZ¨šÍ Riæwi n‡q c‡o| cÖPwjZ mgvR‡mevi ms¯‹vi mva‡bi gva¨‡g GKwU ev¯ÍegyLx bZzb aviv
cÖeZ©‡b I djcÖm~ mvgvwRK wbivcËv c×wZi D™¢ve‡b wefvwiR wi‡cvU© Bsj¨v‡Ði BwZnv‡m Abb¨ mvaviY NUbv
wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ n‡q Avm‡Q| 1941 mv‡j Bsj¨v‡Ð ZrKvjxb †jevi cvwU©i c~YM©Vb gš¿x Av_©vi MÖxbDW cvj©v‡g‡Èi
wm×všÍ Abyhvqx m¨vi Dwjqvg †nbix wefvwiR Gi †bZ…‡Z¡ mvgvwRK exgv I mswkøó †mev m¤úwK©Z AvšÍtwefvMxq
KwgwU MVb K‡ib| D³ KwgwUi Dci weªwUk mgvR‡mev c×wZ ch©‡eÿY K‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq mycvwik †c‡ki `vwqZ¡
Ac©b Kiv nq| m¨vi Dwjqvg wefvwi‡Ri bvgvbymv‡i GwU wefvwiR KwgwU bv‡g L¨vZ| wefvwiR KwgwU 1942 mv‡ji
b‡f¤^i gv‡m wi‡cvU© †ck K‡ib hv mgvR‡mevi BwZnv‡m wefvwiR wi‡cvU© wn‡m‡e cwiwPZ| wefvwiR wi‡cv‡U©i
mycvwi‡ki g~j jÿ¨ wQj Bsj¨v‡Ði mgvRRxeb‡K Afvegy³ Kiv Ges Kj¨v‡Yi c‡_ cÖwZe×Kmg~n Acmvi‡Yi
gva¨‡g mgv‡R myL-mg„w× e„w× Kiv| D³ wi‡cv‡U© wefvwiR mgvRKj¨v‡Yi cÖwZeÜK cÖavb 5wU mgm¨v‡K ÔcÂ
ˆ`Z¨Õ wn‡m‡e AvL¨vwqZ K‡i‡Qb| GB c ˆ`Z¨mg~n n‡jvÑ Afve, †ivM-e¨vwa, AÁZv, gwjbZv Ges AjmZv|
GB c ‰`Z¨mg~n gvbemgv‡Ri AMÖMwZ‡Z †bwZevPK cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i| wefvwi‡Ri g‡Z G cuvPwU ˆ`Z¨
Acmvi‡Yi gva¨‡gB mgv‡Ri myL mg„w× e„w× Kiv hvq|
e¨vcK mvgvwRK wbivcËvg~jK Kvh©µ‡gi wfwË wn‡m‡e wi‡cv‡U© 5 ai‡bi wbivcËv Kg©m~wPi K_v D‡jøL Kiv nq|
G¸‡jv n‡jv :
1. GKwU GKxf~Z, mgwš^Z I ch©vß mvgvwRK exgv Kg©m~wP cÖeZ©b Kiv;
2. RvZxq exgvi myweav ewnf~©Z RbM‡Yi Rb¨ RvZxq Kg©m~wPwfwËK miKvwi mvn‡h¨i e¨e¯’v Kiv;
3. cÖ_g wkïi cieZx© cÖ‡Z¨K wkïi Rb¨ mvßvwnK wkÿv fvZv cÖ`vb Kiv;
4. me©¯Í‡ii Rbmvavi‡Yi Rb¨ e¨vcKfv‡e webvg~‡j¨ ¯^v¯’¨ I c~be©vmb †mev cÖ`vb Kiv; Ges
5. A_©‰bwZK wech©qKv‡j e¨vcK MY‡eKviZ¡ cÖwZ‡iv‡a miKvwifv‡e c~Y© Kg©ms¯’v‡bi e¨e¯’v Kiv|
wefvwiR wi‡cv‡U©i mycvwik¸‡jvi g~j jÿ¨ wQj ïay we‡kl †kªwYi Rb‡Mvôxi Kj¨vY mvab bq eis mgw¤^Z wbivcËv
e¨e¯’v cÖeZ©‡bi gva¨‡g Bsj¨v‡Ði mgMÖ Rb‡Mvôx‡K wech©‡qi nvZ †_‡K iÿv Kiv| wefvwiR wi‡cv‡U©i mycvwik
†gvZv‡eK cvwievwiK fvZv `vb, RvZxq ¯^v¯’¨‡mev I RvZxq mvnvh¨ GB wZbwU Kvh©µg cÖeZ©b Kiv nq| GB
wi‡cv‡U©i g~j ˆewkó¨ n‡jv Rbmvavi‡Yi Rb¨ mvgvwRK wbivcËvg~jK Kg©m~wPi cÖeZ©b I cÖwZKvig~jK Kvh©µ‡gi
cvkvcvwk cÖwZ‡ivag~jK e¨e¯’vi Dbœqb mvab| mywbw`©ó cÖkvmwbK bxwZgvjv cÖYqb I ev¯Íevqb Kivi gva¨‡g
mgvRRxeb‡K Av_©-mvgvwRK gyw³i `vicÖv‡šÍ †cŠuQv‡bvi GKwU Kvh©Kix bKkv cÖYqb K‡i wefvwiR wi‡cvU©|
wefvwiR wi‡cv‡U©i mycvwi‡ki wfwˇZ cieZx©‡Z †hme mvgvwRK AvBb cÖYqb Kiv nq Zv n‡jv :
K. 1945 mv‡ji cvwievwiK fvZv AvBb
L. 1945 mv‡ji RvZxq exgv AvBb
M. 1946 mv‡ji RvZxq exgv (wkí`yN©Ubv) AvBb
N. 1946 mv‡ji RvZxq ¯^v¯’¨†mev AvBb|
O. 1948 mv‡ji RvZxq mvnvh¨ AvBb

BDwbU `yB c„ôv 24

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

Dch©³
y Av‡jvPbvi †cÖwÿ‡Z ejv hvq, wefvwiR wi‡cvU© weªwUk RbM‡Yi Afve Ges Ab¨vb¨ mvgvwRK ÿwZi weiæ‡×
cwiKwíZ wbivcËv KvVv‡gv M‡o †Zvjvi Dci ¸iæZ¡ †`q Ges cieZx©‡Z Bsj¨vЇK Kj¨vY iv‡óª iƒcvšÍ‡i mnvqZv K‡i|

mvims‡ÿc
`wi`ª AvBb g~jZ Bsj¨v‡Ði mgvRRxe‡b mvgvwRK wbivcËvi †ÿ‡Î GKwU gvBjdjK wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ|
mgvR‡mevi †ÿ‡Î GB `wi`ª AvBbmg~‡n †`Lv hvq †h, cÖv_wgK ch©v‡q mg‡qi `vwe‡Z miKvwi n¯Í‡ÿc cÖ‡qvRb
n‡jI cieZx©‡Z `wi`ª‡`i mvwe©K Av_©-mvgvwRK Dbœq‡b miKvwi c„ô-†cvlKZvq wewfbœ mg‡qvc‡hvMx AvBb
cÖYq‡bi gva¨‡g MVbg~jK †mev Kvh©µg Pvjy Kiv nq| ïay ZvB bq Gme AvB‡b `wi`ª mvnvh¨‡K miKvwi `vwqZ¡
wn‡m‡e ¯^xKvi K‡i †bqvq GKw`‡K †hgb miKvwi ZË¡veavb I wbqš¿Y e„w× cvq, Ab¨w`‡K mgvR‡mevi †ÿ‡Î
bZzbgvÎv ms‡hvwRZ nq|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-2.2
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b :
1| †Kvb ivRv cÖ_g `wi`ª AvBb cÖYqb K‡ib?
K) ivRv Aóg †nbwi L) ivRv Ryqvb Kv‡j©m
M) cÂg †nivì N) Z…Zxq GWIqvf©
2| 1601 mv‡ji `wi`ª AvB‡b `wi`ª‡`i KqwU †kªwY‡Z wef³ Kiv nq?
K) 2wU L) 3wU
M) 4wU N) 5wU
3| KZmv‡j 1601 mv‡ji `wi`ª AvBb ms¯‹vi Kiv nq?
K) 1830 mv‡j L) 1832 mv‡j
M) 1834 mv‡j N) 1836 mv‡j
4. wefvwiR wi‡cv‡U© Kq ai‡bi wbivcËv mycvwik †ck Kiv nq?
K) 3 ai‡bi L) 5 ai‡bi
M) 7 ai‡bi N) 9 ai‡bi

cvV-2.3 mgvRKg© †ckvi weKv‡k `vb msMVb mwgwZi Kvh©µg I f~wgKv (Activities and
Role of Charity Organization Society in the Development of Social
Work Profession)
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
2.3.1 `vb msMVb mwgwZ Kx Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb |
2.3.2 mgvRKg© †ckvi weKv‡k `vb msMVb mwgwZi Kvh©µg I f~wgKv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

2.3.1 `vb msMVb mwgwZ Kx?

AvaywbK mgvRKj¨v‡Yi weeZ©‡b Ges mgvRKg©‡K †ckvi ch©v‡q DcbxZ n‡Z Bsj¨vÐ Ges Av‡gwiKvi
`vb msMVb Av‡›`vjb we‡kl f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| mbvZb mgvRKj¨v‡Yi aviv‡K †ckvMZ gh©v`v I ‰eÁvwbK iƒc
cÖ`v‡b `vb msMVb mwgwZi f~wgKv AZ¨šÍ ¸iæZ¡c~Y©| `vbkxjZv gvbe‡mevi me‡P‡q cÖvPxb I mbvZb cÖ_v| c~‡e©

BDwbU `yB c„ôv 25

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq mgvRKg© cÖ_g cÎ

mgvR‡mev Kvh©µg AmsMwVZ Dcv‡q cwiPvjbv Kiv n‡Zv| cieZx©‡Z Av_©-mvgvwRK Ae¯’v we‡ePbv K‡i
mgvR‡mev Kvh©µg msMwVZ I myk„•Ljfv‡e cwiPvjbv Kivi j‡ÿ¨B Bsj¨v‡Ð I Av‡gwiKvq Dbwesk kZvãx‡Z `vb
msMVb Av‡›`vjb M‡o D‡V| GB Av‡›`vj‡bi d‡jB M‡o D‡V bZzb mgvRKj¨vY msMVb Charity Organization
Society (COS)| `vb msMVb mwgwZ 1869 mv‡j †hgb Bsj¨v‡Ði `yt¯’, `wi`ª I Amnvq‡`i miKvwi
c„ô‡cvlKZvq mvnvh¨ `v‡b wewfbœ Kvh©Kix c`‡ÿc I f~wgKv cvjb K‡i †Zgwb Bsj¨v‡Ði AbyKi‡Y Av‡gwiKv‡ZI
1877 mv‡j `vb msMVb mwgwZ M‡o D‡V|
2.3.2 mgvRKg© †ckvi weKv‡k `vb msMVb mwgwZi Kvh©µg I f~wgKv
†ckvMZ msMVb †h †Kv‡bv †ckvi weKvk I Dbœq‡b Acwinvh©| †ckv`vi e¨w³i AvPvi-AvPiY wbqš¿Y Ges ¯^v_©
msiÿ‡Y †ckvMZ msMVb ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| Dbwesk kZvãx‡Z Bsj¨v‡Ð I Av‡gwiKvq mgvRKg© †ckvi
weKv‡k †hme Av‡›`vjb I msMVb ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i‡Q †m¸‡jvi g‡a¨ `vb msMVb mwgwZ Ab¨Zg|
1893 mv‡j G¨vbv Gj. W‡qm wkKv‡Mv kn‡i AbywôZ AvšÍR©vwZK m‡¤§j‡b mgvRK‡g© cÖwkÿY `v‡bi cÖ¯Íve DÌvcb
K‡ib| 1898 mv‡j wbDBqK© kn‡i mgvRK‡g©i Dci cÖ_g cÖwkÿY †Kv‡m©i Av‡qvRb Kiv nq| Gi gva¨‡gB
†ckvMZ mgvRK‡g©i hvÎv ïiæ nq| cieZx©‡Z GwU wbDBqK© ¯‹zj Ae †mvk¨vj IqvK© G DbœxZ nq| Av_©-mvgvwRK
mgm¨v m¤ú‡K© Mfxifv‡e AbymÜv‡bi Rb¨ `vb msMVb mwgwZi †¯^Qv‡meKMY‡K we‡kl cÖwkÿY `v‡bi
cÖ‡qvRbxqZv †_‡KB cieZ©x‡Z G¨vbv Gj. W‡qm mgvRK‡g© cÖwkÿY`v‡bi cÖ¯Íve Dc¯’vcb K‡ib| Gfv‡eB
mgvRKg© †ckvi weKv‡k `vb msMVb mwgwZ cÖZ¨ÿ f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
Bsj¨v‡Ð `vb msMVb mwgwZ
PvP©wfwËK msMVb Ges gvbewn‰Zlx mwgwZ¸‡jvi g‡a¨ gZ‡f` I weev` `~ixKiY Ges miKvwi †emiKvwi ms¯’vi
Kvh©vejxi g‡a¨ mgš^q mva‡bi j‡ÿ¨ 1868 mv‡j †ifv‡iÐ †nbwi mwj GKwU †evW© MV‡bi mycvwik K‡ib| GiB
djkÖæwZ‡Z 1869 mv‡j jЇb Òwfÿve„wË D‡”Q` I Îvb msMVb mwgwZÓ MwVZ nq| D³ mwgwZ‡K cieZx©‡Z `vb
msMVb mwgwZ bv‡g cybtbvgKiY Kiv nq| g~jZ `vb m¤úwK©Z wek„•Ljvi Aemvb NUv‡bv, e¨w³MZ I miKvwi
ÎvYe¨e¯’vi mgš^‡qi Dbœqb, AbyK~j cwi‡e‡k `wi`ª‡`i mvnvh¨ Kivi e¨w³MZ cÖe„wË I †mevi my‡hvM cÖ`v‡bi
gva¨‡g `wi`ª‡`i `wi`ª `kv †_‡K D‡Ëvi‡Yi Rb¨ GB cwiKíbv MÖnY Kiv nq| †hme gbxlx‡`i HKvwšÍK cÖ‡Póvq
GB msMVb cÖwZwôZ nq Zvu‡`i g‡a¨ m¨vi ÷zqvU© jyB, wiPvW© MÖxb, IKUvwfqv wnj, GWIqvW© †Wwbmb, m¨vgy‡qj
ev‡bU D‡jøL‡hvM¨|
`vb msMVb mwgwZi g~j jÿ¨ wQj wewfbœ ÎvY msMVb¸‡jvi g‡a¨ mgš^q mvab Kiv| GQvovI GB mwgwZi D‡Ïk¨
n‡jv :
1. cybive„wË †iv‡ai Rb¨ jЇbi wewfbœ `vb msMVb mwgwZi Kvh©vewji mgš^q mvab;
2. cÖ‡Z¨K ms¯’v‡K ms¯‹vi Kv‡Ri mv‡_ cwiwPZ Kiv;
3. mKj mvnvh¨`v‡bi wel‡q GKwU †iwRwóª ey¨‡iv ¯’vcb Kiv;
4. e¯‘MZ mvnvh¨`v‡bi cwie‡Z© `wi`ª‡`i AvZ¥wbf©ikxjZv AR©‡b e¨w³MZ †mev cÖ`vb; Ges
5. `vwi`ª¨ cÖwZ‡iv‡ai e¨e¯’v MÖn‡Y DrmvwnZ nIqv|
Av‡gwiKvi `vb msMVb mwgwZ
1861 mv‡j Av‡gwiKvq m„ó M„nhy× gvby‡li mvgwMÖK Rxe‡b e¨vcK †bwZevPK cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i| djkÖæwZ‡Z 1873
mv‡j A_©‰bwZK g›`vi m„wó nq| M„nhy‡×i ci 1869 mv‡j g›`ve¯’v A‡bK e¨w³MZ, cvwievwiK Ges mgwóMZ
mgm¨v I wek„•Ljv †W‡K Av‡b| Ae¯’vi cÖ‡qvR‡b Bsj¨v‡Ð 1869 mv‡j cÖwZwôZ `vb msMVb mwgwZi AbyKi‡Y
Av‡gwiKv‡ZI `vb msMVb Av‡›`vjb ïiæ nq| 1877 mv‡j Avi. GBP. MvwU©b wbDBq‡K©i ev‡d‡jv kn‡i me©cÖ_g
Charity Organization Society (COS) cÖwZôv K‡ib|
cÖavb wZbwU bxwZgvjv AbymiY K‡i GB mwgwZi Kvh©µg cwiPvwjZ n‡Zv :

BDwbU `yB c„ôv 26

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

1. ¯’vbxq `vb msMVb¸‡jvi mgš^‡q †evW© MVb K‡i G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ mn‡hvwMZv ¯’vcb Kiv;
2. †K›`ªxqfv‡e `wi`ª‡`i †Mvcbxq ZvwjKv cÖ¯‘Z Kiv Ges
3. eÜzfvevcbœ cwi`k©‡Ki gva¨‡g mKj mvnvh¨v_x©i mvgvwRK Ae¯’v Z`šÍ mv‡c‡ÿ mvnv‡h¨i aib wbiƒcY Kiv|

mvims‡ÿc
COS Gi me‡P‡q ¸iæZ¡c~Y© I eo Ae`vb n‡jv Bsj¨v‡Ð I Av‡gwiKv‡Z AvaywbK †ckv`vi mgvRK‡g©i wfwË
¯’vcb I weKvk mvab| COS Gi bxwZgvjvi AvIZvq `wi`ª‡`i cÖK…Z Ae¯’v Z`‡šÍi ¯^v‡_© mgvRK‡g©i
cÖwkÿ‡Yi Dci †Rvi †`qv nq| G¨vbv Gj. W‡qm me©cÖ_g mgvRK‡g© †mev`v‡bi Rb¨ COS Kgx©‡`i cÖwkÿY
`v‡bi cÖ¯Íve Dc¯’vcb K‡ib| myZivs ejv hvq COS n‡jv †ckvMZ mgvRK‡g©i weKv‡ki cÖ¯ÍveK, aviK I evnK|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-2.3
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b :
1| Bsj¨v‡Ð KZ mv‡j COS ev `vb msMVb mwgwZ cÖwZwôZ nq?
K) 1869 mv‡j L) 1873 mv‡j
M) 1877 mv‡j N) 1883 mv‡j
2 Av‡gwiKvq KZ mv‡j COS ev `vb msMVb mwgwZ cÖwZwôZ nq?
K) 1859 mv‡j L) 1871 mv‡j
M) 1875 mv‡j N) 1877 mv‡j

cvV-2.4 mgvRKg© †ckvi weKv‡k b¨vkbvj G‡mvwm‡qkb Ae †mvk¨vj IqviKvm©Õi Kvh©µg

I f~wgKv (Activities and Role of National Association of Social
Workers in the Development of Social Work Profession)
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
2.4.1 b¨vkbvj G‡mvwm‡qkb Ae †mvk¨vj IqviKvm© Kx Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
2.4.2 mgvRKg© †ckvi weKv‡k Gi Kvh©µg I f~wgKv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

2.4.1 b¨vkbvj G‡mvwm‡qkb Ae †mvk¨vj IqviKvm© Kx ?

b¨vkbvj G‡mvwm‡qkb Ae †mvk¨vj IqviKvm© ev RvZxq mgvRKgx© mwgwZ we‡k¦ †ckvMZ mgvRKgx©‡`i
Ab¨Zg e„nËg †ckvMZ msMVb| mgvRK‡g©i m`m¨wbf©i G msMVbwUi m`m¨ msL¨v 1991 mv‡j 1,30,000 Gi
Dci †cuŠQvq, 2012 mv‡j GB m`m¨ msL¨v nq cÖvq 1 jvL 45 nvRvi|
mgvRK‡g©i cÖ_g †ckvMZ msMVb Av‡gwiKvb G‡mvwm‡qkb Ae †mvk¨vj IqviKvm© 1929 mvv‡j cÖwZwôZ nq|
mgvRK‡g©i †ckvMZ wkÿv‡K mymgwš^Z I my`„p wfwËi Dci cÖwZôv Kivi j‡ÿ¨ Av‡gwiKvq 1952 mv‡j RvZxq
mgvRKg© wkÿv cwil` MVb Kiv nq| cwil` mgvRKg©‡K GKK I ¯^Zš¿ †ckv wn‡m‡e cÖwZwôZ Kivi Rb¨
mgvRK‡g©i †ckvMZ msMVb¸‡jv‡K mgwš^Z Kivi c`‡ÿc MÖnY K‡i| †ckv`vi mgvRKgx©‡`i e„nr msMVb RvZxq
mgvRKgx© mwgwZ (NASW) 1955 mv‡j Av‡gwiKvi Kg©iZ mgvRKgx©‡`i wewfbœ †ckvMZ msMV‡bi mgš^‡q MwVZ
nq|

BDwbU `yB c„ôv 27

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq mgvRKg© cÖ_g cÎ

2.4.2 mgvRKg© †ckvi weKv‡k NASW’i Kvh©µg I f~wgKv

NASW ev RvZxq mgvRKgx© mwgwZi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv mgvRKg© †mevi cÖkvmwbK e¨e¯’vi Dbœqb; mgvRKg©
wkÿv I M‡elYvi Dbœqb; mgvRKg© wel‡q RbM‡Yi aviYv e„w× Kiv; mgvRKgx©‡`i †eZb-fvZvw`, Kg©cwi‡ek I
Ae¯’vi Dbœqb Kiv; †ckvMZ gvb`‡Ði Dbœqb I mgvRKg©x‡`i †hvM¨Zv cÖZ¨vwqZ Kiv Ges we‡k¦i wewfbœ †`‡k
†ckv wn‡m‡e mgvRK‡g©i Dbœq‡b cÖ‡Póv Pvjv‡bv|
mgvRKg© Abykxj‡bi gvb eRvq ivLvi j‡ÿ¨ 1960 mv‡j NASW mgvRK‡g©i †ckvMZ ˆbwZK gvb`Ð cÖYqb
K‡i| 1996 mv‡j Uv¯‹‡dv‡m©i gva¨‡g cwiewZ©Z cwiw¯’wZi mv‡_ m½wZ weav‡bi j‡ÿ¨ ˆbwZK gvb`и‡jv‡K †ek
K‡qKevi ms‡kvab K‡i NASW KZ…©K M„nxZ gvb`Ðmg~n mgvRKg©‡K †ckvi gh©v`v`v‡bi cvkvcvwk †ckvi
gv‡bvbœq‡b we‡kl Zvrch©c~Y© c`‡ÿc wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ|
†ckvMZ Kvh©vbykxj‡bi †ÿ‡Î AvbyôvwbK ¯^xK…wZ GKwU Avek¨Kxq welq| mvaviYZ †ckvMZ jvB‡mÝ ev †iwR‡óªkb
cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g †Kv‡bv †ckv‡K AvbyôvwbK ¯^xK…wZ †`qv nq| mgvRKgx©‡`i mvwU©wd‡KU I †iwR‡óªkb cÖ`vb RvZxq
mgvRKgx© mwgwZi `vwqZ¡| NASW 1961 mv‡j Academy of Certified Social Workers cÖwZôv K‡i| d‡j
Gi gva¨‡g mywbw`©ó †hvM¨Zv I AwfÁZvi †cÖwÿ‡Z mgvRKgx©‡`i †ckvMZ gvb I †hvM¨Zv Dbœq‡bi jvB‡mÝ I
†ckvMZ mvwU©wd‡KU cÖ`v‡bi e¨e¯’v M„nxZ nq| †ckvMZ mgvRKg© wkÿvi Dbœqb I cÖmv‡ii j‡ÿ¨I NASW
wbqwgZfv‡e cvV¨cy¯ÍK, Rvb©vj Ges †idv‡iÝ Z_¨vw` cÖKvk Ki‡Q|
NASW Gi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ cÖKvkbx ˆÎgvwmK cÖwÎKv, “The Social Work”| GQvov msMVbwU cÖwZeQi Social
Work Year Book wbqwgZ cÖKv‡ki D‡`¨vM MÖnY K‡i| cieZx©‡Z ÒmgvRK‡g©i wek¦‡Kvl (Encyclopedia of
Social Work) cÖKvk mgvRKg© †ckvi Dbœq‡bi †ÿ‡Î G mwgwZi Abb¨ Ae`vb wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nq|
myZivs ejv hvq †h, RvZxq mgvRKgx© mwgwZ cÖZ¨ÿfv‡e mgvRKg© †ckvi gvb Dbœqb I weKv‡k KvR K‡i hv‡”Q|
wewfbœ †`‡k eZ©gv‡b mgvRKg© wkÿvi cÖmvi I ev¯Íevq‡b G mwgwZi Ae`vb we‡klfv‡e ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|

mvims‡ÿc
mgvRK‡g©i †ckvMZ gh©v`v `v‡b †ckv`vi msMVb¸‡jvi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv i‡q‡Q| †ckv`vi mgvRK‡g©i ˆbwZK
gvb`Ð cÖwZôvq, mgvRKg©‡K †ckvMZ ¯^xK…wZ cÖ`v‡b Ges mgvRKg© wkÿvi cÖmv‡i b¨vkbvj G‡mvwm‡qkb Ae
†mvk¨vj IqviKvm© Gi f~wgKv ¸iæZ¡c~Y©|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-2.4
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b :
1| Av‡gwiKvi RvZxq mgvRKgx© mwgwZ KZ mv‡j cÖwZwôZ nq?
K) 1929 mv‡j L) 1939 mv‡j
M) 1949 mv‡j N) 1959 mv‡j
2| mgvRKg©x‡`i e„nr msMVb NASW KZ mv‡j cÖwZwôZ nq?
K) 1945 mv‡j L) 1955 mv‡j
M) 1965 mv‡j N) 1975 mv‡j

BDwbU `yB c„ôv 28

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

cvV-2.5 mgvRKg© †ckvi weKv‡k KvDwÝj Ab †mvk¨vj IqvK© GWz‡KkbÕi Kvh©µg I

f~wgKv (Activities and Role of Council on Social Work Education in
the Development of Social Work Profession)
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
2.5.1 KvDwÝj Ab †mvk¨vj IqvK© GWz‡Kkb Kx Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
2.5.2 mgvRKg© †ckvi weKv‡k CSWE Gi Kvh©µg I f~wgKv m¤ú‡K© e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
2.5.1 KvDwÝj Ab †mvk¨vj IqvK© GWz‡Kkb ev CSWE Kx?
Council on Social Work Education (CSWE) Av‡gwiKvq mgvRKg© wkÿvi cÖ_g ch©v‡qi msMVb|
Gi cÖavb Kvh©µg n‡jv wkÿvi gvb Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ wkÿv Kvh©µg ch©v‡jvPbv I bZzb bZzb mgvRKg© Kg©m~wP cÖeZ©b|
cÖPwjZ mgvRKg© Kg©m~wP g~j¨vqb, mgvRKg© wkÿvi mv‡_ mswkøó welqvw` cÖKvkbvi e¨e¯’vKiY I weZiY Ges
mgvRKg© Kg©m~wP Dbœq‡bi j‡ÿ¨ bZzb bZzb D‡`¨vM MÖnY cÖf…wZ| 1951 mv‡j CSWE mgvRKg© †ckvRxex‡`i
Rb¨ b~¨bZg `yB eQ‡ii gv÷vm© †Kv‡m©i kZ© †e‡a †`q|
2.5.2 mgvRKg© †ckvi weKv‡k CSWE Gi Kvh©µg I f~wgKv
mgvRKg© wkÿvi gvb Dbœqb Ges `ÿ I †hvM¨ mgvRKgx©i msL¨v e„w×i †ÿ‡Î KvDwÝj Ab †mvk¨vj IqvK©
GWz‡Kkb KvR K‡i hv‡”Q| mgvRKg© wkÿvi Dbœq‡b GB KvDwÝj †bZ…Z¡ cÖ`vb K‡i P‡j‡Q| Gi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv
mgvRKg© wkÿvi gvb cÖwZôv Ges msiÿY| GwU Av‡gwiKvi wkÿv `dZ‡ii mnvqZvq KvR K‡i| ms¯’vwU cÖwZeQi
Av‡gwiKvi wewfbœ kn‡i mgvRKg© wkÿv m¤úwK©Z evwl©K mfvi Av‡qvRb K‡i; mgvRKg© wkÿv-mswkøó eB, eyK‡jU
Ges The Journal of Social Work Education cÖKvk Ki‡Q| 1982 mv‡j CSWE Av‡gwiKvi †ckv`vi
mgvRK‡g©i curriculum policy statement MÖnY K‡i| hvi g‡a¨ mgvRKg© wkÿvi welqe¯‘i cÖavb w`K¸‡jv
Zz‡j aiv n‡q‡Q| cÖwZ `k eQi ci ci KvwiKzj¨vg cwjwm ms‡kvab K‡i mgvRKg© cvV¨µg‡K nvjbvMv` Kiv nq|
mgvRKg© wkÿvi gv‡bvbœqb Ges †ckvMZ Abykxj‡bi Kvh©KvwiZv e„w×i †ÿ‡Î Gi cÖKvkbv mvwf©m we‡kl Zvrch©
enb Ki‡Q|
CSWE cwiPvwjZ K¨v_vwib G. K¨vbWvj Bbw÷wUDU di BÈvib¨vkbvj †mvk¨vj IqvK© GWz‡Kkb (Katherine A.
Kendall Institute for International Social Work Education) wek¦e¨vcx mgvRKg© wkÿvi †d‡jvwkc cÖ`vb
Ki‡Q| Av‡gwiKvi wek¦we`¨vjq¸‡jv‡K mgvRKg© cvV `v‡b CSWE Gi Aby‡gv`b eva¨Zvg~jK|
mvims‡ÿc
CSWE Av‡gwiKvi †ckv`vi mgvRK‡g©i GKwU AjvfRbK RvZxq cÖwZôvb| 1952 mv‡j RvZxq †ckvMZ
msMVb wn‡m‡e GwU cÖwZôv Kiv nq| mgvRK‡g©i wkÿv_x©, †ckvMZ msMVb, mvgvwRK cÖwZôvb I wkÿvcÖwZôv‡bi
mgš^‡q CSWE MwVZ|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-2.5
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b :
1| †KvbwU mgvRKg© wkÿvi Aby‡gv`b †`q?
K) IFSW L) UN
M) UNICEF N) CSWE
2| CSWE †Kv_vq cÖwZôv Kiv nq?
K) Av‡gwiKvq L) Bsj¨v‡Ð
M) Rvcv‡b N) Px‡b

BDwbU `yB c„ôv 29

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq mgvRKg© cÖ_g cÎ

cvV-2.6 wkíwecø‡ei aviYv (Concept of Industrial Revolution)

D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
1.6.1 wkíwecøe Kx Zv ej‡Z cvi‡eb|
1.6.2 wkíwecø‡ei ˆewkó¨ m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

2.6.1 : wkíwecøe Kx?

wkíwecøe‡K mnR fvlvq wkí mswkøó wecøe e‡j AwfwnZ Kiv hvq| wecøe kãwU Øviv †Kv‡bv †ÿ‡Îi †gŠj
cwieZ©b‡K eySvq| Drcv`b cÖwµqvq wkí mswkøó †h †gŠwjK cwieZ©b N‡U‡Q, hv Drcv`b e¨e¯’v‡K m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c
e`‡j w`‡q‡Q Zv‡K wecøe ejvB †kªq| wkíwecøe m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z wM‡q Av‡e`xb Kv‡`i e‡jb, 1760 †_‡K 1850
mv‡ji ga¨eZx© mg‡q GKUv my`~i cÖmvix I `xN© mgqe¨vcx mvgvwRK wecøe we‡k¦i A_©bxwZ, ivRbxwZ Ges wPšÍvavivq
Avg~j cwieZ©b e‡q Av‡b| Avi G ai‡bi cwieZ©b gvbe mf¨Zvi BwZnv‡m Av‡M †`Lv hvqwb| Gi d‡j e`‡j
†M‡Q c„w_exi evwn¨K †Pnviv, †gŠj KvVv‡gv‡Z G‡m‡Q cwieZ©b| gvby‡li RxebvPviY I Rxebhvcb ixwZ‡Z G‡m‡Q
weivU GK wfbœZv|
wkíwecøe m¤ú‡K© Professor Lady Williams e‡jb, Aóv`k kZvãxi †klva© †_‡K Dbwesk kZvãxi cÖ_gva©
ch©šÍ Ávb weÁv‡bi `ªæZ Dbœqb Ges Drcv`b †ÿ‡Î Zvi e¨env‡ii d‡j gvbe Rxeb hvÎvi †h cwieZ©b G‡m‡Q
ZvB wkíwecøe|
The New Encyclopedia of Britannica †Z ejv n‡q‡Q, wkíwecøe n‡”Q K…wlwfwËK n¯Íwkíwbf©i A_©bxwZ †_‡K
hš¿PvwjZ Drcv`b e¨e¯’vq cwieZ©‡bi GKwU cÖwµqv; hv Aóv`k kZ‡K Bsj¨v‡Ð ïiæ n‡q we‡k¦i Ab¨vb¨ As‡k
we¯Ívi jvf K‡i|
mgvRKj¨vY Awfav‡bi msÁvbyhvqx, wkíwecøe n‡jv A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK cwieZ©bvw`, hv Aó`k
kZvãxi ga¨fv‡M KviLvbv e¨e¯’vq m~Pbv N‡U‡Q|
1760 mvj †_‡K 1850 mv‡ji ga¨eZx© mg‡q my`~i cÖmvix I `xN© mgqe¨vcx mvgvwRK wecøe we‡k¦i A_©bxwZ,
ivRbxwZ Ges wkí cÖmv‡i AbyKj ~ cwi‡ek m„wó nIqvi gva¨‡gB wkíwecø‡ei MwZgqZv e„w× cvq| Avi wkíwecøe
cÖZ¨qwUi bvgKiY K‡ib Avibì U‡qbwe|

2.6.2 wkíwecø‡ei ˆewkó¨

wkíwecøø‡ei †cÖÿvcU, KviY, aib, cÖK…wZ Ges cÖfve ch©v‡jvPbvq Gi wb¤œiƒc ˆewk󨸇jv my¯úó n‡q D‡V :
1. cÖhyw³wbf©i Drcv`b : Drcv`b, †hvMv‡hvM, cwienb cÖf…wZ †ÿ‡Î KvwqK kª‡gi cwie‡Z© kw³PvwjZ h‡š¿i
e¨envi cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq|
2. gvbe mf¨Zvi `ywU fvM : wkíwecøe Gi Av‡M I c‡ii gvbe mf¨Zvi g‡a¨ cy‡ivcywi mxgv‡iLv †U‡b c„_K K‡i
†`q|
3. cyuwRev`x A_©bxwZi weKvk : mvgšÍev‡`i ¯’‡j cyuwRev‡`i cÖwZ¯’vcb nq| K…wlwfwËK Drcv`b e¨e¯’vi cwie‡Z©
wkíwfwËK Drcv`b e¨e¯’vi weKvk|
4. e„n`vqZb wk‡íi Avwef©ve : M„n‡Kw›`ªK ¶z`ªvK…wZi Drcv`b cÖwµqvi cwie‡Z© e„nr AvKv‡i hš¿PvwjZ Drcv`b
cÖwµqvi m~Pbv nq|
5. Drcv`b e¨q Kg : wkíwecø‡ei d‡j KvwqK kw³i cwie‡Z© hvwš¿K kw³i e¨envi Ges Kg mg‡q e¨vcK
Drcv`‡bi d‡j Drcv`b e¨q K‡g hvq|
6. Avg~j cwieZ©b : Drcv`b e¨e¯’vi Avg~j cwieZ©‡bi d‡j RxebhvÎvi e¨vcK cwieZ©b msNwUZ nq|

BDwbU `yB c„ôv 30

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

7. wkíwfwËK A_©bxwZ : K…wlwfwËK A_©bxwZi cwie‡Z© `ªæZ wkíwfwËK A_©bxwZ M‡o D‡V|
8. gRywiwfwËK kªg : Kv‡Ri `ÿZv I †hvM¨Zv Abymv‡i kª‡gi gRywi wbYx©Z nq|
9. cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRvi m„wó : e„n`vqZb wk‡íi d‡j GKB cY¨ wewfbœ †`‡k wewfbœ gv‡b Drcvw`Z nIqvq
cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi m„wó nq|
10. K…wli AvaywbKxKiY : cÖvPxb Avg‡ji jv½j †Rvqvj Avi cÖK…wZwbf©i †mP e¨e¯’vi cwie‡Z© Uªv±i, cvIqvi
wUªjvi, Mfxi bjK~c BZ¨vw` D™¢e nIqvq K…wli AvaywbKxiK‡Yi gva¨‡g Drcv`b cÖmvi N‡U‡Q|

mvims‡ÿc
e„n`vqZb wk‡íi Avwef©ve mgvR I wPšÍvi RM‡Z Avg~j cwieZ©b, MYZvwš¿K wPšÍvaviv, mvgvwRK †kªwY I
m¤ú‡K©i D™¢e, Ávb-weÁv‡bi PP©v, cuywRev`x I MYZ‡š¿i weKvk wkíwecø‡ei Ab¨Zg w`K| Gi d‡j gvby‡li
Rxeb-hvc‡b Av‡m Avg~j cwieZ©b| Drcv`b e„w× †c‡q‡Q, e„w× †c‡q‡Q e„n`vqZb wk‡íi| cÖhyw³i e¨envi mnR
K‡i‡Q gvby‡li RxebvPiY Ges m„wó K‡i‡Q cÖwZ‡hvwMZvi| d‡j cY¨ Drcv`‡b MwZkxjZv e„w× †c‡q‡Q Ges
RxebhvÎvi gvb DbœZ n‡q‡Q |

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-2.6
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b :
1| wkíwecøe cÖZ¨qwUi bvgKiY K‡iwQ‡jb †K?
K) Avi. wU. †kdvi L) AvijÐ wMÖY
M) Avibì U‡qbwe N) Gm. wm. nvwÈsUb
2| mgv‡Ri Ag~j cwieZ©b mvwaZ nq †Kb?
K) K…wlwecø‡ei d‡j L) wkíwecø‡ei d‡j
M) bMivq‡bi d‡j N) meyRwecø‡ei d‡j

cvV-2.7 Av_©-mvgvwRK Rxe‡b wkíwecø‡ei cÖfve (Impact of Industrial Revolution

on Socio-economic Life )
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
2.7.1 Av_©-mvgvwRK Rxe‡b wkíwecø‡ei BwZevPK cÖfve m¤‡K© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
2.7.2 Av_©-mvgvwRK Rxe‡b wkíwecø‡ei †bwZevPK cÖfve m¤ú‡K© eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

2.7.1 Av_©-mvgvwRK Rxe‡b wkíwecø‡ei BwZevPK cÖfve

wkíwecø‡ei my`~icÖmvix I `xN©‡gqv`x cÖfve gvbeRxe‡bi cÖwZwU †ÿ‡Î we`¨gvb| wkíwecøe Ges Gi
djkÖæwZ wn‡m‡e gvbe Avwe®‹vi I wewfbœ cÖhyw³ gvby‡li Rxeb‡K K‡i‡Q mnRZi, AvivgcÖ`, RxebhvÎvi cÖYvjx‡Z
G‡b‡Q wfbœZv, Rxeb‡K K‡i‡Q mg„×| hw`I wkíwecøe Awewgkª Avkxe©v` bq; GwU BwZevPK avivq mgvR¯’ gvby‡li
Rxeb‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i gvbeKj¨v‡Yi be w`MšÍ D‡b¥vwPZ K‡i‡Q| wb‡P gvbeRxe‡b wkíwecø‡ei BwZevPK cÖfve
Zz‡j aiv n‡jv :

BDwbU `yB c„ôv 31

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq mgvRKg© cÖ_g cÎ

1. cÖvK-wkí hy‡M A_©bxwZ wQj M„n‡Kw›`ªK, n¯Íwkí wbf©i, Drcv`b wQj g~jZ wb‡R‡`i Pvwn`v †Kw›`ªK, A_©bxwZ
wQj e×, Avi wkíwecøe e× A_©bxwZ‡K Db¥y³ evwYwR¨K iƒ‡c cwiewZ©Z K‡i| d‡j Drcv`b e„w× cvq, e„w×
cvq evwYR¨|
2. cÖvK-wkí hy‡M wQj wewbgq cÖ_v we`¨gvb wQj| A_©bxwZ MwZkxj wQj bv| ˆe‡`wkK evwY‡R¨i aviYv wQj
A¯úó| wkíwecø‡ei d‡j A_©bxwZi wek¦vqb N‡U‡Q| GK †`‡ki mv‡_ Ab¨ †`‡ki evwYR¨ m¤úªmvwiZ n‡q‡Q|
3. wkíwecø‡ei d‡j e¨emvqx cyuwRcwZ‡`i Avw_©K cuywRMVb I wewb‡qv‡M Avw_©K cÖwZôvb f~wgKv †i‡L‡Q|
4. wkíwecø‡ei d‡j bZzb bZzb Avwe®‹vi, Drcv`b e„w× I `ª‡e¨i ¸YMZ gv‡bi DrKl©Zv e„w× †c‡q‡Q|
5. kª‡gi we‡klvqb, Kg©ms¯’v‡bi my‡hvM e„w× Ges kª‡gi MwZkxjZv e„w× †c‡q‡Q|
6. ‡UªW BDwbq‡bi gva¨‡g kªwgK‡`i Kj¨vY wbwðZ n‡q‡Q|
7. wkÿv I Áv‡bi weKvk mvwaZ n‡q‡Q|
8. weÁvb I cÖhyw³i DrKl©Zv e„w× †c‡q‡Q|
9. mgvR I gvby‡li m¤ú‡K© bZzb wPšÍv †PZbvi D™¢e N‡U‡Q| msKxY© RvwZMZ ev ag©xq cwiP‡qi evB‡i
gvbeZvev`, MYZš¿, mvg¨, ag©wb‡icÿZv BZ¨vw` BwZevPK mvgvwRK g~j¨‡eva weKwkZ n‡q‡Q|
10. Av_©-mvgvwRK I mvs¯‹…wZK wek¦vqb N‡U‡Q|
11. mvgvwRK `„wófw½i cwieZ©b G‡m‡Q|
12. wkívqb I bMivqb Awew”Qbœ aviv, wkíwecø‡ei cÖZ¨ÿ dj wkívqb, Avi wkí‡K †K›`ª K‡i M‡o D‡V‡Q kni|
13. mvgvwRK wbivcËv aviYvi D™¢e I weKvk|

2.7.2 Av_©-mvgvwRK Rxe‡b wkíwecø‡ei †bwZevPK cÖfve

Av‡MB ejv n‡q‡Q, wkíwecøe Awewgkª Avkxe©v` bq| wkíwecø‡ei d‡j Av_©-mvgvwRK Rxe‡b Avg~j BwZevPK
cwieZ©‡bi cvkvcvwk mvgvwRK, gb¯ÍvwË¡K, ˆbwZK Ges ivR‰bwZK Rxe‡b gvivZ¥K †bwZevPK cÖfveI cwijwÿZ
nq| ZvB ejv nq, wkíwecøe ïay Avkxe©v`B bq, AwfkvcI e‡U| wb‡gœ †bwZevPK cÖfvemg~n Zz‡j aiv n‡jv :
1. †kªwY ˆelg¨ m„wó : wkíwecøø‡ei d‡j mvgšÍ cÖfz‡`i ¯’vb `Lj K‡i †bq cyuwRcwZ I wkícwZMY; d‡j gvwjK-
kªwgK m¤ú‡K©i m„wó nq Ges G m¤ú‡K© bvbvgyLx Ø›Ø †`Lv †`q| m„wó nq †kªwY ˆel‡g¨i|
2. KzwUi wk‡íi wejywß : wkívqb I knivq‡bi d‡j e„n`vqb wk‡íi mv‡_ cÖwZ‡hvwMZvq wUK‡Z bv †c‡i KzwUi
wk‡íi wejywß N‡U|
3. †eKviZ¡ m„wó : h‡š¿i Avwe®‹vi n¯Íwbf©i Kgx©‡K m¤ú~Y© †eKvi K‡i †`q| †h KvR `xN©mgq a‡i K‡qKRb kªwgK
KiZ †mwU h‡š¿i mvnv‡h¨ ¯^í mg‡q GKRb kªwgK Ki‡Z cv‡i| d‡j e¨vcK msL¨K kªwgK †eKviZ¡ eiY K‡i
wbivcËvnxb n‡q c‡o|
4. ew¯Íi D™¢e : wkíwecø‡ei dj n‡jv knivqb ev bMivqb| Avi bMivq‡bi m„wó n‡jv ew¯Í| AvevwmK msK‡Ui
d‡j ew¯Íi D™¢e nq|
5. cwi‡ek `~lY : wkí KjKviLvbvi eR©¨, Kv‡jv †auvqv I gqjv-AveR©bv Av¯^v¯’¨Ki cwi‡ek m„wó I cwi‡ek `~lY
K‡i|
6. cvwievwiK wek„•Ljv : †hŠ_ cwievi †f‡½ GKK cwievi MVb, wPšÍv-‡PZbvi cwieZ©b BZ¨vw`i d‡j †`Lv †`q
cvwievwiK wek„•Ljv|
7. mvs¯‹…wZK k~b¨Zv : e¯‘MZ ms¯‹…wZi DrKl© mva‡b wkíwecø‡e mnvqZv Ki‡jI mswkøó Ae¯‘MZ ms¯‹…wZ
Ae‡nwjZ n‡q c‡o| d‡j mvs¯‹…wZK k~b¨Zv †`Lv †`q, hv mgvRRxe‡b Ø›`¦ I msNvZ m„wó K‡i|
8. †ckvMZ `yN©Ubv : KjKviLvbvq hš¿ I kw³i cÖ‡qvM nIqvq †ckvMZ `yN©Ubvi cwigvY e„w× cvq|
9. gb¯ÍvwË¡K mgm¨v : wkí `yN©Ubv, wbivcËvnxbZv I †eKvi‡Z¡i d‡j gb¯ÍvwË¡K mgm¨v cÖKU AvKvi aviY K‡i|
wewfbœ mvgvwRK Pvc Ges mgm¨vi m„wó nq| AmnvqZ¡ I GKvKx‡Z¡i hš¿bv †fvM K‡i gvbyl|

BDwbU `yB c„ôv 32

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

10. mvgvwRKxKi‡Yi Afve : wkí mgvRe¨e¯’vq cwiev‡ii cÖvßeq¯‹ mKj m`m¨ N‡ii evB‡i Kv‡R wb‡qvwRZ nq,
weavq wkï-mšÍvbiv †mœn-hZœ ewÂZ n‡q c‡o Ges Gi d‡j Zv‡`i myôz mvgvwRKxKiY e¨vnZ nq|
11. ˆbwZK AatcZb : m¤ú‡K©i †P‡q m¤úwË ¸iæZ¡c~Y© wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ nIqvq g~j¨‡ev‡ai AeÿqRwbZ Kvi‡Y
wkímgvR e¨e¯’vi cÖv_wgK ¯Í‡i cÖvq me †kªwYi gvby‡li g‡a¨ AvZ¥‡Kw›`ªKZv Z_v ˆbwZK AatcZb cwijwÿZ
nq|

mvims‡ÿc
wkíwecø‡ei cÖfve my`~icÖmvwiZ hv gvbeRxe‡b cÖwZwU †ÿ‡Î e¨vcK cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i‡Q| wkíwecøe †hgb
gvbyl‡K DbœZ Rxeb e¨e¯’vi w`‡K avweZ K‡i‡Q †Zgwb mvgvwRK e¨e¯’v †f‡½ AvaywbK iƒc `vb K‡i‡Q| ZvB
Avgiv wkíwecø‡ei BwZevPK I †bwZevPK iƒc jÿ¨ K‡i _vwK|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-2.7
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b :
1| †Kvb †`‡k wkíwecø‡ei m~Pbv nq?
K) Bsj¨v‡Ð L) BZvwj‡Z
M) Rvg©vwb‡Z N) d«v‡Ý
2| wkíwecøe †Kvb wkí‡K aŸsm K‡i‡Q?
K) KzwUi wkí‡K L) gvSvwi wkí‡K
M) e„nr wkí‡K N) AvaywbK wkí‡K
3| wkíwecøe †Kvb A_©bxwZi weKvk NUvq?
K) †gŠwjK A_©bxwZ L) cyuwRev`x A_©bxwZi
M) weKvkgvb A_©bxwZi N) mnvqK A_©bxwZ

cvV-2.8 mgvRKg© †ckvi weKv‡k wkíwecø‡ei f~wgKv (Role of Industrial Revolution

in the Development of Social Work Profession)
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l AvcwbÑ
2.8 mgvRKg© †ckvi weKv‡k wkíwecø‡ei f~wgKv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|

2.8 mgvRKg© †ckvi weKv‡k wkíwecø‡ei f~wgKv

wkíwecøø‡ei d‡j c„w_exi mvwe©K †Pnviv e`‡j †M‡Q Ges cwieZ©b N‡U‡Q gvbeRxe‡bi mKj †ÿ‡Î|
A_©bxwZ, ivRbxwZ, mgibxwZ mKj †ÿ‡ÎB wkíwecø‡ei cÖfve c‡o‡Q| wkíwecø‡ei cÖfve cy‡ivUvB BwZevPK bq,
eis wKQz wKQz †ÿ‡Î gvivZ¥K †bwZevPK cÖfveI i‡q‡Q| cvwievwiK fv½b, cvwievwiK wek„•Ljv, mvgvwRK wewQbœZv,
Aw¯’wZkxjZv, mvgvwRK Am½wZ, wbivcËvnxbZv BZ¨vw` wecøe cieZx© mg‡q †eMevb nq| Gme mgm¨vi †hŠw³K
mgvavb `vbkxjZv wbf©i cÖvPxb mgvRKj¨vYg~jK Kg©Kv‡Ði gva¨‡g †`qv m¤¢e wQj bv; Ges GiB †cÖwÿ‡Z D™¢yZ
mgm¨vi mgvav‡bi j‡ÿ¨ Ges my¯’¨ mvgvwRK cwi‡ek I mvgvwRK w¯’wZkxjZv eRvq †i‡L fvimvg¨c~Y© mvgvwRK I

BDwbU `yB c„ôv 33

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq mgvRKg© cÖ_g cÎ

gvbwmK Dbœqb wbwðZ Kivi j‡ÿ¨ D™¢e N‡U AvaywbK †ckv`vi mgvRK‡g©i| mgvRKg© †ckvi weKv‡k wkíwecø‡ei
f~wgKv n‡jv :
1. mymsMwVZ †mev Kvh©µ‡gi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv : bZzb mymsMwVZ mvgvwRK Kvh©µ‡gi gva¨‡g eûgyLx mgm¨v mgvav‡b
gvbeZvev`x I agx©q AbykvmbwfwËK mgvR‡mevi cwie‡Z© AvaywbK weÁvbwfwËK mymsMwVZ I †hŠw³K
mgvR‡mev Kvh©µg Acwinvh© n‡q D‡V| GiB wfwˇZ M‡o D‡V †ckv`vi mgvRK‡g©i|
2. mgvRK‡g©i e¨envwiK wkÿvi m~Pbv : wkíwecøe cieZx© g‡bvmvgvwRK mgm¨v mgvav‡b e¨envwiK cÖwkÿ‡Yi m~Pbv
nq| 1900 mv‡j me©cÖ_g Av‡gwiKvi nvmcvZvj¸‡jv‡Z Richmond e¨envwiK cÖwkÿ‡Yi ïiæ K‡ib|
3. mgvRKg©wfwËK wkÿvcÖwZôv‡bi D™¢e : mgvRKg© wel‡q cÖvwZôvwbK wkÿvq †ckv`vi mgvRKg©xi Pvwn`v c~i‡Yi
Rb¨ New York School of Social Work I Tata Institute of Social Work Gi g‡Zv mgvRKg©wfwËK
wkÿvcÖwZôvb cÖmvi jvf K‡i|
4. gb¯ÍvwË¡K mgvRK‡g©i D™¢e : gvbwmK nvmcvZvj¸‡jv‡Z gb¯ÍvwË¡K civgk© cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ gb¯ÍvwË¡K mgvRK‡g©i
D™¢e N‡U| 1837 mv‡j GWIqvW© †m¸qvb gvbwmK †ivMx‡`i Rb¨ GKwU ¯‹zj cÖwZôv K‡ib|
5. mgvRKg© c×wZi D™¢e : wkíwecø‡ei d‡j D™¢~Z bvbvwea mvgvwRK I gb¯ÍvwË¡K mgm¨v †gvKvwejvq †ckv`vi
mgvRK‡g©i mywbw`©ó c×wZi D™¢e N‡U|
6. Aciva weÁv‡bi weKvk : wkíwecøø‡ei d‡j wewfbœ ai‡bi Aciva weÁv‡bi Áv‡bi cÖ‡qvRb nq|
Kvh©Z wkíwecø‡ei d‡j †hvMv‡hvM e¨e¯’vi Dbœqb Kj¨vYKvgx gvbyl‡`i KvQvKvwQ Avmvi my‡hvM K‡i w`‡q‡Q| Ávb
weÁv‡bi DrKl©Zv wPšÍvkxj gvby‡li wPšÍvi cwimi e„w× K‡i‡Q| gvbyl gvby‡li Kj¨vY wb‡q wPšÍv, Av‡jvPbv,
ch©‡eÿY I M‡elYv ïiæ K‡i| wKš‘ mg‡qi mv‡_ mv‡_ mgm¨vi MwZ-cÖK…wZ cwieZ©b n‡q GK iƒc †_‡K Ab¨iƒc
aviY K‡i| d‡j cÖ‡qvRbxqZv †`Lv †`q †ckv`vi mgvRKgx©i| Kvh©Z, wkíwecøe cieZx© mgv‡Ri mvgvwRK
cÖ‡qvR‡bi †cÖwÿ‡Z mgvRKg© †ckv`vwiZ¡ jvf K‡i|

mvims‡ÿc
wkíwecø‡ei d‡j m„ó RwUj I ci¯úi m¤úK©hy³ mgm¨v mgvavbK‡í mgvRK‡g© †ckvMZ wkÿv Kvh©µ‡gi
m~ÎcvZ N‡U| wkíwecøeB mbvZb mgvRKj¨vY aviv‡K msMwVZ K‡i cÖvwZôvwbK Ges c×wZMZ avivq iƒcvšÍwiZ
K‡i‡Q|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-2.8
mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b :
1| wkívqb I knivqbRwbZ mgm¨v †gvKvwejvq AwaK hyw³hy³ Dcvq †KvbwU?
K) cÖPwjZ †mev `vb m¤úªmviY L) mgvRKg© c×wZi cÖ‡qvM
M) mbvZb c×wZi Abykxjb N) ˆeÁvwbK Ávb I Z‡_¨i Abykxjb
2| wkíwecø‡ei d‡j m„ó RwUj I eûgyLx mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ mgvRK‡g©i †h c×wZi D™¢e n‡q‡Q?
i. †gŠwjK c×wZ ii. cÖv_wgK c×wZ iii. mnvqK c×wZ
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K) i I ii L) i I iii
M) ii I iii N) i, ii I iii
P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
K. eûwbe©vPbx cÖkœ

BDwbU `yB c„ôv 34

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq GBPGmwm †cÖvMÖvg

mwVK Dˇii cv‡k wUK () wPý w`b :

1| mgvRKg© †ckvi m~ÎcvZ nq †Kv_vq?
K) Bsj¨v‡Ð L) fvi‡Z
M) Av‡gwiKvq N) Rvgv©wb‡Z
2| mgvRKg©‡K †ckvi gh©v`vq DcbxZ n‡Z †h AvBb ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡iÑ
i. 1601 mv‡ji `wi`ª AvBb
ii. 1834 mv‡ji `wi`ª ms¯‹vi AvBb
iii. 1905 mv‡ji `wi`ª AvBb Kwgk‡bi mycvwi‡k cÖYxZ AvBbmg~n
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K) i I ii L) i I iii
M) ii I iii N) i, ii I iii
3| wbf©ikxj wkï ejv nqÑ
i. GwZg‡`i ii. †eIqwik‡`i iii. weKjv½‡`i
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K) i I ii L) i I iii
M) ii I iii N) i, ii I iii
4| mgvRKg©‡K †ckvi gh©v`vq DcbxZ Ki‡Z †h msMVb ¸iæZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv iv‡LÑ
i. COS ii. NASW iii. CSWE
wb‡Pi †KvbwU mwVK?
K) i I ii L) i I iii
M) ii I iii N) i, ii I iii
wb‡Pi Aby‡”Q`wU co–b Ges 5-7 bs cÖ‡kœi DËi w`b :
mvMi Bsj¨v‡Ði cÖ_g `wi`ª AvB‡bi wewfbœ w`K wb‡q ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i| †m †`L‡Z cvq GLv‡b `wi`ª‡`i‡K
GKvwaK fv‡M wef³ Kiv n‡q‡Q| GB AvBbwU `wi`ª‡`i Rb¨ GKwU MVbg~jK c`‡ÿc wQj|
5| DÏxc‡K ewY©©Z `wi`ª AvBbwU cÖYxZ nIqvi mvj wn‡m‡e mg_©b‡hvM¨ †KvbwU?
K) 1349 mv‡j L) 1352 mv‡j
M) 1501 mv‡j N) 1601 mv‡j
6| D³ AvB‡b `wi`ª‡`i‡K wefw³K…Z †kªwYi msL¨vi †ÿ‡Î cÖ‡hvR¨?
K) 2wU L) 3wU
M) 4wU N) 5wU
7| D³ AvBbwUi Ab¨Zg ˆewkó¨ Kx?
K) AwaKvi AvBb L) mvgvwRK AvBb
M) kªwgK AvBb N) wbivcËv AvBb
8| NASW MwVZ nq KZ mv‡j?
K) 1945 mv‡j L) 1955 mv‡j
M) 1965 mv‡j N) 1975 mv‡j

L.m„Rbkxj cÖkœ
1| Zzjvivgcyi BDwbq‡b A‡bK miKvwi I †emiKvwi ms¯’v `vwi`ª¨ wbim‡b KvR K‡i| me¸‡jv ms¯’vi Kv‡Ri
mgš^q mva‡bi Rb¨ BDwbqb cwil` †Pqvig¨vb GKwU mwgwZ MVb K‡ib| GB mwgwZ mvnv‡h¨i cybive„wË †iva

BDwbU `yB c„ôv 35

evsjv‡`k Dš§y³ wek^we`¨vjq mgvRKg© cÖ_g cÎ

K‡i| wewfbœ mvnvh¨Kvix cÖwZôv‡bi Kgx©‡`i AwfÁZv wewbg‡qi e¨e¯’v K‡i GB mwgwZ| Avi mwgwZi jÿ¨ nq
e¯‘MZ mvnv‡h¨i cwie‡Z© AvZ¥wbf©ikxjZv m„wói|
K) Av‡gwiKvq `vb msMVb mwgwZ M‡o I‡V KLb? 1
L) wkíwecøe Kxfv‡e cyuwRev‡`i weKvk NUvq? 2
M) DÏxc‡K Zzjvivgcyi BDwbq‡bi †Pqvig¨vb mgvRK‡g©i BwZnv‡mi †Kvb mwgwZi AwfÁZv Kv‡R jvwM‡q‡Qb?
e¨vL¨v Kiæb| 3
N) Ô`vwi`ª¨ wbim‡b mgvRK‡g©i BwZnv‡mi D³ mwgwZ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡iÕ ÑDw³wU we‡kølY Kiæb| 4

2| Awb‡`i GjvKvq Pvlxiv GLb nvjPv‡l jv½j ej‡`i cwie‡Z© Uªv±i e¨envi K‡i| Av‡M †QvU †QvU hš¿ e¨envi
K‡i N‡i e‡m wkí`ªe¨ ˆZwi n‡Zv| GLb e„nr hš¿cvwZ e¨envi K‡i KviLvbvq wewfbœ `ªe¨ Drcv`b Kiv nq|
K) KZ mv‡j `wi`ª AvBb ms¯‹vi Kiv nq? 1
L) CSWE m¤ú‡K© aviYv w`b| 2
M) DÏxc‡K Awb‡`i GjvKvq wK‡mi cÖfve jÿ¨ Kiv hvq?Ñ e¨vL¨v Kiæb| 3
N) ÔAwb‡`i GjvKvq N‡U hvIqv welqwUi Awewgkª Avkxev©` i‡q‡QÕÑ Dw³wU we‡kølY Kiæb| 4

DËigvjv
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 2.1 : 1| M 2| K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 2.2 : 1| N 2| L 3| M 4| L
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 2.3 : 1| K 2| N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 2.4 : 1| K 2| L
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 2.5 : 1| N 2| K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 2.6 : 1| M 2| L
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 2.7 : 1| K 2| K 3| L
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb- 2.8 : 1| L 2| L
P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb- 2 : 1| K 2| N 3| N 4| N 5| N 6| L 7| N 8| L

BDwbU `yB c„ôv 36