A Raisin in the Sun

A Raisin in the Sun is a play by Lorraine

Hansberry that debuted on Broadway in
1959.[1] The title comes from the poem
"Harlem" (also known as "A Dream
Deferred"[2]) by Langston Hughes. The
story tells of a black family's experiences
in south Chicago, as they attempt to
improve their financial circumstances with
an insurance payout following the death of
the father, and deals with matters of
housing discrimination, racism, and
assimilation. The New York Drama Critics'
Circle named it the best play of 1959, and
in recent years publications such as The
Independent[3] and Time Out[4] have listed it
among the best plays ever written.
 A Raisin in the Sun

First-edition publication (Random House

1959)

Written by Lorraine Hansberry

Characters Walter Younger

Ruth Younger
Beneatha Younger
Travis Younger
Lena Younger (Mama)
George Murchison
 Joseph Asagai
Karl Lindner
Mrs. Johnson
Moving Men

Date premiered March 11, 1959

Place premiered Ethel Barrymore

Theatre

Original language English

Genre Domestic drama

Setting South Side, Chicago

Plot
Walter and Ruth Younger, their son Travis,
along with Walter's mother Lena (Mama)
and Walter's younger sister Beneatha, live
in poverty in a run-down two-bedroom
apartment on Chicago's South Side. Walter
is barely making a living as a limousine
driver. Though Ruth is content with their
lot, Walter is not and desperately wishes to
become wealthy. He plans to invest in a
liquor store in partnership with Willy and
Bobo, his street-smart acquaintances.

At the beginning of the play, Walter Lee

and Beneatha's father has recently died,
and Mama (Lena) is waiting for a life
insurance check for $10,000 ($101,000 in
2023). Walter has a sense of entitlement
to the money, but Mama has religious
objections to alcohol, and Beneatha has to
remind him it is Mama's call how to spend
it. Eventually, Mama puts some of the
money down on a new house, choosing an
all-white neighborhood over a black one
for the practical reason that it is much
cheaper. Later she relents and gives the
remaining $6,500 to Walter to invest, with
the provision that he reserves $3,000 for
Beneatha's education. Walter gives all of
the money to Willy, who takes it and flees,
depriving Walter and Beneatha of their
dreams, though not the Youngers of their
new home. Bobo reports the bad news
about the money. Meanwhile, Karl Lindner,
a white representative of the
neighborhood they plan to move to, makes
an offer to buy them out. Vaguely
threatening, he says he wishes to avoid
tensions over the introduction of Black
people into the neighborhood, which to the
three women's horror Walter bitterly
prepares to accept as a solution to their
financial setback. Lena says that while
money was something they try to work for,
they should never take it if it was a
person's way of telling them they were not
fit to walk the same earth as them.

Meanwhile, Beneatha's character and

direction in life are influenced by two
different men who are potentially love
interests: her wealthy and educated
boyfriend George Murchison, and Joseph
Asagai. Neither man is actively involved in
the Youngers' financial ups and downs.
George represents the "fully assimilated
black man" who denies his African
heritage with a "smarter than thou"
attitude, which Beneatha finds disgusting,
while dismissively mocking Walter's
situation. Joseph, a Yoruba student from
Nigeria, patiently teaches Beneatha about
her African heritage; he gives her
thoughtfully practical gifts from Africa
while pointing out she is unwittingly
assimilating herself into white ways. She
straightens her hair, for example, which he
characterizes as "mutilation".
When Beneatha becomes distraught at the
loss of the money, she is scolded by
Joseph for her materialism. She eventually
accepts his point of view that things will
get better with effort, along with agreeing
to consider his proposal of marriage and
invitation to move with him to Nigeria to
practice medicine.

Walter is oblivious to the stark contrast

between George and Joseph: his pursuit of
wealth can be attained only by liberating
himself from Joseph's culture, to which he
attributes his poverty, and by rising to
George's level, wherein he sees his
salvation. Walter redeems himself and
black pride at the end by changing his
mind and not accepting the buyout offer,
stating that the family is proud of who they
are and will try to be good neighbors. The
play closes with the family leaving for their
new home but uncertain future.

Because of time constraints, the character

Mrs. Johnson and a few scenes were cut
from the Broadway performance and in
reproductions. Mrs. Johnson is the
Younger family's nosy and loud neighbor,
at the beginning of the play. She cannot
understand how the family can consider
moving to a white neighborhood and
cattily jokes that she will probably read in
the newspaper in a month that they have
been killed in a bombing. Her lines are
employed as comic relief, but Hansberry
also uses this scene to mock those who
are too scared to stand up for their rights.
In the introduction by Robert B. Nemiroff,
he writes that the scene is included in print
because it draws attention away from a
seemingly happy ending to a more violent
reality inspired by Hansberry's own
experiences.
Broadway production and
reception

Scene from the play. Ruby Dee as Ruth, Claudia

McNeil as Lena, Glynn Turman as Travis, Sidney
Poitier as Walter, and John Fiedler as Karl
Lindner.

With a cast in which all but one character

is black, A Raisin in the Sun was
considered a risky investment, and it took
eighteen months for producer Philip Rose
to raise enough money to launch it. There
was disagreement with how it should be
played, with the focus on the mother or on
the son. When the play hit New York,
Poitier played it with emphasis on the son
and found not only his calling but also an
audience enthralled.[5]

After touring to positive reviews, the play

premiered on Broadway at the Ethel
Barrymore Theatre on March 11, 1959. It
transferred to the Belasco Theatre on
October 19, 1959, and closed on June 25,
1960, after 530 total performances.
Directed by Lloyd Richards, the cast
comprised:

Sidney Poitier – Walter Lee Younger

Ruby Dee – Ruth Younger
 Ivan Dixon – Joseph Asagai
Lonne Elder III – Bobo
John Fiedler – Karl Lindner
Louis Gossett Jr. – George Murchison
(as Louis Gossett)
Claudia McNeil – Lena Younger
Diana Sands – Beneatha Younger
Glynn Turman – Travis Younger
Ed Hall – moving man
Douglas Turner – moving man

Ossie Davis later took over as Walter Lee

Younger, and Frances Williams as Lena
Younger.
Raisin in the Sun was the first play written
by a Black woman to be produced on
Broadway, as well as the first with a black
director, Mr. Richards.[6] Waiting for the
curtain to rise on opening night, Hansberry
and producer Rose did not expect the play
to be a success, for it had received mixed
reviews from a preview audience the night
before. Some reviewers argued about
whether the play was "universal" or
particular to Black experience.[7]
Nonetheless, upon opening, the play won
popular and critical acclaim.[6] At opening
night, after multiple curtain calls, the
audience cried out for the author,
whereupon Poitier jumped into the
audience and pulled Hansberry onto the
stage for her ovation.[8]

Hansberry noted that her play introduced

details of black life to the overwhelmingly
white Broadway audiences, while director
Richards observed that it was the first play
to which large numbers of black people
were drawn.[6] Frank Rich, writing in The
New York Times in 1983, stated that A
Raisin in the Sun "changed American
theater forever".[9] In 2016, Claire Brennan
wrote in The Guardian that "The power and
craft of the writing make A Raisin in the
Sun as moving today as it was then."[10]
In 1960 A Raisin In The Sun was nominated
for four Tony Awards:

Best Play – written by Lorraine

Hansberry; produced by Philip Rose,
David J. Cogan
Best Actor in Play – Sidney Poitier
Best Actress in a Play – Claudia McNeil
Best Direction of a Play – Lloyd Richards

West End production

Some five months after its Broadway
opening, Hansberry's play appeared in
London's West End, playing at the Adelphi
Theatre from August 4, 1959. As on
Broadway, the director was Lloyd Richards,
and the cast was as follows:

Kim Hamilton – Ruth Younger

John Adan – Travis Younger
Earle Hyman – Walter Lee Younger
Olga James – Beneatha Younger
Juanita Moore – Lena Younger
Bari Johnson – Joseph Asagai
Scott Cunningham – George Murchison
Meredith Edwards – Karl Lindner
Lionel Ngakane – Bobo

The play was presented (as before) by

Philip Rose and David J. Cogan, in
association with the British impresario
Jack Hylton.

1961 film
In 1961, a film version of A Raisin in the
Sun was released featuring its original
Broadway cast of Sidney Poitier, Ruby Dee,
Claudia McNeil, Diana Sands, Ivan Dixon,
Louis Gossett Jr. and John Fiedler.
Hansberry wrote the screenplay, and the
film was directed by Daniel Petrie. It was
released by Columbia Pictures and Ruby
Dee won the National Board of Review
Award for Best Supporting Actress. Both
Poitier and McNeil were nominated for
Golden Globe Awards, and Petrie received
a special "Gary Cooper Award" at the
Cannes Film Festival.

Historical background
Experiences in this play
What happens
echo a lawsuit, to a dream
Hansberry v. Lee, 311 deferred? Does
U.S. 32 (1940), to which it dry up like a

the playwright Lorraine raisin in the

Hansberry's father was sun?

a party, when he fought Langston

to have his day in court Hughes

(1951)[11]
despite the fact that a
previous class action
about racially motivated restrictive
covenants, Burke v. Kleiman, 277 Ill. App.
519 (1934), had been similar to his
situation. (This case was heard prior to the
passage of the Fair Housing Act—Title VIII
of the Civil Rights Act of 1968—which
prohibited discrimination in housing). The
Hansberry family won their right to be
heard as a matter of due process of law in
relation to the Fourteenth Amendment to
the United States Constitution. The
Supreme Court held that the Hansberry
defendants were not bound by the Burke
decision, because the class of
homeowners in the Washington Park
Subdivision had conflicting goals, and thus
could not be considered to be the same
class. The plaintiff in the first action in
1934 was Olive Ida Burke, who brought the
suit on behalf of a property owners'
association to enforce racial restrictions.
Her husband, James Burke, later sold a
house to Carl Hansberry (Lorraine's
father), when he changed his mind about
the validity of the covenant. Mr. Burke's
decision may have been motivated by the
changing demographics of the
neighborhood, but it was also influenced
by the Depression. The demand for houses
was so low among white buyers that Mr.
Hansberry may have been the only
prospective purchaser available.[12]
Other versions

1973 musical

A musical version of the play, Raisin, ran

on Broadway from October 18, 1973, to
December 7, 1975. The book of the
musical, which stayed close to the play,
was written by Hansberry's former
husband, Robert Nemiroff. Music and
lyrics were by Judd Woldin and Robert
Brittan. The cast included Joe Morton
(Walter Lee), Virginia Capers (Mama),
Ernestine Jackson (Ruth), Debbie Allen
(Beneatha) and Ralph Carter (Travis, the
Youngers' young son). The show won the
Tony Award for Best musical.

1989 TV film

In 1989, the play was adapted into a TV

film for PBS's American Playhouse series,
starring Danny Glover (Walter Lee) and
Esther Rolle (Mama), Kim Yancey
(Beneatha), Starletta DuPois (Ruth), John
Fiedler (Karl Lindner), and Helen Martin
(Mrs. Johnson). This production received
three Emmy Award nominations, but all
were for technical categories. Bill Duke
directed the production, while Chiz Schultz
produced. This production was based on
an off-Broadway revival produced by the
Roundabout Theatre.

1996 BBC Radio play

On 3 March 1996, the BBC broadcast a

production of the play by
director/producer Claire Grove, with the
following cast:[13]

Claire Benedict – Mama

Ray Shell – Walter Lee
Pat Bowie – Ruth
Lachelle Carl – Beneatha
Garren Givens – Travis
 Akim Mogaji – Joseph Asagai
Ray Fearon – George Murchison
John Sharion – Karl Lindner
Dean Hill – Bobo

Broadway revival, 2004

A revival ran on Broadway at the Royale

Theatre from April 26, 2004, to July 11,
2004[14] with the following cast:

Sean Combs – Walter Lee Younger

Audra McDonald – Ruth Younger
Phylicia Rashad – Lena Younger
Sanaa Lathan – Beneatha Younger
Bill Nunn – Bobo
 David Aaron Baker – Karl Lindner
Lawrence Ballard – moving man
Teagle F. Bougere – Joseph Asagai
Frank Harts – George Murchison
Billy Eugene Jones – moving man
Alexander Mitchell – Travis Younger

The director was Kenny Leon, and David

Binder and Vivek Tiwary were producers.

The play won two 2004 Tony Awards: Best

Actress in a Play (Phylicia Rashad) and
Best Featured Actress in a Play (Audra
McDonald), and was nominated for Best
Revival of a Play and Best Featured
Actress in a Play (Sanaa Lathan).
2008 TV film

In 2008, Sean Combs, Phylicia Rashad,

Audra McDonald, and Sanaa Lathan
reprised their roles from the 2004
Broadway revival in a television film
directed by Kenny Leon. The film debuted
at the 2008 Sundance Film Festival and
was broadcast by ABC on February 25,
2008. Rashad and McDonald received
Emmy nominations for their portrayals of
Lena and Ruth.[15] According to Nielsen
Media Research, the program was
watched by 12.7 million viewers and
ranked No. 9 in the ratings for the week
ending March 2, 2008.[16]
Royal Exchange, Manchester
production, 2010

In 2010, Michael Buffong directed a widely

acclaimed production at the Royal
Exchange Theatre in Manchester,[17]
described by Dominic Cavendish in The
Daily Telegraph as "A brilliant play,
brilliantly served".[18] Michael Buffong, Ray
Fearon and Jenny Jules all won MEN
Awards. The cast were:

Jenny Jules – Ruth Younger

Ray Fearon – Walter Lee Younger
Tracy Ifeachor – Beneatha Younger
 Starletta DuPois (who played Ruth in the
1989 film) – Lena Younger
Damola Adelaja – Joseph Asagai
Simon Combs – George Murchison
Tom Hodgkins – Karl Lindner
Ray Emmet Brown – Bobo/Moving Man

Broadway revival, 2014

A second revival ran on Broadway from

April 3, 2014, to June 15, 2014, at the Ethel
Barrymore Theatre.[19][20] The play won
three 2014 Tony Awards: Best Revival of a
Play, Best Performance by an Actress in a
Featured Role in a Play (Sophie Okonedo)
and Best Direction of a Play (Kenny
Leon).[21]

Denzel Washington – Walter Lee

Younger
Sophie Okonedo – Ruth Younger
LaTanya Richardson Jackson – Lena
Younger
Anika Noni Rose – Beneatha Younger
Stephen McKinley Henderson – Bobo
David Cromer – Karl Lindner
Keith Eric Chappelle – moving man
Sean Patrick Thomas – Joseph Asagai
Jason Dirden – George Murchison
 Billy Eugene Jones – moving man
Bryce Clyde Jenkins – Travis Younger

2016 BBC Radio Play

On 31 January 2016 the BBC broadcast a

new production of the play by
director/producer Pauline Harris. This
version restores the character of Mrs
Johnson and a number of scenes that
were cut from the Broadway production
and subsequent film, with the following
cast:[22]

Danny Sapani – Walter Lee Younger

Dona Croll – Lena Younger
Nadine Marshall – Ruth Younger
 Lenora Crichlow – Beneatha Younger
Segun Fawole – Travis Younger
Jude Akwudike – Bobo/Asagai
Cecilia Noble – Mrs. Johnson
Sean Baker – Karl Lindner
Richard Pepple – George Murchison

Arena Stage revival, 2017

The play opened on April 6, 2017, at Arena

Stage in Washington, D.C., directed by
Tazewell Thompson, with the following
cast:[23]

Will Cobbs – Walter Lee Younger

Lizan Mitchell – Lena Younger
 Dawn Ursula – Ruth Younger
Joy Jones – Beneatha Younger
Jeremiah Hasty – Travis Younger
Mack Leamon – Bobo/Asagai
Thomas Adrian Simpson – Karl Lindner
Keith L. Royal Smith – George
Murchison

The Raisin Cycle

The 2010 Bruce Norris play Clybourne Park
depicts the white family that sold the
house to the Youngers. The first act takes
place just before the events of A Raisin in
the Sun, involving the selling of the house
to the Black family; the second act takes
place 50 years later.[24]

The 2013 play by Kwame Kwei-Armah

entitled Beneatha's Place follows Beneatha
after she leaves with Asagai to Nigeria
and, instead of becoming a doctor,
becomes the Dean of Social Sciences at a
respected (unnamed) California
university.[25]

The two above plays, together with the

original, were referred to by Kwei-Armah as
"The Raisin Cycle" and were produced
together by Baltimore's Center Stage in the
2012–2013 season.[26]
See also
Portals: Theatre 1950s
United States
Civil rights movement in popular culture

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External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related
to A Raisin in the Sun.
​A Raisin in the Sun​(https://www.ibdb.co
m/broadway-show/1252) at the
Internet Broadway Database
A Raisin in the Sun (https://theatricalia.co
m/play/48b/a-raisin-in-the-sun) at
Theatricalia.com
Listen to the play online (http://town.hal
l.org/radio/HarperAudio/355_harp_00_I
TH.html)
EDSITEment's lesson Raisin in the Sun
the Quest for the American Dream (http
 s://edsitement.neh.gov/lesson-plan/rais
in-sun-quest-american-dream)
Text to Text: ‘'A Raisin in the Sun'’ and
‘'Discrimination in Housing Against
Nonwhites Persists Quietly'’ (http://learn
ing.blogs.nytimes.com/2014/03/13/text
-to-text-a-raisin-in-the-sun-and-discrimin
ation-in-housing-against-nonwhites-pers
ists-quietly/?_r=0) from The New York
Times

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