Kinyarwanda S6 Other Streams

Inzu y'ubwanditsi
Drakkar Ltd
Po Box 4435, Kigali, Rwanda
Website: www.drakkarworld.com
©Drakkar Ltd
Abanditse iki gitabo

MURERA Jean-Marie Vianney
HAGUMUBURAME Joseph
NTIZIHABOSE Jean Napoléon
MIHANGA Alphonse
VUGUZIGIRE Patrice
UMUKUNZI Eric
UBAYIMFURA Providence
Cyatangajwe ubwa mbere mu mwaka wa 2017
Uburenganzira bw'umwanditsi bugomba kubahirizwa. Birabujijwe gufotora iki gitabo, cyangwa

gukoresha ibihangano birimo mu gihe icyo ari cyo cyose utabifitiye uburenganzira bw'Inzu
y'Ubwanditsi Drakkar Ltd. Umuntu wese uzarenga kuri aya mabwiriza azahanwa n'itegeko (Itegeko
No 31/2009 ryo ku wa 26/10/2009 kuva ku ngingo ya 195 kugera ku ya 197).
ISBN 978-99977-49-20-8
Uwatunganyije igitabo
MURUNGA Paul
Icapiro
English Press Ltd
Ishakiro
Iriburiro.................................................................................................................................... i
Ibimenyetso nyobozi ........................................................................................................... iii
Umutwe wa 1: Umuco nyarwanda ........................................................... 1

Umwandiko: Ubukwe mu muco nyarwanda .............................................................. 1
Uturemajambo tw’inshinga .............................................................................................. 8
Inshamake y’ibyizwe mu mutwe wa mbere ............................................................... 16
Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa mbere ............................................................................... 16
Umutwe wa 2: Uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye ......................................... 19

Umwandiko: Uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye mu muco nyarwanda................... 19
Uturemajambo tw’inshinga twungirije ........................................................................ 23
Impapuro zagenewe kuzuzwa. ........................................................................................ 30
Inshamake y’ibyizwe mu mutwe wa kabiri ................................................................ 37
Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa kabiri ................................................................................ 37
Umutwe wa 3: Ubuzima ............................................................................ 41

Umwandiko: Indwara z’ibyorezo ................................................................................... 41
Imbwirwaruhame ................................................................................................................. 45
Inshamake y’ibyizwe mu mutwe wa gatatu ............................................................... 47
Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa gatatu ............................................................................... 48
Umutwe wa 4: Umuco w’amahoro .......................................................... 50

Umwandiko: Gukumira no kurwanya jenoside ........................................................ 50
Inyandiko z’ubutegetsi: Ibaruwa isaba akazi n’umwirondoro ........................... 54
Inshamake y’ibyizwe mu mutwe wa kane .................................................................. 63
Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa kane .................................................................................. 64
Umutwe wa 5: Iterambere ........................................................................ 67

Umwandiko: Mahoro akungahara .................................................................................. 67
Amatangazo n’ubutumire .................................................................................................. 72
Inshamake y’ibyizwe mu mutwe wa gatanu............................................................... 75
Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa gatanu................................................................................ 75
Umutwe wa 6: Ubukoroni.......................................................................... 79
Abakoroni n’ingoma y’umwami Musinga..................................................................... 79
Inkuru y’ikinyamakuru: Gusesengura inkuru y'ikinyamakuru........................... 83
Inshamake y’ibyizwe mu mutwe wa gatandatu........................................................ 85
Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa gatandatu ........................................................................ 86
Umutwe wa 7: Ibiyobyabwenge................................................................ 90
Inkuru ishushanije: Ingaruka z’ibiyobyabwenge ..................................................... 90
Inkuru ishushanyije.............................................................................................................. 102
Inshamake y’ibyizwe mu mutwe wa karindwi.......................................................... 103
Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa karindwi .......................................................................... 103
Imyandiko y’inyongera............................................................................... 107
Inyunguramagambo nshya........................................................................ 122
Inyandiko n’ibitabo byifashishijwe............................................................. 125
Imbuga nkoranyambaga............................................................................ 127

Iriburiro
Muri iki gihe mu Rwanda, uburyo bw’imyigire n’imyigishirize bushingiye ku
munyeshuri. Iki ni kimwe mu bitabo bijyanye n’ubwo buryo, kigomba kwigishwa
mu mwaka wa gatandatu w’amashuri yisumbuye atari ay’indimi. Cyanditswe ku
buryo giha abanyeshuri ubushobozi bunyuranye bwatuma bitwara neza ku isoko
ry’umurimo, kikanabategura kandi gushobora gukurikira amashuri makuru no
kwirwanaho mu buzima busanzwe.
Iki gitabo cyanditswe ku buryo kigufasha kugira n’ubundi bumenyi nsanganyamasomo
mu nzego zinyuranye zijyanye n’ubuzima busanzwe bwa buri munsi mu Rwanda
no ku isi yose muri rusange. Harimo imyitozo ituma ugira uruhare mu myigire
yawe. Harimo ubumenyi fatizo bwatuma wiyungura ubwenge mu bumenyi ngiro,
ukikemurira ibibazo, ugasabana n’abandi, ugashobora gusobanura ibyo wiga no
guhanga udushya, ushungura ibitekerezo, utamira bunguri gusa ibiri mu gitabo
cyangwa ibyo ubwirwa n’umwarimu. Iki gitabo kizagufasha gukura mu bitekerezo
no gushobora kwisobanura nk’umuntu wize koko.
Iki gitabo kandi kizagufasha cyane gukora imyitozo yawe bwite, gukorera mu
matsinda no gukora ubushakashatsi bunyuranye. Bityo rero, urasabwa gukora
imyitozo yose ikubiyemo kuko ari ingirakamaro cyane. Hari byinshi umunyeshuri
yigira kuri bagenzi be mu ishuri. Ni yo mpamvu imyinshi mu myitozo ikubiyemo
igusaba kujya impaka wungurana ibitekerezo na bagenzi bawe, ukorera mu matsinda
manini cyangwa mato. Indi myitozo irimo izagusaba gukora ubushakashatsi mu nzu
z’isomero, kuri interineti cyangwa wifashisha itangazamakuru rinyuranye.
Iki gitabo kizagufasha gushungura ibitekerezo wumvise cyangwa wasomye uko
bikwiye ugaragaza ko wasobanukiwe n’ubutumwa. Kuvuga udategwa, utanga
ibitekerezo bigaragaza uko wumva ibintu kandi utanga ingingo zishyigikira cyangwa
zivuguruza ibitekerezo by’abandi ku nsanganyamatsiko zinyuranye. Gusoma
udategwa inyandiko zinyuranye, inkuru zishingiye ku biriho cyangwa ibihimbano,
no kumva insanganyamatsiko z’ingenzi, ibitekerezo, ibyabaye, abavugwa mu
nkuru n’uturango tw’ururimi rwakoreshejwe. Guhanga imyandiko irambuye ku
nsanganyamatsiko zatoranyijwe ukurikiranya neza ibitekerezo no guhanga wigana.
Kwandika ibitekerezo byawe ku buryo bufututse no guhitamo ibyo uvuga n’uburyo
ubivugamo bitewe n’icyo ugamije n’abo ubwira. Kuyobora no gutegura ibiganiro
mpaka. Gusesengura imiterere y’ururimi no gukoresha uko bikwiye ubwoko
bunyuranye bw’amagambo mu nteruro.
Iki gitabo k’Ikinyarwanda kigabanyijwemo imitwe irindwi ikubiyemo
insanganyamatsiko zivuga umuco nyarwanda, uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye, ubuzima,
umuco w’amahoro, iterambere, ubukoroni n’ibiyobyabwenge. Izo nsanganyamatsiko
zizagufasha kugira ubukesha ku ngingo zinyuranye ari zo: ubukwe mu muco
nyarwanda, imisango y’ubukwe, uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye mu muco nyarwanda,
i
ingaruka z’indwara z’ibyorezo n’ingamba zo kuzirinda, gukumira no kurwanya
jenoside, amateka n’inkurikizi za jenoside n’ingamba zo kuyikumira, guhanga
umurimo kugamije kwigira, ingaruka z’ubukoroni n’ingingo y’ibiyobyabwenge.
Iyo myandiko kandi izagufasha no kwiga ubundi bumenyi bw’ururimi mu
Kinyarwanda; uturemajambo tw’inshinga, impapuro zo kuzuza, imbwirwaruhame,
inyandiko (ibaruwa isaba akazi n’umwirondoro urambuye, amatangazo, ubutumire,
inkuru y’ikinyamakuru n’inkuru ishushanyije.
Hakubiyemo imyitozo izagufasha gusesengura iyo myandiko no kwiyungura andi
magambo ukora imyitozo yo kuzuza amagambo mu nteruro, guhuza amagambo
hakoreshejwe utwambi, gushaka amagambo mu binyatuzu... Harimo kandi imyitozo
izagufasha guhanga imyandiko inyuranye, kuvugira mu ruhame no gusesengura
ikibonezamvugo gikubiyemo. Iyo myitozo ikubiyemo iteye ku buryo iguha uruhare
runini mu myigire yawe igutoza gukora ubushakashatsi bunyuranye nko gusoma
ibitabo bitandukanye byagufasha gukora imyitozo ikubiyemo, kubaza abantu bakuru
muturanye kugira ngo baguhe ibitekerezo ku nsanganyamatsiko zikubiyemo zo
kujyaho impaka na bagenzi bawe mwungurana ibitekerezo. Muri iyo myitozo kandi,
hari izagusaba gutekereza ku buryo bwimbitse, guhanga udushya, ubufatanye na
bagenzi bawe mukorera hamwe, ndetse n’indi izagufasha gukomeza kwiyungura
ubwenge n’igihe utari ku ishuri.
Iki gitabo kandi cyanditswe ku buryo kikorohera mu kugisoma hakoreshwa ibika,
gukurikiranya ibyigwa neza hagaragazwa imitwe n’ibikubiye muri buri mutwe
bihabwa nimero cyangwa bigaragazwa ku buryo bwihariye. Hari kandi ibimenyetso
bikugaragariza imyitozo inyuranye.
Mu mpera z’igitabo hari ibisobanuro by’amagambo akubiye mu myandiko atondetse
yubahirije itonde ry’Ikinyarwanda, uhuye n’ijambo rikugoye mu kuribonera
igisobanuro, wareba niba utarisangamo uramutse utarisanzemo ukifashisha
inkoranyamagambo. Hari kandi n’imyandiko y’inyongera izagutoza kwisomera ndetse
n’ibitabo n’imyandiko byifashishijwe byagufasha kurushaho kwiyungura ubumenyi.
Muri make, iki gitabo kizagufasha kumenya ubukungu bw’umuco nyarwanda binyuze
mu buvanganzo ndetse no gusesengura imiterere y’Ikinyarwanda bityo ukarushaho
kugikunda no kugikundisha abandi.
ii
Ibimenyetso nyobozi
Ikimenyetso Ibisobanuro
Iki kimenyetso kikwereka umwitozo wo gukorera hamwe mu
ishuri babiribabiri.
Iki kimenyetso kikwereka umwitozo wo gukora wowe ubwawe

ku giti cyawe.
Iki kimenyetso kikwereka umwitozo wo gukorera hamwe mu

ishuri ryose mwungurana ibitekerezo cyangwa mujya impaka.
Iki kimenyetso kikwereka umwitozo wo gutekereza ku buryo

bwimbitse.
Iki kimenyetso kikwereka umwitozo wo kwandika.
Iki kimenyetso kikwereka umwitozo w’isuzuma risoza umutwe.
Iki kimenyetso kirakwereka umwitozo w’ubushakashatsi

mu nzu y’isomero ku bijyanye n’ikibonezamvugo cyangwa
ubuvanganzo.
Iki kimenyetso kirakwereka umwitozo wo gukina mwigana.
iii
1 Umuco nyarwanda
Umwandiko: Ubukwe mu muco nyarwanda
Ushinzwe amagambo:
Nk’uko mubibonye, mu kanya haje umushyitsi. Ntaratwibwira nubwo nge mbona
amaso atari aya cyakora yahindutse uko yari asanzwe atemberera muri uru rugo
ndabona atari ko yaje. Yaje agaragiwe n’abandi kandi ubundi yazaga wenyine
cyangwa akazana n’abandi bantu nka babiri. Nyakubahwa umukuru w’umuryango wa
Rugendo aba bashyitsi baje si nge wabaha ikaze mu rugo rwawe kandi uhibereye, reka
nguhe umwanya ubahe ikaze nibiba ngombwa uraza kubaha umwanya batubwire
ikibagenza.
1
Umusangwa mukuru:
Tubahaye ikaze bashyitsi bahire. Mu muryango wa Rugendo rero dukunda gusabana,
mudusanze twibereye mu busabane busoza umwaka, amazimano arahari abahungu
bange nibabazimanire. Simbise abavumba n’ubundi ibiryoshye ni ibisangirwa,
nimwumva mushize inyota muritahira dusigare mu busabane bwacu.
Ushinzwe amagambo:
Nyamara nubwo ntasoma ku mitima y’abantu, ariko uyu mushyitsi ndabona asa
n’urimo gusaba ijambo, reka tumuhe umwanya ndabona asa n’ushakaga kutubwira
ikimugenza.
Umukwe mukuru:
Murakoze, mbere na mbere mbanje kubashimira uko mwatwakiriye muri ubu
busabane bwanyu. Muragahorana amazimano! Uwenze iyi nzoga mutwakirije,
igikatsi yagitsikamiye neza ntiyashakiye ubwinshi mu mazi. Nshimye uko unzimaniye
uretse ko bitanantunguye, buri gihe iwawe n’iwange turazimanirana. Hambere
twagize umugisha Imana itanga iwacu ndetse n’iwanyu, iraturemera iduhangamo
urukundo, imaze kutwita amazina tuvuye mu ngaragu, iduha kubyara tubyara
abahungu n’abakobwa. Mu bana rero bavutse mu muryango wa Bazinura ari na wo
mpagarariye barimo abakobwa n’abahungu ariko umwe w’umuhungu ni we waje
aransanga angezaho ikifuzo ko atagishaka gukomeza kwitwa ingaramakirambi
ko twamushakira akitwa umugabo. Tumushakira umuranga, araza aha iwanyu
ararambagiza, aturangira umugeni muri uru rugo. Muri make twaje kubasaba
umugeni witwa Mukandahiro.
Nge narigenzuye nsanga nta mpamvu n’imwe ihari yatuma utampa umugeni cyane ko
atari n’ubwa mbere naba nje gusaba muri uru rugo. Nzi neza ko ntagira ibyaha yewe
n’iyo haba hari igicumuro natanga ikiru, ariko ibyaha byatuma munyima umugeni
byo nta byo.
Umusangwa mukuru:
Ko hano tugira ba Mukandahiro benshi, urifuza Mukandahiro wuhe? Dufite Karine,
Viviyana, Sesire na Virijiniya.
Umukwe mukuru:
Ndasaba Mukandahiro Virijiniya.
Umusangwa mukuru:
Nabitegereje nsanga izo mfura ndeba mwazanye zicaye ku ntebe eshatu zibanza nta
cyo nazivugaho, ni abantu b’indahemuka. Cyakora abicaye kuri izo z’inyuma aho
ntareba niba hari abantu bo mu muryango wacu bajya batemberera ku Mugote no
muri izo nshe zihegereye uwagira icyo yabavugaho akivuge.
Umusangwa:
Murakoze, hari umukobwa wacu waje ku Mugote ahamara iminsi agaruka abasore
2
baho baramuteye inda. Ku bw’iyo mpamvu nge numva tutabashyingira umukobwa
wacu.
Umukwe mukuru:
Arakoze uriya ugaragaje icyo yita ko ari ikibazo. Cyakora ndagira ngo mbamare
impungenge. Uwo mukobwa ndamuzi. Yaje mu muryango wacu ahorose pe!
Turamwondora agaruka abyibushye mukeka ko bamuteye inda. Si inda yatewe
ahubwo yarahageze ibiryo by’iwacu biramuyoboka, anywa inshyushyu, anywa
ikivuguto arabyibuha. Ahubwo ubu na Virijiniya tubasaba naza akahamara kabiri
azabyibuha abatazi uko tugabura bazavuga ko yaje atwite.
Umusangwa mukuru:
Umugeni uramuhawe ariko ni umukobwa. Ni Mutumwinka. Nta kindi narenzaho
ibindi nawe urabyibwiriza.
Umukwe mukuru:
Uhawe inka akura ubwatsi ariko uhawe umugeni arashimira. Ndagira ngo ngushimire
mbikuye ku mutima. Uragahore ubyara abakobwa. Nzanira iyo nzoga mwana wange
mushimire! Uyu muryango mpagarariye uzira ibyaha ariko ntuzire ijuru. Ikindi tuzira
ni ukurongora abakobwa tutakoye. Ndi imbere yawe kandi n’imbere y’aba bagabo,
reka nisubirire mu mwanya wange umpe abagabo bankoshe.
Umusangwa mukuru:
Ngira ngo wabyivugiye ko atari ubwa mbere ukwa muri uyu muryango. Harya niba
ubyibuka nyibutsa izo dukosha.
Umukwe mukuru:
Ntabwo ari wowe wibagiwe inkwano ukosha kandi ari wowe ubyara abakobwa.
Ikindi kandi sinakwibutsa uko nakoye. Uwazicaniye ni nyirasenge w’umwana wawe
ikindi kandi nawe zimaze kubyara urazikama, gusa nzikwa zari umunani ariko ubu
zabaye ishyo.
Umusangwa mukuru:
Yeee! Ndumva koko uko twagukosheje ubyibuka. N’ubu tugukosheje inyana umunani.
Inyana umunani zirara imfizi mu mahembe. Ngira ngo urabyumva.
Umukwe mukuru:
Abakirana batangana berekana aheza kugira ngo hatagira uvunika. Uyu munsi
ndagira ngo ngukwere nk’uko nsanzwe ngukwera. Hirya aha mpagira urwuri.
Nazanye n’umutahira wange Kanuma, haguruka sha! Vayo uze unyegere. Uyu mwana
w’umuhungu, ni umugabo ariko ndamwita umwana kuko namubyaye. Ni umutahira
w’izacu. Icyo bashaka ni inyana umunani. Nkubwira kuzihanagura nakubwiye izo
nshaka uko zimeze. Jyana n’umushumba wabo, undebere imigongo yazo, ingeso
3
zazo n’ibibero byazo ni byo bibyara amata. Muzirongorane n’izindi barobanure mu
ishyo inyana umunani.
Umushumba:
Nk’uko yabibabwiraga ni ko nabisanze. Inyana umunani nazishimye nzigejeje mu
kiraro. Ni inyana nziza. Zifite imigongo miremire n’ibibero byiza mbese nazishimye.
Umusangwa mukuru:
Ubwo inkwano zawe zashimwe umugeni uramuhawe. Wicare ugubwe neza, ariko
nge mfite impungenge. Ko mbona imbere aho wicaranye n’abasaza bafite uruhanga
ruharaze imvi nk’izange sinzi niba uwo usabira ari umwe muri abo ngabo!
Umukwe mukuru:
Ndasabira umuhungu wa Bazinura witwa Karinda. Nubwo tutazanye, naketse ko
muri bunsabe ko abaramutsa mutumaho mu ikoranabuhanga. Munkundiye rero
mwanyemerera akaza akabaramutsa. Tebuka sha! Ariko rero mu gihe wanyakiraga
ninjiye, naje mfite ubutumwa maze kubagezaho natumwe na Bazinura. Yambwiye ati:
“Ngaho genda ungire mu Kivugiza ubandamukirize, ubansabirire umwana umugeni,
nange nsigaye aha n’abasaza n’abakecuru bagutegeye impumbya ngaho genda. Nuza
kugabana ucyuye umunyafu ugaruke unsange umbwire niba urugendo wagize kwa
Rugendo rwaguhiriye.
4
Ndagira ngo munyemerere ngende hakibona nsange abo basaza mbabwire ko
mwampaye umugeni. Mbafashe kwitegura kugira ngo ejo cyangwa ejobundi ningaruka
gutebutsa mbasaba ko mwaduhekera muzasange mfite ibyangombwa byose
bikwiye muje kudushyingira, maze natwe tuzabagerere mu ko mwatwujurijemo.
Erega mu buryo butaziguye nari nsezeye dore ko gusezera ari mu nzu nako hanze
ni murabeho. Muragahorana Imana.
Umusangwa mukuru: Wazanye n’ababyeyi bonsa, wazanye n’abasore, wazanye
n’abagabo b’amajigija n’ibikwerere. Reka nguhe impamba yabo.
Umukobwa wange nagutwaze akugeze hariya ariko iyi nkwihereye uyigeze mu rugo
ni iya Bazinura wagutumye. Ugende uyimushyikirize kibe nk’ikimenyetso cy’uko
wageze aho yagutumye.
Umukwe mukuru: Sinongera kwicara kuko burya uhawe impamba arahaguruka
akagenda. Ariko reka mbaze nsabe umuhungu wange guherekeza umugeni we.
Umva sha! Uherekeze uwo mukobwa umugeze ku muryango wa se. Hari inkingi
yitwa Kanagazi, ufite uburenganzira bwo guhita kuri iyo nkingi yonyine. Ku rusika
rw’umugendo ni ho abashyitsi bagarukira. Mu ndaburano ni aha se kuko imbere ari
aha nyina. Mu ruhimbi ni ah’abakobwa. Namara kukwereka intebe uzajya wicaraho
waje kwa sobukwe, uhite ugaruka uze dutahe ejo cyangwa ejobundi nzazana inzoga
yo gutebutsa baduhekere.
I. Inyunguramagambo
A. Sobanura amagambo akurikira:
1. Amaso si aya 6. Inyana zirara imfizi mu mahembe

2. Igikatsi 7. Uruhanga ruharaze imvi
3. Kudashakira ubwinshi mu mazi 8. Tuzabagerera mu ko mwatwujurijemo
4. Kondora umuntu 9. Inkingi yitwa Kanagazi
5. Ishyo ry’inka
B. Kora iyi myitozo y’inyunguramagambo
1. Koresha amagambo akurikira mu nteruro wumvikanisha icyo ashaka gusobanura:

a) Kondora c) Uruhimbi
b) Igikatsi d) Ishyo ry’inka
2. Simbuza amagambo atsindagiye ari mu nteruro zikurikira impuzanyito zayo:
a) Uyu mwana yabyirutse afite imbaraga.
5
b) Yakoze uko ashoboye kose nta cyo namugaya.
c) Kera umushumba ni we wahamagaraga umwisi ngo aze kwita inka
amazina.
3. Mu kinyatuzu gikurikira harimo amagambo makumyabiri n’abiri (22) y’imihango
cyangwa y’ibikoresho byo mu bukwe. Tahuramo ayo magambo, uva hasi ujya
hejuru, uva hejuru ujya hasi, uva iburyo ujya ibumoso, uva ibumoso ujya iburyo,
uberamye.
I B I S H Y I N G I R A N W A
G N O N M L L N U N D I I H M
U U D M Z N G V T E E S M Z A
S W T O I O L M E G G T P C J
H D B W N D G R B U A I A D Y
Y V A B I G C A U M T Y N W A
I S U K A K O U T U E H O Y M
N K I J O P U R S A P S B V B
G U K W A K J R A U M U K W E
I N K W A N O Z U N I M R S R
R A G N A R U M U R Y U T U E
W N U M U S A N G W A O W V I
A B A S U G U T E K E S H A N
U T Z C A Z I G A B M A R U K
K U R A M U K A N Y A Y Z A A
II. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko
Subiza ibibazo bikurikira:
1. Ni uwuhe mushyitsi uvugwa wari waje?

2. Umukwe mukuru ageze kwa Rugendo yasanze bakoranyijwe n’iki? Ese koko icyo
bavuga mu mwandiko ni cyo cyari cyabakoranyije? Sobanura igisubizo cyawe.
3. Ni iyihe nteruro igaragaza ko umukwe mukuru yishimiye amazimano?
6
4. Uwavuga ko uyu mwandiko ufitanye isano no gucyocyorana mu buryo bwa
gipfura yaba yibeshye? Tanga ingero ebyiri ziherekeza igisubizo cyawe.
5. Ni iyihe mihango y’ubukwe bwa Kinyarwanda ivugwa muri uyu mwandiko?
Yandike uyikurikiranya uko ikurikirana.
6. Ni he mu mwandiko bagaragaza ko uwo muhungu yari ageze mu gihe cyo gushaka
koko?
7. Ni iki kigaragaza ko uwo muhungu yari afite ishyushyu ryo kumenya igisubizo
umuryango we uri bumuhe?
8. Ni iki kigaragaza ko umusore bamuhaye uburenganzira bwo kwishakira
umugeni? Ese na kera ubwo burenganzira bwabagaho? Byagendaga bite?
9. Uyu mwandiko urangira batubwira ko hazakurikiraho uwuhe muhango uzwi
mu bukwe bwa kinyarwanda? Uwo muhango uba ugamije iki? Ni iyihe mihango
itavugwa mu mwandiko iwukurikira?
III. Ibibazo byo gusesengura umwandiko
Tekereza maze usubize ibi bibazo
1. Ni iyihe nsanganyamatsiko ivugwa mu mwandiko?

2. Garagaza ingingo z’umuco nyarwanda ziri mu mwandiko.
Umwitozo
Mukurikirane imisango y’ubukwe hanyuma mujore uburyo abakinankuru
baganiraga.
IV. Kungurana ibitekerezo no kujya impaka
Gereranya uko imihango y’ubukwe yakorwaga kera n’uko ikorwa muri iki gihe.
Ni akahe kamaro k’imihango y’ubukwe muri iki gihe?
Umukoro
Mukine imisango y’ubukwe mwigana abakinankuru bavugwa muri bene iyo
mihango.
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Uturemajambo tw’inshinga
Itegereze izi nteruro maze ukore ubushakashatsi usubiza ibibazo

bizikurikira bibajijwe ku magambo atsindagiye.
1. Bakomeza kugenda baganira ariko bababaye cyane kubera kudatura mu

mudugudu.
2. Ibyo mumbwiye ni ukuri; ngomba kwimuka mu manga.
3. Ababyeyi bacu bari bazi kuvumbika umuriro.
Ibibazo
1. Amagambo atsindagiye ari mu nteruro ya mbere agaragaza iki? Atandukaniye
he?
2. Ijambo ritsindagiye riri mu nteruro ya kabiri ryo riteye rite urigereranyije n’ayo
mu nteruro ya mbere? Rigaragaza iki?
3. Ushingiye ku miterere yayo, tandukanya amagambo atsindagiye ari mu nteruro
ya gatatu.
4. Aya magambo yose atsindagiye ni bwoko ki? Gerageza kugaragaza intêgo zayo.
1) Inshoza y’inshinga
Inshinga ni ijambo ryumvikanisha igikorwa, imico cyangwa imimerere ya
ruhamwa mu nteruro. Muri make, inshinga ni yo itanga ubutumwa mu nteruro.
2) Amoko y’inshinga
Mu moko y’inshinga hagaragaramo inshinga isanzwe n’inshinga idasanzwe.
Inshinga isanzwe ishobora kuba iri mu mbundo cyangwa itondaguye. Ni ukuvuga
ko inshinga ishobora kwigaragaza mu nteruro ari:
– Inshinga idasanzwe bita nkene cyangwa mburabuzi.
– Inshinga isanzwe iri mu mbundo.
– Inshinga isanzwe itondaguye.
a) Inshinga idasanzwe
Inshinga idasanzwe bita nkene cyangwa mburabuzi ni inshinga zidakoreshwa
nk’inshinga zisanzwe kuko usanga hari ibihe bimwe na bimwe by’inshinga
zidatondagurwamo. Ikindi kiziranga ni uko usanga nta zina rishobora gukomoka
kuri bene izo nshinga. Ni inshinga zigizwe n’ibicumbi gusa (-ni, -ri, -fite, -ruzi,
-zi); ntizifite imbundo zizwi ni yo mpamvu ku mikoreshereze y’imisozo yayo,
usanga izo nshinga zidakorana n’imisozo -e, -aga, -ye na a mu buryo busanzwe.
Cyakora iyo zikoreshejweho ingereka zishobora gusesengurwamo imisozo.
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b) Inshinga isanzwe iri mu mbundo
Inshinga idatondaguye yitwa imbundo. Ni inshinga itagaragaza ngenga irimo.
Imbundo ni ijambo ry’imberabyombi rifite imiterere nk’iy’izina n’iy’inshinga.
Iyo imbundo ifashe imiterere y’izina ibarirwa mu nteko ya 15.
Urugero: kugenda (Ukugenda) kwe kwatangaje benshi.
c) Inshinga itondaguye
Ni inshinga igaragaza ngenga yayo, ruhamwa ndetse n’igihe itondaguwemo.
Urugero: Nzakora
Ikitonderwa: Hari bamwe na bamwe bashyira “Ingirwanshinga ; -ti,-tya,-tyo, na
-te” mu moko y‘inshinga zidasanzwe bitwaje ko na zo zijya muri ngenga uko ari
eshatu, nyamara ingirwanshinga ni ubwoko bw’ijambo bwihariye kuko usibye
kuba zigaragaza ngenga nta rindi huriro zifitanye n’inshinga kuko zitagaragaza
igikorwa cyangwa imico n’imimerere ya ruhamwa.
3. Uturemajambo tw’ibanze tw’inshinga
a) Inshinga iri mu mbundo
Uturemajambo fatizo tw’inshinga iri mu mbundo ni dutatu:
– indanganshinga ku-
– Umuzi (z )
– Umusozo( soz)
Ingero: Gukora: ku-kor-a k→g/-GR
Gukina: ku-kin-a k→g/-GR
Kubyina: ku-byin-a k→g/-GR
Inshinga iri mu mbundo ishobora kugira utundi turemajambo nk’indangagihe
-za-, ingenantego -ta- ingereka zinyuranye n’indangasano z’ibyuzuzo. Cyakora iyo
tudahari mu mwanya watwo ntihasimbuzwa ø kubera ko tuba atari uturemajambo
fatizo. Hari bamwe bashyira ø inyuma y’indanganshinga kukugira ngo bagaragaze
ko indangagihe idahari nubwo kutagashyiraho nta cyo byaba bitwaye.
Urugero: Gukora: ku- ø -kor-a k→g/-GR
Gukina: ku- ø -kin-a k→g/-GR
Kubyina: ku- ø -byin-a k→g/-GR
Umusozo w’inshinga iri mu mbundo ni –a gusa.
b) Inshinga itondaguye
Inshinga isanzwe itondaguye igira uturemajambo tw’ibanze tune:
- Indanganshinga (bamwe bita indangasano ya ruhamwa; RSH mu mpine,
- Indangagihe (Bamwe bita ingenantego y’igihe Rgh mu mpine),
- Umuzi (Z)
- Umusozo (Soz).
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Urugero:
Arahinga: a-ra-hing-a a-: Indanganshinga ra-: indangagihe
hing-:umuzi -a : umusozo
Utu turemajambo fatizo tuba tugomba kugaragara buri gihe mu nshinga. Iyo hagize
akatagaragara gasimbuzwa aka kamenyetso ø
Urugero:
Akora i Kigali. a- ø- kor- a
Mpa iyo kayi. ø -ø –n-ha-a n→ m/-h, mh→ mp mu myandikire, a→ø /-J
Vuga neza twumvikane ø –ø-vug-a
Ajyayo buri munsi a –ø-gi-a-(yo) i→y /-J, gy→jy mu myandikire.
1. Indangasano za ruhamwa (Indanganshinga) RSH
Indangasano ya ruhamwa ni akaremajambo k’inshinga itondaguye kerekana
ngenga ibereye inshinga ruhamwa. Ni ko kagaragaza isano ruhamwa ifitanye
n’inshinga. Aka karemajambo kaba gahagarariye ukora igikorwa mu nshinga.
Indangasano za ruhamwa ni 20; ni ukuvuga indangasano za ruhamwa 4 zo muri
ngenga ya mbere n’iya kabiri ubumwe n’ubwinshi n’indangasano 16 zo muri
ngenga ya gatatu zihagarariye inteko 16.
Ikitonderwa:
a) Indangasano ya ruhamwa ya ngenga ya mbere ikoreshwa iyo umuntu yivuga
ubwe cyangwa abantu bivuga ubwabo.
b) Ngenga ya kabiri ikoreshwa iyo umuntu abwira undi cyangwa abandi.
c) Ngenga ya gatatu ikoreshwa iyo umuntu avuga undi cyangwa abandi, ikindi
cyangwa ibindi bintu ikaba yisanisha mu nteko 16.
d) Mu nteko ya 12 n’iya 14 hari indangasano za ruhamwa ariko mu by’ukuri
zidasimbura ijambo ryo muri izo nteko.
Urugero:
karabaye, karahanyuze, burakeye...
2. Ingenantego y’igihe (Indangagihe)
Ingenantego y’igihe cyangwa indangagihe ni akaremajambo gakurikira
indanganshinga kakagaragaza igihe inshinga itondaguwemo.
Ingenantego z’igihe ni: -ø-: iranga indagihe, -za-: iranga inzagihe na -a-(â, aa):
igaragaza impitagihe
Ingero:
– Agenda: a- ø-gend-a
– Azagenda: a-za-gend-a
– Yagiye: (uyu munsi) a-a-gi-ye, (ejo) a-a-gi-ye, (wa mwana)a-aa-gi-ye a→y /-J
Izo ngenantego zigaragaza igihe iyo zitagaragaye mu nshinga zisimbuzwa -ø- kubera
ko indangagihe ari akaremajambo fatizo k’inshinga itondaguwe.
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Usibye izi ngenantego zigaragaza igihe hari izindi ngenantego zishobora kugaragara
mu nshinga zifite ibindi bisobanuro binyuranye nko guhakana, kugaragaza igikorwa
gikomeza, kugaragaza ibikorwa bikurikirana…
Ingero:
-ta-: utagenda -ki-: akigenda -o-ka-: wokagenda
-ra-: aragenda -na-: anagenda -i-ku-: wikwanga
-ka-: akagenda -i-: wigenda -e-ku-: yekwiba
-ka-na-: akanagenda -ra-ki-a-:aracyagenda
Ikitonderwa:
a) Ingenantego zishobora guhurira mu nshinga imwe zirenze imwe.
Urugero:
utazagenda: u-ta-za-gend-a, ataragenda: a-ta-ra-gend-a, aracyanagenda: a-ra-
ki-a-na-gend-a
b) Ingenantego –i-, -ta-, -e-ku-, -i-ku- zifite inyito yo guhakana mu nshinga.
c) Ingenantego -na- ni akaremajambo k’inyibutsacyungo mu nshinga kunga
ibikorwa bibiri.
Urugero: Barabiterura baranabijyana.
3. Umuzi
Umuzi ni akaremajambo shingiro k’ijambo rikenera umusozo. Ni wo shingiro
ry’inyito y’ijambo. Umuzi ushobora kuba wihagije cyangwa utihagije. Umuzi
wihagije ni ushobora gukoreshwa udakurikiwe n’ingereka kugira ngo inyito
yawo ibone kuzura. Umuzi utihagije ni ugomba gukenera ingereka kugira ngo
inyito yawo ibone kuzura. Ni bene uwo muzi bita intima. Bene iyo mizi itihagije
tuzayibona nidusesengura akaremajambo kitwa ingereka mu turemajambo
tw’inyongera.
Kugira ngo ubone umuzi w’inshinga ifite imigemo irenze ibiri, utondagura inshinga
mu buryo bw’integeko ugakuraho umusozo.
Ingero: gukora: kor-a, guteka; tek-a, kwiga: ig-a…
Ikitonderwa:
Hari inshinga16 zifite imizi y’imvugwarimwe. Bene izo nshinga iyo zishakirwa
imizi bazitondagura mu mpitakare muri ngenga ya gatatu y’ubumwe bagakuraho
indangasano ya ruhamwa n’umusozo – ye.
Izo nshinga ni izi zikurikira:
Inshinga Impitagihe Umuzi
1. Kuba Yabaye -ba-
2. Guca Yaciye -ci-
3. Kugwa Yaguye -gu-
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4. Guha Yahaye -ha-
5. Gushya Yahiye -hi-
6. Gukwa Yakoye -ko-
7. Kumwa Yamoye -mo-
8. Kunnya Yaneye -ne-
9. Kunywa Yanyoye -nyo-
10. Gupfa Yapfuye -pfu-
11. Kurya Yariye -ri-
12. Gusya Yaseye -se-
13. Guta Yataye -ta-
14. Kuva Yavuye -vu-
15. Kujya Yagiye -gi-
16. Gucya Bwakeye -ke-
Ikitonderwa:
Hari inshinga zifite imigemo ibiri ariko zikora nk’inshinga zirengeje imigemo ibiri.
Muri zo twavuga inshinga “gusa” n’inshinga “kuza”. Umuzi w’inshinga gusa ni -s-
igira impindurantego ya -shush- naho umuzi w’inshinga kuza ni -z-.
4. Umusozo
Umusozo w’inshinga ni akaremajambo gasoza inshinga kakagaragaza irebero ryayo.
Nk’uko twabibonye mu itondaguranshinga, irebero rivuga imitindire y’igikorwa,
imikorerwe cyangwa imirangirire yacyo. Imisozo y’inshinga imwe igaragaza irebero
nkomeza, indi ikagaragaza irebero nshize.
4.1.Imisozo igaragaza irebero nshize
Iyo misozo ni –e na –ye. Iyi misozo igaragaza igikorwa cyarangiye cyangwa
ikigomba kurangira.
a) Umusozo –e
Umusozo –e ukunze kugaragara cyane mu ntegeko no mu nziganyo.
Ingero:
Mukore: mu-ø-kor-e
Mvuge: n-ø-vug-e (n→m/-v)
Nige: n-ø-ig-e
Azagende: a-za-gend-e
Atahe:a-ø-tah-e
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Amategeko y’igenamajwi akoreshwa ku musozo –e
Amategeko y’igenamajwi ajyana n’umusozo -e ni ayo ku nshinga zifite imizi
y’imvugwarimwe ari zo kuba, guca, kujya, kugwa, guha, gusya, gucya, gukwa, kumwa,
kunywa, kunnya, gupfa, kurya, gusya, guta no kuva.
Amategeko y’igenamajwi ajyana n’izo nshinga ni aya akurikira: a→ ø/-J, i→ø/-J,

o→w/-J, u→ ø/-J, i→y/-J, e→y/-J, u→w/-J
Ingero:
Ube umwarimu: u- ø-ba-e (a→ø/-J) Ate ibyo afite: a- ø-ta-e (a→ ø/-J)
Age i Kigali: a- ø-gi-e (i→ ø/-J) Ace ibyatsi: a- ø-ci-e (i→ ø/-J)
Anywe umutobe muke: a- ø-nyo-e (o→w/-J)
Asye aya masaka: a- ø-se-e (e→ y/-J) Agwe yubamye: a- ø-gu-e (u→w/-J)
Ave mu nzu: a- ø-vu-e (u→ ø/-J)
Akwe abone guhabwa umugeni: a- ø-ko-e (o→w/-J)
b) Umusozo –ye
Umusozo –ye ugaragaza igikorwa cyarangiye ni na yo mpamvu ugaragara mu
nshinga zitondaguwe mu mpitagihe (impitakare n’impitakera).
Ingero:
Narize: n-a-ra-ig-ye (a→ø/-J, g+y→z)
Dukoze : tu- ø-kor-ye (t→d/-GR, r+y→z)
(Inka) yarabiriye: i-a-ra-bi-ri-ye (i→y/-J)
Amategeko y’igenamajwi ajyana n’umusozo –ye
Itegeko Uru gero
c+y→sh baramwishe: ba-a-ra-mu-ic-ye
c+y→c barabicoce: ba-ra-bi-coc-ye
d+y→z yaradoze: a-a-ra-dod-ye
g+y→z anyonze (igare): a-ø-nyong-ye
sh+y→sh (nge) yaranoshe: a-a-ra-n-nosh-ye
shy+y→shy mwarabeshye:mu-a-ra-beshy-ye
h+y→shy (ibiryo) byarabishye: bi-a-ra-bi-h-ye
k+y→ts baramusetse: ba-ra-mu-sek-ye
k+y→s mwaronse (ibere): mu-a-ra-onk-ye
r+y→z mwarakoze: mu-a-ra-kor-ye
r+y→y mwararwaye: mu-a-ra-rwar-ye
r+y→j bwarije: bu-a-ra-ir-ye
n+y→nny mwarakinnye: mu-a-ra-kin-ye
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n+y→ny: barambonye: ba-ra-n-bon-ye
t+y→s: (ibijumba) byarahaswe: bi-a-ra-hat-w-ye bi-a-ra-hat-y-w-e
y+y→y: twaramugaye (imyitwarire):tu-a-ra-mu-gay-ye
z+y→j: (data) yarashaje: a-a-ra-saz-ye
4.2. Imisozo igaragaza irebero nkomeza

Imisozo igaragaza irebero nkomeza ni –a na –aga
a) Umusozo –a
Umusozo –a ugaragaza ko igikorwa kigikomeza cyangwa ko kitaraba kikaba
kizaba. Umusozo –a ukoreshwa cyane mu ndagihe, mu nyifurizo, mu ntegeko
no mu nzagihe.
Ingero:
Mvuga: n-ø-vug-a (n→m/-v)
Ndakora: n-ra-kor-a (r→d/n-)
Nzakora: n-za-kor-a
Mpa (ikaye) : ø- ø-n-ha-a (n→m/-h, mh→mp mu myandikire, a→ ø/-J)
Akivuga: a-ki-vug-a
Murakarama: mu-ra ka-ram-a
Amategeko y’igenamajwi ajyana n’umusozo –a
Umusozo –a ugira amategeko y’igenamajwi ajyana na wo akorana na za nshinga
zifite imizi y’imvugwarimwe.
Muri yo twavuga a→ ø/-J, i→ ø/-J, o→w/-J; u→ ø/-J; i→y/-J; e→y/-J; u→w/-J.
Ingero:
Azamuha (amakaye): a-za-mu-ha-a (a→ ø/-J)
Araca (ibyatsi): a-ra-ci-a (i→ ø/-J)
Aranywa (amata): a-ra-nyo-a (o→w/-J)
Azava (amaraso): a-za-vu-a (u→ ø/-J)
Arajya (i Kigali): a-ra-gi-a (i→y/-J, gy→jy mu myandikire)
Azasya (amasaka): a-za-se-a (e→y/-J)
Azagwa (mu ruzi): a-za-gu-a (u→w/-J) […]
b) Umusozo –aga
Umusozo –aga ugaragaza igikorwa cyakorwaga mu gihe kirekire mu gihe
cyashize; ugaragaza akamenyero mu gihe cyahise.
Ingero:
Narakoraga: n-a-ra-kor-aga
Yarigaga: a-a-ra-ig-aga (i→y/-J, a→ø/-J)
Narasyaga: n-a-ra-se-aga (e→y/-J)
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Naravugaga: n-a-ra-vug-aga
Narandikaga: n-a-ra-andik-aga (a→ø/-J)
Nabonaga: n-a-bon-aga…
Amategeko y’igenamajwi ajyana n’umusozo –aga
Kimwe n’umusozo –a, umusozo -aga na wo ufite amategeko y’igenamajwi ajyana na
wo akorana na za nshinga zifite imizi y’imvugwarimwe. Muri yo twavuga a→ ø/-J,
i→ø/-J, o→w/-J, u→ ø/-J, i→y/-J, e→y/-J, u→w/-J
Ingero:
Yahaga (abaha ibiryo): a-a-ha-aga (a->y/-J, a→ ø/-J)
Yajyaga (yiba): a- a -gi-aga (a→y/-J, i→y/-J, gy→jy mu myandikire)
Yamwaga (imisatsi): a- a -mo-aga (a→y/-J, o→w/-J)
Yagwaga (neza): a- a -gu-aga (a→y/-J, u→w/-J)
Yasyaga (amasaka): a- a -se-aga (a→y/-J, e→y/-J)
Yavaga (amaraso): a- a -vu-aga (a→y/-J, u→ ø/-J)
Yacaga (amasaka): a- a -ci-aga (a→y/-J, i→ø/-J)
Bakwaga (inka): ba-a-ko-aga (o→w/-J)
c) Inshinga idasanzwe (nkene/ mburabuzi)
Ubundi intêgo rusange y’inshinga itondaguye ni RSH-Gnt-Z-Soz, bitewe n’uko
inshinga nkene zidakorana n’imisozo y’inshinga mu mwanya w’umusozo nta
kamenyetso kagaragaza ko ako karemajambo kadahari. Cyakora iyo kamwe mu
tundi turemajambo dutatu dusigaye katagaragaye gasimbuzwa -ø-. Ni ukuvuga
ko uturemajambo fatizo tw’inshinga nkene ari dutatu: indangasano ya ruhamwa
(RSH), ingenantego y’igihe (Rgh) n’umuzi (Z).
Ingero:
Ndi umunyeshuri: n- ø -ri r→d/-n
Mfite ikaye: n- ø-fite n→m/-f
Ni umunyeshuri: ø -ø-ni
Nzi kwandika:n- ø-zi
Ese uruzi baje?: u- ø-ruzi
Ikitonderwa:
Inshinga nkene zishobora gukorana n’ingereka bityo mu gusesengurwa na zo
zikagaragaza umusozo.
Urugero:
Uyu mwana arazwi cyane a-ra-z-w-i
Dufitanye igihango tu- ø-fit-an-ye t→d/-GR
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Imyitozo
Kora iyi myitozo ikurikira
1. Inshinga zirimo amoko angahe?
2. a) Garagaza inshinga ziri muri iyi nteruro uvuge n’amoko yazo:
Ni Kagabo wabaye uwa mbere mu kubwira se akamaro imidugudu ifite ku
baturage.
b) Garagaza uturemajambo n’amategeko y’igenamajwi yakoreshejwe muri
izo nshinga niba ahari.
3. Tanga amazina y’uturemajambo tw’ibanze tugize inshinga itondaguye.
4. Erekana intêgo y’inshinga ziri muri izi nteruro zikurikira unagaragaze
amategeko y’igenamajwi yakoreshejwe.
a) Amazu twubatse mu midugudu ni meza cyane.
b) Yafashe isima avanga n’umucanga mbere yo guhoma inzu ye.
Inshamake y’ibyizwe mu mutwe wa mbere

– Ubukwe bwa kinyarwanda buri mu biranga umuco nyarwanda kandi
bukubiyemo ubuvanganzo nyarwanda bugaragarira mu misango yabwo.
– Inshinga ni ijambo ryumvikanisha igikorwa, imico cyangwa imimerere ya
ruhamwa mu nteruro. Mu moko y’inshinga hari inshinga idasanzwe bita
nkene cyangwa mburabuzi n’inshinga isanzwe ishobora kuba iri mu mbundo
cyangwa itondaguye. Uturemajambo fatizo tw’inshinga iri mu mbundo ni
dutatu: indangashinga ku-, umuzi (Z), n’umusozo (Soz).
– Inshinga isanzwe itondaguye igira uturemajambo tw’ibanze tune:
indanganshinga (bamwe bita indangasano ya ruhamwa; RSH mu mpine,
ingenantego (ingenantego: indangagihe Gnt mu mpine) n’izindi ngenantego,
umuzi (Z) n’umusozo (Soz). Uturemajambo ngombwa tw’inshinga nkene ni
indangasano ya ruhamwa, ingenantego y’igihe n’umuzi. Iyo akaremajambo
fatizo katagaragara mu nshinga gasimbuzwa -ø-.
Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa mbere

Kora ku giti cyawe, usome uyu mwandiko maze usubize ibibazo bikurikira
wubahiriza amabwiriza yatanzwe.
Umwandiko: Umuco ni iki?
Umuco, ni uburyo buranga imibereho y’abantu bafite icyo bahuriyeho. Umuco
w’igihugu ni wo uranga abagituye ukabatandukanya n’abatuye mu bindi bihugu. Buri
gihugu kigira umuco wacyo, buri gace na ko kakagira umuco kihariye.
Umuco ugaragarira mu bintu byinshi birimo imibanire yo mu miryango igaragaramo
gushyingirana, imbyino zabo n’indirimbo, imyemerere n’iyobokamana, imitekerereze
ndetse no mu bukorikori bw’abanyagihugu.
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Umuco rero ugaragaza indangagaciro abenegihugu bagenderaho. Mbese ni uburyo
abaturage batekereza kandi bakumva ubuzima bwabo. Umuco ni bwo bukungu bwa
mbere bw’igihugu.
Umuco gakondo w’Abanyarwanda rero waranze abakurambere bacu ni wo wagiye
uranda ugakwira ibihe, nubwo mu gihe cy’ubukoroni winjiriwe n’imico y’ahandi.
Mu myemerere yabo Abanyarwanda bemeraga Imana imwe bakayita Rugira, Rurema,
n’andi mazina meza. Mu mibereho yabo bagiraga inyigisho bacisha mu migani
miremire n’imigufi, ururimi rw’Ikinyarwanda, indirimbo zabo n’imbyino.
Kuvuza ingoma no guhamiriza byari bifite uruhare runini mu muco gakondo
w’Abanyarwanda.
Gutabarira Igihugu no kurinda ubusugire bwacyo na byo bari babikomeyeho,
bikagaragarira mu byivugo byabo.
Umuco nyarwanda kandi ugaragarira mu bikorwa byabo no mu myuga itandukanye.
Bagiraga indirimbo baririmba bari no guhinga, bakagira izo bariririmbira inka,
bakagira n’amahigi baririmbaga bacyuye umuhigo.
Inka n’ibiyikomokaho na byo byagiraga umuco wihariye n’imvugo yabugenewe.
Abanyarwanda kandi barataramaga, bakarara inkera baririmba, bahiga kandi bivuga.
Inzoga z’urwagwa n’ikigage ni byo basusurukiragaho, bakarara inkera kandi
bagasabana.
Abanyarwanda kandi bicuriraga ibikoresho bitandukanye birimo amasuka n’intwaro
zo ku rugamba. Biboheraga imyenda mu bishishwa by’ibiti, indi bakayikana mu mpu
z’inyamaswa cyangwa z’amatungo yabo.
Gushyingirana byo byari agahebuzo mu muco nyarwanda. Ubukwe bwari
gahuzamiryango, bukitabirwa n’abantu bose bagize umuryango, inshuti n’abaturanyi.
Bwagiraga imihango itandukanye kandi ikomeye, bakagira n’ibyiciro by'iyo mihango
byafataga igihe kirekire rwose. Kurambagiza, gufata irembo, gusaba, gukwa no
gushyingira, gutwikurura, ni byo bice byari ingenzi.
Na n’ubu kandi ibyo bice biracyakurikizwa mu bukwe busanzwe buteguwe neza
nubwo hamwe na hamwe kubera imico y’ahandi igenda itwinjirana, tutiyibagije
n’iterambere rigenda ritugeraho, ibyo bice ntibicyubahizwa uko byakabaye.
Kurambagiza bisa n’aho byavuyeho, gusaba no gukwa bisigaye bikorwa mu mwanya
muto, ndetse bakarara banashyingiye. Ibyo rero bigira ingaruka zikomeye ku mibanire
y’abashakanye, kuko ingo nyinshi zisenyuka zidateye kabiri.
Nyamara imisango y’ubukwe iracyasigasiwe. Amagambo meza arimo ubuvanganzo
ni yo asigaye aryoshya ubukwe, ababutashye bakizihirwa.
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Abanyarwanda rero bakwiye kwihatira gusobanukirwa n’umuco wabo bagakomeza
kuwusigasira kandi bagaharanira ko utabacika.
I. Ibibazo byo kumva no gusesengura umwandiko

1. Umuco ni iki?

2. Umuco nyarwanda urangwa n’iki?

3. Ni gute abasokuruza bacu bataramaga?

4. Ni iki kizihizaga ibitaramo byabo?

5. Garagaza uburyo ubukwe bwa kinyarwanda buri mu byiza biranga umuco

wacu?
6. Ni gute ubukwe bwa kinyarwanda bwagiye buhinduka?

7. Guhinduka k’uburyo ubukwe nyarwanda bwakorwaga bifite izihe ngaruka

ku mibanire y’abashakanye?
8. Ubona guhagarika ibikomoka mu mico y’ahandi tukabibuza kuduhindurira

umuco byashoboka? Sobanura.
9. Twakora iki kugira ngo umuco wacu udakomeza kugenda uhinduka?

II. Inyunguramagambo
1. Sobanura amagambo akurikira dusanga mu mwandiko:
a) imisango y’ubukwe e) ubukwe bwari gahuzamiryango
b) amahigi f) zidateye kabiri
c) gucuyuka g) inkera
d) kurambagiza
2. Koresha mu nteruro amagambo akurikira:
a) imisango y’ubukwe c) gucuyuka
b) amahigi d) kurambagiza
III. Ikibonezammvugo
1. Inshinga yo mu Kinyarwanda ni iki?
2. Amoko y’inshinga mu Kinyarwanda ni ayahe?
3. Ni utuhe turemajambo fatizo tw’inshinga iri mu mbundo?
4. Inshinga isanzwe itondaguye igira uturemajambo tw’ibanze tungahe?
5. Koresha imbonerahamwe werekane intego z’inshinga zigaragara mu
nteruro zikurikira n’amategeko y’igenamajwi yakoreshejwe mu nshinga
itondaguye ugaragaza uturemajambo tw’ibanze (kandi unerekane amazina
yatwo).
a) Hari igishushanyo k’imikoreshereze y’ubutaka Leta yatanze.
b) Bamwe mu baturage bahaye abandi inka kugira ngo na bo bave mu
bukene bubake amazu akwiye.
c) Gutura intatane bizahenda Leta si byiza kuko haba amafaranga
akoreshwa mu buryo bw’imfabusa.
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Uburinganire
2 n’ubwuzuzanye
Umwandiko: Uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye mu muco

nyarwanda
Kagabo ni umwana warererwaga kwa sekuru. Yigaga mu mashuri abanza. Yarangwaga

no kugira amatsiko ndetse no kubaza ibibazo binyuranye ku byo adasobanukiwe.
Umunsi umwe avuye ku ishuri asanga sekuru yicaye mu ruganiriro n’undi mukobwa
w’umuturanyi basoma ibinyamakuru. Kagabo ahageze arabasuhuza yicara iruhande
rwabo maze na we atangira kureba tereviziyo. Harimo ikiganiro cy’umunyamakuru
waganiraga n’abanyeshuri bo mu mwaka wa gatandatu w’amashuri yisumbuye
bavuga ku buringanire n’ubwuzuzanye mu iterambere ry’igihugu.
Nyuma yo kumva ibyavugwaga muri icyo kiganiro Kagabo araterura atangira kubaza
sekuru ibibazo binyuranye ku buringanire n’ubwuzuzanye.
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Kagabo: Ariko sogoku! Ko muri iki gihe ibiganiro byinshi bivuga ku buringanire
n’ubwuzuzanye, kera ntibwabagaho?
Sekuru: Kera uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye byahozeho ariko ntibyabuzaga
ko bimwe mu biranga uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye muri iki gihe
bikumirwa kubera umuco w’Abanyarwanda.
Kagabo: Ni nk’ibihe mwambwira se byagaragazaga uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye?
Sekuru: Nko mu buyobozi umwami yimanaga n’umugabekazi, birumvikana
ko umwami atafataga wenyine ibyemezo ahubwo yabifataga agishije
inama umugabekazi. Ikindi kandi hari n’abategarugori banyuranye
bagaragaraga mu mirimo ikomeye y’ibwami. Urugero naguha ni abasizi
b’abategarugori Nyirakunge na Nyirarumaga babaye abasizi bakomeye.
Ubusizi wari umwe mu mirimo ikomeye yagengwaga n’ibwami, kuba
butarahezaga abategarugori ni ikimenyetso gikomeye cy’uburinganire
n’ubwuzuzanye.
Kagabo: Biragaragara ko mu muco nyarwanda ubuyobozi bwarangwagamo
uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye. None se ko mwambwiye ko hari bimwe
mu biranga uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye muri iki gihe byakumirwaga
kubera umwihariko w’umuco nyarwanda. Uwo mwihariko ni nk’uwuhe?
Sekuru: Umuco nyarwanda hari imirimo imwe n’imwe wageneraga abagore
hakaba n’indi mirimo wageneraga abagabo, ku buryo cyaziraga ko ukora
imirimo itakugenewe. Nta mugore wagombaga kubaka, kujya ku itabaro,
gukama inka, korora inzuki n’ibindi. Nta mugabo washoboraga koza
ibikoresho byo mu rugo cyangwa se guheka umwana, guteka n’ibindi.
Birumvikara ko hari umwihariko wa buri muntu mu mirimo yo mu rugo.
Ikindi kandi aho amashuri aziye mu Rwanda, ababyeyi bahaga umwanya
wa mbere abana b’abahungu ngo bage ku ishuri; abakobwa basigaraga
mu rugo bafasha ba nyina imirimo yo mu rugo.
Kagabo: Sogoku! Ko twize ko Ndabaga yari umukobwa kandi ko yagiye gukura
se ku rugerero?
Sekuru: Ibyo byabayeho ariko uzabisome neza, kugira ngo abikore yabanje
kwiyoberanya ku buryo yagiyeyo yitwa ko ari umuhungu. Hejuru
y’ibyo nkubwiye hari imwe mu migani ya kinyarwanda igaragaza ko
hari aho umuco nyarwanda wakumiraga umugore mu buringanire
n’ubwuzuzanye.
Mu gihe bari bakiganira haza akana biganaga baturanye kamubwira ko igihe cyo
gusubira ku ishuri kigeze. Kagabo abanza gushimira sekuru, we na wa mwana
baragenda ariko Kagabo agenda agifite amatsiko menshi ku byo sekuru yari amaze
kumubwira. Bageze ku ishuri mu karuhuko ka saa kenda Kagabo yegera mwarimu
we atangira kumubaza ku byo sekuru yari yamubwiye.
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Kagabo: Sogokuru yambwiye ko hari imigani y’imigenurano yagaragazaga ko
umuco nyarwanda wakumiraga bimwe mu bigaragaza uburinganire
n’ubwuzuzanye muri iki gihe ni nk’iyihe?
Mwarimu: Ibyo sogokuru yakubwiye ni byo, umuco nyarwanda wo hambere
wagaragazaga ko umugore nta cyo yakora ngo kige imbere nk’uko
umugabo yagikora. Ni yo mpamvu bacaga umugani utajyanye n’igihe
tugezemo bavuga ngo: “Umugore arabyina ntasimbuka”. Mu rugo
nta mugabo wagombaga kumva ibitekerezo by’umugore, urugo
rwatekererezwaga n’umugabo gusa. Baravugaga ngo: “Uruvuze
umugore ruvuga umuhoro” bakongera ngo: “Umugore abyara uwawe
ntaba uwawe”, “Umugore ntajya kurarika, iyo araritse abuza n’uwari
kuza.” Cyakora ubu muri iki gihe si ko bimeze kuko umugore ahabwa
ubushobozi nk’ubw’umugabo, akagira ijambo nk’iry’umugabo, akagira
uruhare muri byose.
Mu gihe umwarimu we yari akimusobanurira inzogera yo kwinjira iravuga, Kagabo
aramushimira, asubira mu ishuri. Agenda atekereza ku bisobanuro yahawe na
sekuru ndetse n’ibyo yahawe n’umwarimu we, yiyemeza kujya abiganirira bagenzi
be kugira ngo barusheho kwimakaza uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye. Ataha mu rugo
nyuma y’amasomo agenda yibaza ku byo yakora kugira ngo aharanire uburinganire
n’ubwuzuzanye. Mu mutima aribwira ati: “Kuva ubu, nge ngiye guharanira
uburenganzira bwa buri wese sinzongera guharira mushiki wange imirimo imwe
n’imwe ngo ni we igenewe, tuzajya dufatanya mu byo ari byo byose.”
I. Inyunguramagambo
A. Sobanura amagambo cyangwa itsinda ry’amagambo akurikira:
1. Guterura ikiganiro 4. Gukura se

2. Gukumira 5. Urugerero
3. Itabaro 6. Kwiyoberanya
1. Koresha amagambo akurikira mu nteruro:

a) Gukumira
b) Guterura ikiganiro
c) Kwigira nyoni nyinshi
d) Gukura umuntu
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2. Simbuza amagambo aciyeho akarongo ayo mu mwandiko bihuje inyito:
a) Umugore ntiyahabwaga agaciro kangana n’ak’umugabo mu muco
nyarwanda.
b) Mu Rwanda, nyina w’umwami yategekanaga n’umwami.
Subiza ibi bibazo bikurikira:
1. Ni uwuhe munyarubuga mukuru muri uyu mwandiko? Kubera iki?

2. Tanga ingero nibura ebyiri zigaragaza ko uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye hari aho
bwagaragaraga ku ngoma ya cyami.
3. Uwavuga ko uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye mu muryango butari buhari mu muco
nyarwanda yaba yibeshye? Sobanura igisubizo cyawe unifashishe ingero zifatika.
4. Ese umuco nyarwanda wari ushyigikiye ku burezi budaheza mu bijyanye
n’uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye? Sobanura igisubizo cyawe utanga urugero.
5. Ni gute Ndabaga yabashije kujya gukura se ku rugamba? Sobanura igisubizo
cyawe wifashishije ubundi bumenyi wasomye cyangwa wabwiwe.
6. Ni iki kigaragaza ko mu muco nyarwanda hari aho umugore yasuzugurwaga?
7. Tanga indi migani nyarwanda igaragaza ikinyuranyo n’iyakoreshejwe mu
mwandiko.
8. Ni iki kigaragaza ko Kagabo yagiraga ikinyabupfura?
Tekereza ku mwandiko wasomye maze usubize ibi bibazo:

2. Garagaza ingingo z’ingenzi ziri mu mwandiko.
IV. Umwitozo wo kujya impaka
Umuco nyarwanda wabangamiraga uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye?

Sobanura igisubizo cyawe wifashishije ingero zifatika.
Umukoro
Hanga umwandiko ntekerezo ugereranya uburezi budaheza dufite mu Rwanda
muri iki gihe n’uburezi buheza bwo mu muco nyarwanda.
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Uturemajambo tw’inshinga twungirije
Itegereze aya magambo atsindagiye ari mu nteruro zikurikiraho.

Hanyuma ukore ubushakashatsi ku bibazo bikurikira.
a) Nimushyigikire ubwikorezi kuko bufite akamaro.

b) Ntidukorere abandi nabi.
c) Ibyo byose biterwa n’ubwikorezi ukoresha bushobora gutinda cyangwa se
kubanguka.
Ibibazo:
Ongera usome interuro ziri haruguru maze werekane intego z’amagambo atsindagiye.
Uretse indanganshinga, indangagihe, umuzi n’umusozo, shaka utundi turemajambo
twungirije tugize inshinga itondaguye.
Inshoza y’uturemajambo twungirije
Uturemajambo twungirije ni uturemajambo dushobora kugaragara mu nshinga
iyo bibaye ngombwa kugira ngo tuyihindurire inyito. Bene utwo turemajambo
iyo tutagaragaye ntidusimbuzwa imbumbabusa ø. Utwo turemajambo ni akano,
indangasano y’icyuzuzo n’ingereka.
Urugero:
Ntitubibakorere: nti-tu-ø-bi-ba-kor-ir-e: nti-: akano; -tu-: indangangenga; bi-ba-:
indangasano z’icyuzuzo; -kor-:umuzi; -ir: ingereka; -e: umusozo.
a) Akano (KN/TN)
Akano ni akaremajambo kaza imbere y’indanganshinga. Hari bamwe bakita
mbanza, imbanzirizangenga, imbimburiranteko, interuranteko cyangwa
inyomekwambere. Izi nyito zose zihuriye ku kuba zerekana ko aka karemajambo
gafata umwanya w’imbere.
Imbonerahamwe yako
Akano Urugero Uturemajambo
Ni-: gakoreshwa iyo Nibasora ni-ba-ø-sor-a
bateganya (kagira isaku Nubabona ni-u-ø-ba-bon-a i→ø/-J
nyejuru) cyangwa
Nimubikore ni-mu-ø-bi-kor-e
bategeka (kagira isaku
nyesi).
Si-: gakora muri ngenga Sinumva si-n-ø-umv-a
ya mbere y’ubumwe mu Sinzakwa iriya shashi si-n-za-ko-a o→w/-J
guhakana.
23
Nti: gakoreshwa mu Ntimwariye nti-mu-a-ri-ye u→w/-J
guhakana muri ngenga Ntituziba imisoro nti-tu-za-ib-a a→ø/-J
zose usibye iya mbere
Ntuzirengagize amahoro. nti-u-za-ii-reng-ag-ir-y-e
y’ubumwe.
i→ø/-J; a→ø/-J; r+y→z
Utuno rero turimo amoko atatu: agategeka, akaziganya n’agahakanya nk’uko
bigaragara muri yi mbonerahamwe.
Imyitozo
1. Akano ni iki? Karimo ubwoko bungahe?
2. Erekana intego z’inshinga zitsindagiye maze werekane akano.
a) Nimumugirire ikizere kuko ari inyangamugayo.
b) Simba mu bantu birengagiza inshingano zabo.
c) Karangwa ntiyibye inka ya Nkuranga.
d) Uhiga umugabo ntiyamira.
b) Indangacyuzuzo/ Inyibucyacyuzuzo/ Indangasano y’icyuzuzo (RSUZ)

Indangacyuzuzo ni akaremajambo kajya mu nshinga kagasimbura kandi
kakibutsa icyuzuzo k’iyo nshinga. Kibutsa ngenga cyangwa inteko by’ijambo
ribereye inshinga icyuzuzo.
Indangacyuzuzo ziri ukubiri; hari izisanzwe n’indangacyuzuzo ngaruka.
Imbonerahamwe:
Indangacyuzuzo zisanzwe Interuro Uturemajambo

Ngenga ya mbere -n- Azankorera uriya a-za-n-kor-ir-a i→e/ Co-
mutwaro.
Arambara ejo. a-ra-amb-ar-a a→ø/-J
Aranyubaha pe? a-ra-n-ubah-a n→ny/-J
-tu- Twe aradukunda cyane. a-ra-tu-kund-a t→d/-GR
Twe aratwubaha rwose. a-ra-tu-ubah-a u→w/-J
Ngenga ya kabiri -ku- Wowe azaguhana. a-za-ku-han-a k→g/-GR
-ba- Mwe azabahana. a-za-ba-han-a
Ngenga ya gatatu nt.1 -mu- We aramubara. a-ra-mu-bar-a
nt.2 -ba- Bo arababara. a-ra-ba-bar-a
nt.3 -wu- Wa murima arawubara. a-ra-wu-bar-a
nt.4 -yi- Ya nka arayigura. a-ra-yi-gur-a
nt.5 -ri- Rya gare ararigura. a-ra-ri-gur-a
nt.6 -ya- Ya masaka arayagura. a-ra-ya-gur-a
24
nt.7 -ki- Cya kirima arakigura. a-ra-ki-gur-a
nt.8 -bi- Bya bigori arabigura a-ra-bi-gur-a
nt.9 -yi- Ya nk turayibaga. tu-ra-yi-bag-a
nt.10 -zi- Inka araziragira. a-ra-zi-ragir-a
nt.11 -ru- Ururabo ararukata. a-ra-ru-kat-a
nt.12 -ka- Ka karima aragafite. a-ra-ka-fite k→g/-GR;
nt.13 -tu- Twa dufi aradufashe. a-ra-tu-fat-ye t→d/-GR;
t+y→sh
nt.14 -bu- Bwa bwato arabwishyura. a-ra-bu-ishyur-a u→w/-J
nt.15 -ku- Kwa kuguru arakureka. a-ra-ku-rek-a
nt.16 -ha- Aha araharunda. a-ra-ha-rund-a
Indangacyuzuzo Uwera arikunda. a-ra-ii-kund-a a→ø/-J

ngaruka Bariya bana ba-ra-ii-kund-a a→ø/-J
yerekana -ii-/-iy- barikunda.
igikorwa
Aba bantu bariyica. ba-ra-iy-ic-a a→ø/-J
kigaruka kuri
ruhamwa. Uratwibwira u-ra-tu-ii-bwir-a u→w/-J
nuhagera.
Abashakashatsi bamwe bemeza ko indangacyuzuzo ngaruka iba -iy- iyo umuzi

w’inshinga utangiwe n’inyajwi na -ii- iyo umuzi utangiwe n’ingombajwi. Abandi
(urugero: A. Coupez) bakemeza ko ari -iy- gusa ko -ii- itabaho.
Imyitozo
1. Inyibutsacyuzuzo ni iki?
2. Inyibutsacyuzuzo ziri muri ngenga zingahe?
3. Erekana inyibutsacyuzuzo zigaragara mu nshinga ziri mu nteruro zikurikira:
Mbere yo kwikorera ku giti cyawe ugomba kubanza kubyibazaho cyane.
c) Ingereka (GRK)
Ingereka ni akaremajambo kajya hagati y’umuzi/ intima n’umusozo by’inshinga
kakayizanira ingingo nshya. Iyo umuzi wiyunze n’ingereka bibyara igicumbi
gishya kitwa: intima.
Ingereka zikoreshwa mu ikomoranshinga rishingiye ku guhimba inshinga nshya
ifatiye ku mizi y’andi magambo. Hari uburyo bubiri: ikomoranshinga mvazina
n’ikomoranshinga mvanshinga.
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1. Ikomoranshinga mvazina
Ikomoranshinga mvazina ni uguhimba inshinga nshya uhereye ku bicumbi
by’amazina asanzwe mu rurimi.
Urugero:
Amazina/Igicumbi Ingereka Inshinga Intego
Ibiryo -h- kuryoha ku-ri-o-h-a i→y/-J
Ingumba kugumbaha ku-gumba-h-a
Urumuri -k- kumurika ku-muri-k-a
Amahari guharika ku-hari-k-a k→g/-GR
Ifoto -r- gufotora ku-foto-r-a k→g/-GR
Umukungu -ah-ar- gukungahara ku-kungu-ah-ar-a u→ø/-J k→g/-GR
Umutindi gutindahara ku-tindi-ah-ar-a i→ø/-J k→g/-GR
Iri komoranshinga rikoresha ingereka zikurikira: -h-;-k-; -r-; -ah-ar-.

2. Ikomoranshinga mvanshinga
Iri komoranshinga rishingiye ku guhimba inshinga nshya uhereye ku mizi
y’inshinga zisanzwe mu rurimi. Ibyo bituma dusangamo ingereka z’amoko
menshi. Ayo moko agabanyijemo ibyiciro: ingereka zijyana n’imizi gusa zihora
imbere zitwa ingereka ngeno n’iziboneka ahabonetse hose zitwa ingereka
gikwira. Muri buri kiciro habamo ingereka nyacyuzuzo n’ingereka ntacyuzuzo.
Ingereka kandi ziha intima intego ituma zikoreshwa mu magambo; izo ngereka
zitwa “imbonezantima”.
a) Ingereka zihora zibanziriza izindi
Ingereka nsubira
Izi ngereka ziha inshinga inshoza y’igikorwa kisubiramo inshuro zirenze imwe.
Ingero z’ingereka nsubira:
Umuzi /intima Ingereka Inshinga nshya Intego

nsubira
-mes- -uur- Kumesuura ku-mes-uur-a
-kom- Gukomora ku-kom-uur-a k→g/-GR
u→o/ co-
-bag- -ar-ur- Kubagarura ku-bag-ar-ur-a
-vun- -ag-ur- Kuvunagura ku-vun-ag-ur-a
-cir- Guciragura ku-cir-ag-ur-a k→g/-GR
-vug- Kuvugagura ku-vug-ag-ur-a
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-ri- -ag-ag-ur- Kuryagagura ku-ri-ag-ur-a
i→y/ -J
-ci- Gucagagura ku-ci-ag-ag-ur-a i→ø/-J
k→g/-GR;
-kubit- (-kub-it-) Gukubitagura ku-kubit-ag-ur-a k→g/-GR
-cur- -ang- Gucuranga ku-cur-ang-a k→g/-GR
-kom- Gukomanga ku-kom-ang-a k→g/-GR
-sib- Gusibanga ku-sib-ang-a k→g/-GR
Ingereka ngirura/ ngiruka

Ingereka ngirura ni akaremajambo gaha inshinga inyito ibusana n’ibumbatiwe
n’igicumbi.
Ingero:
Umuzi Ingereka Inshinga nshya Intego
-dod- -uur- Kudodora ku-dod-uur-a u→o/Co-
-fung- Gufungura ku-fung-uur-a k→g/-GR
-het- Guhetura ku-het-uur-a k→g/-GR
-ta- Gutoora ku-ta-uur-a a + u→o
-hug- -uk- Guhuguka ku-hug-uk-a k→g/-GR
-jij- Kujijuka ku-jij-uk-a
-dod- Kudodooka ku-dod-uk-a u→o/Co-
Ingereka z’inyabune
Ingereka z’inyabune ni uturemajambo dukunda kugendana ari tune zikiyomeka ku
ntima (Intima ni umuzi utihagije/udafite inyito yumvikana, ikagira inyito iyo yiyunze
n’ingereka z’inyabune cyangwa imbonezantima.) Izi nyabune zishobora kugenda ari
enye, eshatu cyangwa ebyiri.
Ingero z’inyabune
Urugero Ingereka Inshinga Intego
rw’igicumbi cyangwa z’inyabune nshya
umuzi utihagije (urugero)
*han-;*hag-;*bamb-*z-; -am- (-uk-) Guhanama ku-*han-am-a k→g/-GR
*cur-; *eg-; *jand-; *gar-; -ik- Guhanika ku-*han-ik-a k→g/-GR
*ub-; *heng-...(harafatwa -uk- Guhanuka ku-*han-uk-a k→g/-GR
urugero rumwe).
-ur- Guhanura ku-*han-ur-a k→g/-GR
*ramb- -ik- Kurambika ku-*ramb-ik-a
-uuk- Kurambuuka ku-*ramb-uuk-a
-uur- Kurambuura ku-*ramb-uur-a
27
*tob- -am- Gutobama ku-*tob-am-a k→g/-GR
-ik- Gutobeka ku-*tob-ik-a k→g/-GR
*cuk- -uuk- Gucukuuka ku-*cuk-uk-a k→g/-GR
-uur- Gucukuura ku-*cuk-uur-a k→g/-GR
*hir- -ik- Guhirika ku-*hir-ik-a k→g/-GR
*ter- -ik- Gutereka ku-*ter-ik-a i→e/Ce- k→g/-GR
-ur- Guterura ku-*ter-ur-a k→g/-GR
*tah- -uuk- Gutahuka ku-*tah-uuk-a k→g/-GR
-uur- Gutahuura ku-tah-uur-a k→g/-GR
Ingereka ngirika
Ingereka ngirika ivuga ko igikorwa kibumbatiwe n’igicumbi k’inshinga gishoboka
cyangwa se kitaruhanyije kugerwaho.
Ingero:
Umuzi Ingereka Inshinga nshya Intego
-hing- -ik- Guhingika ku-hing-ik-a k→g/-
GR
-reb- Kurebeka ku-reb-ik-a i→e/Ce-
-bon- Kuboneka ku-bon-ik-a i→e/Co-
-gur- Kugurika ku-gur-ik-a
-mir- Kumirika ku-mir-ik-a
Ingero: Uyu murima urahingika. u-ra-hing-ik-a

Wivunika numvise. n-ø-umv-it-ye t+y→s
Bya bigori byaheredutse. bi-a-her-it-uk-ye i→e/Ce- i→y/-J t→d/-GR
k+y→ts
Ingereka gikwira/ zijya ahabonetse hose
1. Ingereka ingirana: -an-
Inshoza y’ibanze yo gukorera icyarimwe.
Urugero
Gukundana: ku-kund-an -a
Gukorana: ku-kor-an-a k→g/-GR
2. Ingereka ngirira: -ir-
Inshoza yayo y’ibanze ni ugukora mu mwanya w’undi.
28
Urugero
Gukinira: ku-kin-ir-a k→g/-GR
Gukorera: ku-kor-ir-a k→g/-GR i→e/Co-
3. Ingereka ngirisha: -ish-/-sh-

Inyito yayo y’ibanze ni ukwifashisha ikintu ukora ikindi, -sh- ikorana gusa
n’imizi y’imvugwarimwe mu gihe -ish- ikorana n’imizi isanzwe.
Urugero:
Guhingisha: ku-hing-ish-a k→g/-GR
Gukosha: ku-ko-sh-a k→g/-GR
4. Ingereka ngiza :-y-

Iyi ngereka igira inshoza y’ibanze yo gutera ikintu kubaho cyangwa kubitegeka.
Urugero:
Gukubuza: ku-kub-ur-y-a r+y→z k→g/-GR
Kubyaza: ku-byar-y-a r+y→z k→g/-GR
5. Ingereka ngirwa: -w-/-bw-
Iyi ngereka yerekeza amaherezo y’igikorwa kuri ruhamwa aho kuyerekeza ku
cyuzuzo. -bw- ikorana n’imizi y’imvugwarimwe mu gihe -w- ikorana n’imizi
isanzwe.
Urugero:
Gukubitwa:ku-kubit-w-a k→g/-GR
Kwigwa:ku-ig-w-a u→w/-J
Gukobwa: ku-ko-bw-a k→g/-GR
Gutabwa: ku-ta-bw-a k→g/-GR
Imyitozo
1. Garagaza amazina y’uturemajamo n’intego by’inshinga ziri mu nteruro
zikurikira:
a) Agati kateretswe n’Imana ntigahungabanwa n’umuyaga.
b) Urugiye kera ruhinyuza intwari.
c) Akanyoni katagurutse ntikamenya iyo bweze.
d) Muzamumbwirire rwose ntazampemukire.
e) Wa muhungu we wikwikorera ibi bintu byose, tumizaho igare.
f) Witumiza ibintu mu mahanga bitujuje ubuziranenge.
g) Nuhura na Petero uzanabimwibutse.
29
2. Erekana intego n’itegeko ry’igenamajwi ryakoreshejwe mu nshinga ziri muri
izi nteruro:
a) Kaburame ni umucuruzi ukunda gutabara abantu mu Itumba ntibicwe
n’inzara.
b) Uzamundamukirize kandi umumpere aya mafaranga ho intashyo.
3. Uhereye ku ngero wihitiyemo rondora kandi werekane uturemajambo twose
tw’inshinga. Ese ni tungahe?
Impapuro zagenewe kuzuzwa.
Soma interuro zikurikira maze ukore ubushakashatsi ku bibazo biri hasi:
Ibigo bitandukanye, biba byarateguye impapuro zuzuzwa n’ukeneye serivisi rukanaka.

Hari rero impapuro zo kuzuza ku bantu bakeneye ibya ngombwa runaka mu buyobozi
zirimo ibyemezo by’amavuko n’iby’irangamimerere. Hari kandi impapuro zuzuzwa
n’abantu bakeneye serivisi za banki zijyanye no kubikuza no kubitsa amafaranga.
Ibibazo by’ubushakashatsi:
a) Ni izihe mpapuro z’ubuyobozi zuzuzwa? Zuzuzwaho iki?
b) Urupapuro rwo kubikuza rwuzuzwaho iki?
1. Impapuro zuzuzwa
Mu nzego z’ubuyobozi bwite bwa Leta hari impapuro zabugenewe zo kuzuzwa
zituma nyirazo ahabwa serivisi runaka. Zimwe muri izo mpapuro ni izi zikurikira:
– Ikemezo cy’amavuko
– Ikemezo kiranga umuntu
– Ikemezo gisimbura irangamuntu
– Icyangombwa cyo gushyingirwa
30
Ibyuzuzwa kuri ibyo byemezo
REPUBULIKA Y’U RWANDA Nimero 070044
INTARA ...................................
AKARERE ................................
UMURENGE WA ....................
Ikemezo cy’amavuko
Ngewe..................................................................................................................... Umunyamabanga
Nshingwabikorwa w’Umurenge wa............................................................................nemeje ko
uyu Kanaka/Nyirakanaka...................................................................................................................
Mwene………….......... na................Umurenge wa……………….yavukiye..................................
ku wa………….20………
Gitangiwe …………………………….ku wa………………20………………….
Nakiriye ……………FRW
Umunyamabanga nshingwabikorwa (Amazina)
……………………………………………..............................
Umukono
Uwakiriye amafaranga mu Murenge (Amazina)

………………………………………………………
Umukono Kashe
Siba ibitari ngombwa
31
REPUBULIKA Y’U RWANDA
INTARA …………….....…………
AKARERE ………………….……
UMURENGE WA ……………....
Ikemezo kiranga umuntu
Ngewe…………………………………………
Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa wa.......................
nemeje indangamuntu y’uwitwa
Izina: .............................................................................................
Amazina y’idini: .......................................................................
Izina rya se:................................................................................
Izina rya nyina:.........................................................................
Aho yavukiye:............................................................................
Akarere k’amavuko ................................................................
Ubwenegihugu .........................................................................
Umwuga: ....................................................................................
Intara avukamo ........................................................................
Intara atuyemo .........................................................................
Nakiriye ..............................FRW
Gitangiwe...........................ku wa ........ /........20...................

.........................................................................................................
Umukono
Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa (Amazina)

.................................................................................................................. Kashe
Umukono
32
INTARA ………………………
AKARERE ………………………
UMURENGE WA ……………....
IBIRO BY’IRANGAMIMERERE
Ikemezo cyo gushyingirwa
Twe, Umwanditsi w’irangamimerere, dutangaje kandi twemeje ko

……………………………………………………
Wavukiye:…………………………………ku wa……/…………./………Umuhungu
wa :……………………………………………….
na:…………………………………………….ku ruhande rumwe
na: ………………………………………..……
Wavukiye:…………………………………ku wa……/…………./………Umukobwa
wa :……………………………………………….
na:…………………………………………….ku ruhande rumwe
na……………………………………………………...
Bashyingiwe uyu munsi imbere yacu. Ugushyingirwa kwanditswe mu gitabo
k’inyandiko zo gushyingirwa ku nomero…………..Igitabo………………..
Bikorewe……………………………
Ku wa…………./……………/……….
Umwanditsi w'irangamimerere
………………………………………………..
Kashe
33
INTARA .............................
AKARERE.........................
UMURENGE......................
E-mail:...............................
Ikemezo gisimbura ikarita ndangamuntu by’agateganyo
Amazina ..........................................................................................................................................
Itariki yavukiyeho .......................................................................................................................
Intara ................................................................................................................................................
Akarere ka.. ....................................................................................................................................
Umurenge wa ................................................................................................................................
Akagari ka.......................................................................................................................................
Umudugudu wa............................................................................................................................
Se ........................................................................................................................................................
Nyina .....................................................................................................................................
Uwo bashakanye (Iyo atari ingaragu) .....................................................................
Nomero y’ikarita (Iyo yatakaye)................................................................................
Gitangiwe .........., ku wa ..................................................................................................
Ushinzwe irangamimerere: .........................................................................................
Ikitonderwa:
1. Iki kemezo gifite agaciro nk’ak’ikarita ndangamuntu;
2. Agaciro kacyo karangira nyuma y’iminsi 60;
3. Iki kemezo ntigisimbura ibindi bisanzwe bitangwa.
.................................................................
Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa
w’Umurenge wa .....................
34
Urupapuro rwo kubikuza (Sheki)
Sheki ni urupapuro rwuzuzwa muri banki kugira ngo uwo ruhawe abikuze amafaranga
kuri konti y’urumuhaye. Biragoye kubona sheki yanditse mu Kinyarwanda gusa
kubera ko banki ziganwa n’Abanyarwanda ndetse n’abanyamahanga. Sheki nyinshi
zandikwa mu ndimi z'amahanga. Iby’ingenzi byuzuzwa kuri sheki ni ibi bikurikira:
– Amazina y’uhawe sheki.
– Umubare w’amafaranga abikuzwa.
– Itariki sheki itangiweho.
– Umukono wa nyiri konti.
Urugero:
Ikitonderwa:
Usibye izo mpapuro zivuzwe haruguru, hari izindi nyinshi zabugenewe zuzuzwa.
Umwitozo
Ishyire mu kigwi cy’uwataye irangamuntu mu Murenge wa Ngoma maze wuzuze
iki kemezo gisimbura irangamuntu. Ukoreshe amazina y’amahimbano.
35
INTARA ...........................
AKARERE KA ................
UMURENGE WA ............
E-mail: ngoma1.umurenge@yahoo.fr
Ikemezo gisimbura ikarita ndangamuntu by’agateganyo
Amazina………………………………………………………................…….............................
Itariki yavukiyeho……………………………….................……………...............................
Intara........................................................................................................................................
Akarere ka.............................................................................................................................
Umurenge wa........................................................................................................................
Akagari ka………………………………....................................…………...............................
Umudugudu wa…………………………...................................………….............................
Se…………………………………………………………………………………..............................
Nyina……………………………………………………………………………....................
Uwo bashakanye (Iyo atari ingaragu)………………......…………..…….........
Nomero y’ikarita (Iyo yatakaye)……………………………………..…...............
Gitangiwe ...................., ku wa…………………………......................……...............
Ushinzwe irangamimerere: .................................................................................
Ikitonderwa:
1. Iki kemezo gifite agaciro nk’ak’ikarita ndangamuntu;
2. Agaciro kacyo karangira nyuma y’iminsi 60;
3. Iki kemezo ntigisimbura ibindi bisanzwe bitangwa.
.................................................................
Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa
w’Umurenge wa ......................
36
Inshamake y’ibyizwe mu mutwe wa kabiri
– Uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye ni ukureshya imbere y’amategeko.
– Inshinga igira uturemajambo tw’inyongera ari two: akano (ni-/nî-, si-, nti-
), indangacyuzuzo, ingereka: ingereka zihora imbere (ingereka z’inyabune,
ingereka nsubira, ingereka ngirura/ ngiruka), ingereka gikwira ari zo: ingereka
ngirana, ngirira, ngirwa, ngiza na ngirisha. Haba ikomoranshinga mvazina na
mvanshinga. Haba kandi ingereka mbonezantima zikorana n’imizi itihagije.
Hari amategeko y’igenamajwi akoreshwa ku turemajambo tw’inyongera ku
nshinga.
– Hari impapuro zagenewe kuzuzwa ari zo: ikemezo cy’amavuko, ikemezo
kiranga umuntu, ikemezo gisimbura ikarita iranga umuntu, icyangombwa cyo
gushyingirwa, sheki…
Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa kabiri

Umwandiko: Uburinganire ni ukureshya imbere y’amategeko

Kuganira kw’abashakanye ni umusingi w’urugo n’iterambere rirambye. Ni kimwe mu
bituma abashakanye babana neza, bakubaka urugo rwabo bizeranye kandi byongera
urukundo hagati yabo.
Kugira ngo ibyo bigerweho, bisaba kubanza kwiyubakamo ubushobozi bushingiye ku
ndangagaciro z’umuco n’imyemerere nk’ukuri, kudahubuka, kubahana, kutabogama,
gutega amatwi, kudatukana n’ibindi.
Kuganira ni umuti wo gukemura ibibazo hagati y’abashakanye. Bafatanya gushaka
ibisubizo by’ibibazo byabo kandi byubaka urugo kuko bose baba bashyize hamwe
ntibanyuranye mu magambo no mu bikorwa. Iyo baganira bafata ingamba ku bibazo
bireba urugo nko kuboneza urubyaro, imishinga yongera umutungo w'urugo, uburere
bw’abana...
Abashakanye kandi bagomba kugira ubushake bwo guhana amakuru hagati
yabo, gukurikirana amakuru kuri radiyo no mu bindi bitangazamakuru, basoma
ibinyamakuru, bitabira inama kuko ibyo bituma biyungura ubumenyi.
Mu biganiro byabo bagomba kugira umwanya wo guhana amakuru yubaka
batagendeye ku mpuha n’ibindi bidafite akamaro ndetse bakungurana ibitekerezo
bahitamo ibifitiye akamaro urugo rwabo.
Abashakanye bagomba kuganira n’abana babo kugira ngo bamenye ibyo bakeneye,
ibyo bakunda n’ibibabangamira bakabibafashamo bitagombye kubagiraho ingaruka.
37
Gutega amatwi bifasha kumva ibitekerezo by’umuntu, amarangamutima afite, kandi
biguha umwanya wo kumenya icyo usubiza udahubutse.
Ingaruka ku bashakanye bataganira ni nyinshi: bahorana ibibazo kuko batabiganiraho
ngo babikemure. Umwe akora ibye atagishije inama undi. Bahora mu makimbirane
bigatuma abana bafatwa nabi. Nta terambere riba mu rugo rw’abashakanye
bataganira. Umutungo ni kimwe mu bituma ubuzima bw’umuryango bugenda neza
kandi hakabaho ikizere k’imibereho y’ejo hazaza y’abawugize cyanecyane abana.
Imicungire y’umutungo yaba myiza cyangwa mibi igira ingaruka ku mibanire
y’abashakanye. Ni ngombwa rero ko abashakanye bumvikana ku micungire
y’umutungo. Abashakanye bagomba kumvikana ku bitunga urugo, ku bikoreshwa mu
yindi mishinga nko kurihira abana amashuri, kwivuza n’indi mishinga y’iterambere
ry’urugo.
Ni ngombwa ko abashakanye bumvikana ku musaruro ugomba kuzigamwa. Guhisha
uwo mwashakanye imwe mu mitungo ugamije kwikemurira ibibazo byawe bwite ni
ingeso mbi yo kwirinda.
Kubahiriza uburenganzira bw’uwo mwashakanye, mu kugira ubuzima bwiza no mu
gutanga ibitekerezo ni ngombwa. Abashakanye bagomba gukurikiza inshingano
biyemeza kubahana, guhahira urugo, kudasesagura, guteganyiriza ejo hazaza no
kurera abana babyaye.
Kwiyubakamo indangagaciro z’umuco nyarwanda n’imyemerere na byo ni ngombwa.
Ibyo bijyana no kudahohotera uwo mwashakanye, kutamutuka, kutamukubita,
kutamwicisha inzara no kutamusebya bifasha urugo kubaho mu rukundo no mu
bwubahane. Ni ngombwa kandi ko abashakanye bagira urukundo rutagira ikizinga,
bagategana amatwi, bakamenya ibyo buri wese akeneye ku nyungu z’urugo.
Mu kwanzura twavuga ko ari ngombwa guha agaciro, icyubahiro n’ubwisanzure
bihagije uwo mwashakanye. Gufatanya n’uwo mwashakanye gucunga umutungo
w’urugo, guha abana urukundo n’uburere bwiza; kutiyandarika ni ipfundo
ry’iterambere ry’umuryango. Ni ngombwa kandi gufatanya n’uwo mwashakanye
mu mirimo y’urugo; guhangayikishwa no kumenya uko yiriwe; kumwihanganira
mu bihe by’ubukene cyangwa by’uburwayi bifite akamaro gakomeye mu mibanire
yabo. Kugira isuku mu byo bakora byose; kwita ku bashyitsi babo n’ab’abana babo no
kubaha icyubahiro bakwiye; kuzuza inshingano z’urugo no kubahiriza uburenganzira
bwa buri wese ni ngombwa.
I. Inyunguramagambo:
Sobanura amagambo akurikira yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko
1. Umusingi w'urugo 3. Impuha

2. Gufata ingamba 4. Amakimbirane

38
II. Ibibazo ku mwandiko
1. Uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye bisobanura iki?

2. Ikibazo kivutse mu rugo gikwiye gukemurwa gite?

3. Amakimbirane hagati y’abashakanye aturuka he?

4. Kuganira kw’abashakanye bifite akahe kamaro?

5. Kuki abashakanye bagomba kuganira n’abana babo?

6. Mwebwe nk’abana mujya mubona ko hari amakimbirane aturuka ku

buringanire n’ubwuzuzanye? Niba ahari aterwa n’iki?
7. Mwaba muganira n’ababyeyi banyu? Niba mutaganira mubona biterwa

n’iki?
III. Ikibonezamvugo
1. Erekana uturemajambo twungirije, inshinga igira? Ese inshinga itondaguye

igira uturemajambo tungahe? Andika amazina yatwo.
2. Hari ubwoko bungahe bw’ingereka mu nshinga itondaguye?

3. Ukoresheje imbonerahamwe, sesengura inshinga itondaguye ugaragaza

amazina y’uturemajambo n’amategeko y’igenamajwi yakoreshejwe.
a) Kamanzi ati: “Mu bucuruzi bwange, nkoresha abantu benshi”.
b) Ese Petero arakishonjesha iyo bamubwiye kujya mu mirimo isaba
ingufu?
c) Za ngabo zaracumbukuye, ubu zigeze hakurya ya Nyabarongo.
d) Kera Abanyarwanda bamesheshaga imigwegwe. Ese ubu baracyakora
batyo?
IV. Kuzuza impapuro zabugenewe:

1. Ni ibihe bintu ugomba kwitwararika mbere yo guha umuntu sheki?

2. Uzuza iki kemezo mu gihe utegereje ko Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa

w’Umurenge agusinyira.
39
INTARA/UMUGI WA…..……....
AKARERE KA……………….........
UMURENGE WA…………….......
Ikemezo kiranga umuntu

Ngewe…………………………………………Umunyamabanga Nshingwabikorwa
wa……………………………………………nemeje indangamuntu y’uwitwa
Izina:……………………………………………………...................
Amazina y’idini:…………………………………………............
Izina rya se:……………………………………………….............
Izina rya nyina:……………………………………………..........
Aho yavukiye: ………………………………………..…….........
Akarere k’amavuko…………………………………..…….......
Ubwenegihugu……………………………………………...........
Umwuga: ……………………………………………………..........
Intara avukamo…………………………………………….........
Intara atuyemo………………………………………………......
Nakiriye…………………FRW Gitangiwe……………….ku wa…/…/20…..

……………………………………………………...
Umukono
Umunyamabanga nshingwabikorwa (Amazina)

…………………………………………………….. Kashe
Umukono
40
3 Ubuzima
Umwandiko: Indwara z’ibyorezo
Bayobozi b’utugari n’imidugudu igize Umurenge wa Munanira,

Baturage mutuye mu Murenge wa Munanira,
Nongeye kubasuhuza, nimugire amahoro! Nyuma y’iki gikorwa cy’umuganda cyari
cyaduteranyirije hano, ndagira ngo mbamenyeshe ko uyu munsi hateganyirijwe
kuganira ku ndwara z’ibyorezo. Nkaba ngira ngo mbamenyeshe ko icyo kiganiro
tugiye kukigezwaho n’umuyobozi w’Ikigo Nderabuzima cya Munanira. Muyobozi
w’Ikigo Nderabuzima cya Munanira uyu mwanya ni uwanyu kugira ngo mugeze ku
baturage b’Umurenge wa Munanira ikiganiro mwabateguriye.
Murakoze!
Nyakubahwa Muyobozi w’Umurenge,
41
Bayobozi b’utugari n’imidugudu,
Baturage b’Umurenge wa Munanira, nimugire amahoro!
Nk’uko byari biteganyijwe, nyuma y’igikorwa cy’umuganda cyabaye uyu munsi,
tugiye kuganira ku ndwara z’ibyorezo n’ingamba zo kuzirinda. Sintwara umwanya
munini, ngiye kubaganiriza iminota mike ishoboka. Ndabanza nsobanure indwara
y’icyorezo icyo ari cyo, uko ikwirakwira, mvuge kuri zimwe mu ndwara z’ibyorezo
zigaragara muri iki gihe, nsoreze ku ngamba zo kuzirwanya.
Bayobozi bo mu Murenge wa Munanira,
Baturage b’Umurenge wa Munanira,
Muri iyi si dutuyemo habamo ibiremwa bifite ubuzima n’ibitabufite. Umuntu rero ni
ikiremwa gifite ubuzima, aravuka, agahumeka, akagenda, akarya, agakura, akabyara
ndetse akageraho agapfa. Ashobora gupfa biturutse ku ndwara zoroheje cyangwa
izikomeye iyo zitavuwe neza. Mu bihe bimwe rero bene izo ndwara ziza ari ibyorezo.
Ni ukuvuga indwara ziza zibasira imbaga ku buryo haboneka umubare munini
cyangwa umubare udasanzwe w’abagaragaza iyo ndwara mu gace runaka ndetse no
mu gihe runaka. Ibi bishaka kuvuga ko indwara bayita icyorezo bashingiye ku gihe
iyo ndwara yakwiriye, agace kibasiwe n’iyo ndwara ndetse n’ibimenyetso byaranze
abantu bibasiwe na yo.
Bayobozi bo mu Murenge wa Munanira,
Baturage bo mu Murenge wa Munanira,
Indwara z’ibyorezo ni indwara zishobora guhitana umubare munini w’abantu. Ni
ngombwa ko tumenya izo ari zo n’uko zandura kugira ngo dufate ingamba zo kuzirinda.
Muri zimwe mu ndwara zagiye zibasira abantu ndetse zikaba n’ibyorezo twavuga
nka korera, marariya, macinya, igituntu, Sida, indwara ya ebora yamenyekanye muri
iki gihe n’izindi.
Indwara z’ibyorezo zishobora kwandura ku buryo butaziguye no ku buryo buziguye.
Ku buryo buziguye, indwara ikwirakwira iyo agakoko gatera indwara nyirizina kinjiye
mu muntu gaturutse mu ndiri yako bityo kagahita gakwira mu mubiri. Umuntu rero
ashobora kuba imwe mu ndiri y’agakoko bityo akaba ashobora kwanduza mugenzi we
amukozeho, basomanye, bakoranye imibonano mpuzabitsina, igihe cyo konsa, igihe
cyo kubyara, mu gutanga amaraso, kongera ingingo mu mubiri w’umuntu n’ibindi.
Mu buryo butaziguye, indwara yinjira mu mubiri w’umuntu inyuze mu biryo
yariye, mu mazi yanyoye mu bikoresho binyuranye byanduye, ikindi kandi agakoko
gashobora kunyura mu dusimba no mu zindi nyamaswa cyangwa mu kirere gaciye
mu ivumbi cyangwa mu bitonyanga by’imvura.
Bayobozi,
Baturage b’Umurenge wa Munanira,
Ngira ngo murumva ko hari inzira zitandukanye twakwanduriramo indwara
z’ibyorezo. Aha mushobora kumbaza muti: “Ni izihe ngamba twafata kugira ngo
tuzirwanye?” Indwara z’ibyorezo rero zigira ingaruka nyinshi haba ku muntu ndetse
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no ku gihugu muri rusange. Bene izo ndwara zihitana abantu benshi icyarimwe kandi
mu gihe gito, zigakenesha umuryango ndetse n’iterambere ry’igihugu muri rusange
rikahadindirira.
Leta y’u Rwanda ni yo ikunze gufata iya mbere mu kuzirwanya, ikora ubushakashatsi
ku ndwara nyirizina. Ibyo bituma mbere na mbere hamenyekana imvano y’indwara
uburyo bwayo bwo gukwirakwira bityo igafata ingamba zihamye zo kuyirwanya.
Nge, mwe n’abandi batari aha, turasabwa rero kutananiza Leta ngo ige ihora muri
ubwo bushakashatsi kuko buyitwara amafaranga menshi. Inyinshi tuzi uko zandura
nimureke tuzirinde. Nitugirire isuku ibiribwa kuko bishobora kuba intandaro
y’ikwirakwira ry’indwara z’ibyorezo. Niba kandi hari ibiribwa tuzi byahumanye,
bayobozi murashishikarizwa kubuza icuruzwa ryabyo. Hari ibyorezo bindi biterwa
n’udukoko, turashishikarizwa gukoresha inzitiramibu, kwirinda imibonano
mpuzabitsina idakingiye. Twirinde kurya ibiribwa bidafite ubuziranenge, dukoreshe
ibikoresho bisukuye. Ikindi kandi twirinde guhumanya ibidukikije; amazi umwuka
duhumeka n’ibindi kuko na byo twabonye ko bishobora kuba inzira y’ikwirakwira
rya tumwe mu dukoko dutera indwara z’ibyorezo.
Bayobozi,
Baturage bo mu Murenge wa Munanira,
Nababwiye ko ntari bwizimbe mu magambo. Indwara z’ibyorezo zitera imfu
zikabije z’abantu. Nimucyo dusenyere umugozi umwe tuzirwanye twivuye inyuma.
Nihagaragara ibimenyetso runaka by’imwe mu ndwara z’ibyorezo tuge twitabira
gutangira amakuru ku gihe kugira ngo Leta y’u Rwanda ifate ingamba zo kuyihashya
mu maguru mashya. Niba kandi wagaragaweho ibimenyetso by’indwara y’icyorezo,
ihutire kujya kwa muganga kugira ngo ukurikiranwe amazi atararenga inkombe.
Gutinda byatuma wanduza benshi, akari kera ikanagucura inkumbi. Murakoze
mbashimiye uburyo mwanteze amatwi nkaba nizera ko twese hamwe tugiye
guharanira kubungabunga ubuzima bwacu duhashya indwara z’ibyorezo.
I. Inyunguramagambo
A. Sobanura amagambo cyangwa itsinda ry’amagambo akurikira:
1. Kwibasira imbaga 7. Ibiribwa bihumanye

2. Gufata ingamba 8. Kwizimba mu magambo
3. Uburyo butaziguye 9. Kwiva inyuma
4. Uburyo buziguye 10. Guhashya mu maguru mashya
5. Indiri 11. Amazi atararenga inkombe
6. Intandaro 12. Gucurwa inkumbi n’indwara
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B. Kora uyu mwitozo w’inyunguramagambo ukurikira:
Uzuza interuro zikurikira ukoresheje amagambo akurikira yo mu mwandiko: Amazi

atararenga inkombe, indiri, gufata ingamba, uburyo butaziguye, ibiribwa bihumanye,
kwibasira imbaga.
a) Ibiziba n’ibihuru ni …………… y’imibu itera marariya.
b) Bariye …………… none barwariye rimwe.
c) Iyo umuntu afashwe n’uburwayi ni byiza kumujyana kwa muganga vuba……………
d) Abanyarwanda bose bakwiye …………… zo gukingiza abana bakivuka.
Subiza ibi bibazo:
1. Ni ryari tuvuga ko indwara ari icyorezo?

2. Mu mwandiko batubwira ko indwara z’ibyorezo zishobora kudindiza iterambere
ry’igihugu. Bisobanure nibura wifashishije ingero ebyiri.
3. Ni uruhe ruhare ibidukikije bishobora kugira mu kwanduza indwara z’ibyorezo?
Tanga ingero ebyiri z’indwara z’ibyorezo zakwandurira mu bidukikije?
4. Uhereye ku bumenyi rusange usanzwe ufite, tanga urugero rw’indwara y’icyorezo
umuntu ashobora kwanduza mugenzi we:
a) amukozeho,
b) amusomye,
c) bakoranye imibonano mpuzabitsina,
d) mu gihe cyo konsa,
e) mu gihe cyo kubyara,
f) mu gutanga amaraso.
5. Uhereye aho utuye garagaza ingamba eshatu Leta y’u Rwanda ifata mu kurwanya
indwara z’ibyorezo.
6. Ni gute abaturage twakunganira Leta y’u Rwanda kugira ngo igere kuri izo
ngamba?
7. Abaturage bo bafata izihe ngamba kugira ngo barwanye indwara z’ibyorezo?
8. Ni iyihe nama wagira umuntu wagaragaje indwara y’icyorezo?
9. Ku bwawe urabona uyu mwandiko ari bwoko ki? Ugamije iki?
10. Abaturage babwirwa bari bahujwe n’ikihe gikorwa? Vuga inyungu zinyuranye
zishobora gukomoka kuri icyo gikorwa.
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III. Imyitozo yo gusesengura umwandiko
Tekereza ku mwandiko wasomye maze usubize ibi bibazo:

2. Garagaza ingingo z’ingenzi ziri mu mwandiko.
Imbwirwaruhame
Itegereze izi nteruro zivuye mu mwandiko wasomye maze ukore

ubushakashatsi ku bibazo biri hasi yazo.
“Muyobozi w’Umurenge,
Baturage b’Umurenge wa Munanira, nimugire amahoro!
Nk’uko byari biteganijwe, nyuma y’igikorwa cy’umuganda cyabaye uyu munsi, tugiye
kuganira ku ndwara z’ibyorezo n’ingamba zo kuzirinda.”
Ibibazo:
1. Aka gace karagaragaza ko uyu mwandiko ari bwoko ki?
2. Ni iki kibigaragaza?
1. Inshoza y’imbwirwaruhame
Imbwirwaruhame ni ijambo umuntu ategura akarigeza ku bantu benshi bakirinda
kumurogoya, ahubwo bakamutega amatwi. Imbwirwaruhame ishobora kuba
ndende cyangwa ngufi bitewe n’intego yayo. Uvuga imbwirwaruhame na we
agomba kuyitegura agahuza ibitekerezo bye bwite n’insanganyamatsiko y’umunsi,
kandi akiyubaha ubwe, akubaha n’abamuteze amatwi. Imbwirwaruhame zivuga
ku nsanganyamatsiko zinyuranye: izibwiriza iby’idini, izivuga ibya poritiki, izo
kwizihiza iminsi mikuru, izikangurira abantu igikorwa runaka... Ni yo mpamvu
imbwirwaruhame zishobora kuvugirwa ahantu hanyuranye nko mu nsengero,
mu ishuri, mu nzu mberabyombi n’ahandi.
2. Uturango n’imbata y’imbwirwaruhame
Imbwirwaruhame igizwe n’ibice bine: umutwe, intangiriro, igihimba
n’umwanzuro.
Umutwe:
Umutwe ni igice kibanza k'imbwirwaruhame kigaragaza insanganyamatsiko
n'uyivuga.
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Intangiriro
Mu ntangiriro uvuga imbwirwaruhame atangira asuhuza abo yageneye ikiganiro
ahereye ku banyacyubahiro bahari uko bagenda basumbana, mu byubahiro byabo.
Urugero:
“Muyobozi w’Umurenge,
Baturage b’Umurenge wa Munanira, nimugire amahoro!”
Aka ni na ko karango ka mbere k’imbwirwaruhame. Mu ntangiriro kandi ni ho utanga
ikiganiro agaragaza ibyo ari buze kuvugaho asa n’utera amatsiko abari buze kumutega
amatwi ndetse no kubumvisha akamaro k’icyo kiganiro agiye kubagezaho. Iki gice
ntikigomba kuba kirekire.
Igihimba
Iki gice ni cyo gice fatizo k’imbwirwaruhame. Ni muri iki gice utanga ikiganiro avuga
ingingo yateguye kuvugaho. Ni ngombwa ko izo ngingo azikurikiranya neza ashingiye
ku buremere bwazo. Ibi bituma abamutega amatwi bishimira gukomeza kumwumva
kuko aba yahereye ku ngingo zibafitiye akamaro cyane. Iyo bibaye ngombwa ko hari
ingero zitangwa, uvuga imbwirwaruhame akoresha ingero zijyanye n’abo abwira
cyangwa aho avugira. Kubera ko iki gice gishobora kuba kirekire, utanga ikiganiro
mbere yo kujya ku yindi ngingo ashobora kugenda akoresha amagambo yo gukangura
abo abwira (Bayobozi, Babyeyi, Nshuti, Bavandimwe...)
Umwanzuro/ Umusozo
Muri iki gice utanga imbwirwaruhame asoza yibutsa abamuteze amatwi ingingo
z’ingezi baganiriyeho kugira ngo basigarane ishusho y’ikiganiro. Ni muri iki gice
kandi ashobora kugaragaza ibyifuzo, ingamba, inama... bitewe n’imiterere y’ikiganiro.
Niba yashishikarizaga abantu kurwanya ibiyobyabwenge arasoza agaragaza ingamba
zafatwa mu kubirwanya. Muri iki gice kandi utanga ikiganiro asoza ashimira abari
bamuteze amatwi.
3. Amabwiriza agenga imbwirwaruhame
Ibyitabwaho mbere yo gutanga imbwirwaruhame

Mbere yo gutanga ikiganiro mbwirwaruhame ugitegura agomba kumenya ibi
bikurikira:
– Ni ngombwa kumenya abo agiye kubwira imbwirwaruhame abo ari bo.
– Ni iki bashobora kumva? Bari mu kihe kigero k’imyaka? Bakora iki? Ni iki
bahuriyeho?
– Gutegura imbwirwaruhame.
– Kumva neza insanganyamatsiko y’imbwirwaruhame byaba ngombwa akanasoma
ibitabo binyuranye bivuga kuri iyo nsanganyamatsiko.
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– Gukusanya ibyo azavuga mu ngingo zinyuranye z’imbwirwaruhame ashingiye
ku byo yasomye cyangwa yabajije abandi.
– Gushaka intego z’ikiganiro ke akanakora imbata y’ikiganiro ke.
Imyitwarire y’utanga ikiganiro mbwirwaruhame
Utanga ikiganiro mbwirwaruhame agomba kuba:
– Afite isuku; yambaye neza; ni ukuvuga imyambaro idakojeje isoni.
– Kumenya guhagarara neza imbere y’abandi nta mususu.
– Kuvuga imbwirwaruhame ye adategwa.
– Kuraranganya amaso mu bo abwira, kirazira kubatera umugongo no kuba imbata
y’urupapuro.
– Kurangurura ijwi kugira ngo imbwirwaruhame yumvikane.
– Kuvuga atarandaga cyane ngo batarambirwa kandi ntiyihute cyane mu mvugo
kugira ngo ibyo avuze birusheho kumvikana.
– Kwirinda imvugo nyandagazi.
– Kugenda atanga ingero zihuye n’ikigero cy’abo abwira cyangwa se icyo bakora.
Ikitonderwa:
Imbwirwaruhame itegurwa yandikwa, ikavugwa isomwa. Nta guhimbiraho kuko
bituma uvuga ashobora gukora amakosa. Nubwo tutakwirengagiza ko hari abantu
bagira impano yo kuvugira mu ruhame ariko si ibya bose.
Umwitozo
Kurikirana imbwirwaruhame yafashwe kuri radiyo maze uyijore.
Umukoro
Ishyire mu kigwi cy’umujyanama w’ubuzima wandike imbwirwaruhame ku
ndwara y’igituntu, uyigenere abaturage b’umudugudu runaka.
Inshamake y’ibyizwe mu mutwe wa gatatu

– Indwara bayita icyorezo iyo yibasira imbaga ku buryo haboneka umubare
munini cyangwa umubare udasanzwe w’abagaragaza iyo ndwara mu gace
runaka no mu gihe runaka. Mu rwego rwo kwirinda indwara z’ibyorezo ni
ngombwa gufata ingamba zo kugirira isuku ibiribwa kuko bishobora kuba
intandaro y’ikwirakwira ryazo. Niba kandi hari ibiribwa byahumanye ni
ngombwa kurwanya icuruzwa ryabyo. Gukoresha inzitiramibu, kwirinda
imibonano mpuzabitsina, kwirinda kurya ibiribwa bidafite ubuziranenge, no
gukoresha ibikoresho bisukuye na byo ni ingenzi mu kwirinda indwara. Ikindi
kandi ni ukwirinda guhumanya ibidukikije kuko ibyo byose ari intandaro
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y’indwara z’ibyorezo zishobora kudindiza iterambere kuko zihitana abantu
benshi icyarimwe kandi mu gihe gito, zigakenesha umuryango. Byongeye
kandi Leta y’u Rwanda izitangaho amafaranga menshi ikora ubushakashatsi
bugamije kuzirwanya. Zidahari ayo mafaranga yashorwa mu bindi bikorwa
remezo.
– Imbwirwaruhame ni ijambo ribwirwa abantu benshi ariko bagatega amatwi
umwe gusa, bakirinda kumurogoya.
Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa gatatu

Umwandiko: Indwara ya marariya
Abanyarwanda twese tumaze kumenya akamaro k’amavuriro mu Gihugu cyacu.
Ni yo mpamvu umuntu asigaye afatwa akirukira kwa muganga. Hambere, kubera
amavuriro make, mato, akennye, abarwayi bapfaga ari benshi. Ariko abavuzi ba
gihanga babaga bagerageje bakavura indwara nyinshi, zimwe zo mu nda, izo ku ruhu
n’izindi. Marariya yo kuyivura byababeraga ingorabahizi ni yo mpamvu yahitanaga
abantu benshi.
Mu gihe gishize, hateye icyorezo cya marariya, kera bitaga ubuganga, bituma abantu
bibaza impamvu iyo ndwara yiyongereye. Abibeshyaga, baje kuvuga ko ibiti by’avoka
byatumye imibu yiyongera kuko byari bimaze gukwira mu Gihugu cyose, kandi imibu
ikaba ibyihishamo. Avoka nyinshi kandi ziba mu ntanzi z’urugo. Iyo bugorobye
rero, imibu ivamo igatera mu ngo. Gusa avoka si zo ndiri y’imibu itera marariya
zonyine, ahubwo ngo urutoki ni rwo rwa mbere. Amazi areka mu mivovo, amakoma
n’imyanana bituma havuka imibu ishyano ryose. Ariko nanone nta watema za voka
n’urutoki ngo ni uko bikurura imibu idutera marariya, ahubwo dusukure munsi yabyo,
twirinde kuhajugunya ibikopo n’injyo kuko birekamo amazi, imibu igateramo amagi.
Ibindi bikurura imibu ni amazi aretse hasi yose. Twirinde rero kugira ikizenga hafi
y’urugo kandi dupfundikire ibibindi n’ibindi birekamo amazi. Duteme ibyatsi biri
mu ntanzi z’urugo kuko bicumbikira imibu.
Ubwo imibu ari yo itera marariya, uburyo nyabwo bwo kuyirinda ni ukurwanya
imibu, abantu bagakangurirwa kugira isuku aho batuye batema ibiti bikikije ingo,
birinda amazi areka iruhande rw’amazu ndetse banakoresha inzitiramubu ikoranye
umuti. Ikindi cyakorwa ni uko uyirwaye yayivuza neza, ntimubemo ikigugu, ngo
imuzahaze. Uko kuzahazwa na marariya biri mu bidindiza amajyambere y’igihugu
kuko nta mubyizi w’umuntu w’inzahare.
Mu myaka yashize marariya yahitanye benshi kuko batari bazi ibiyitera ngo bafate
ingamba zo kuyirinda barwanya ibiyitera, nk’uko Abanyarwanda bavuga ngo:
“Kwirinda biruta kwivuza”. Twirinde marariya dukurikiza inama zose tugirwa
n’abahanga mu buvuzi bwayo.
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1. Ni iyihe nsanganyamatsiko ivugwa muri uyu mwandiko?

2. Kubera iki mu myaka yashize abarwayi bapfaga cyane?

3. Ni izihe ngamba wafata kugira ngo urwanye marariya?

4. Aho utuye, iyo abantu barwaye babigenza bate?

1. Koresha mu nteruro amagambo akurikira: Imivovo, intanzi z’urugo, injyo,

kuzahara.
2. Sobanura amagambo akurikira: ikigugu, icyorezo.

III. Imbwirwaruhame
a) Imbwirwaruhame ni iki?

b) Vuga ibyitabwaho mbere yo gutanga imbwirwaruhame.

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4 Umuco w’amahoro
Umwandiko: Gukumira no kurwanya jenoside
Iyi foto twayiherewe uruhushya n’ubuyobozi bw’urwibutso rwa jenoside yakorewe

Abatutsi mu Rwanda rwa Gisozi.
Iri jambo “jenoside” ryakoreshejwe bwa mbere mu 1944 igihe habaga amarorerwa
yibasiye Abayahudi i Burayi. Jenoside rero ryahawe ubwicanyi ndengakamere
bugamije kurimbura imbaga y’abantu bafite icyo bahuriyeho gishobora kuba:
ubwoko, idini, akarere, isura, ibara ry’uruhu, igitsina, ubwenegihugu, inkomoko,
ururimi, ibitekerezo bya poritiki n’ibindi, hashyirwa mu bikorwa umugambi uba
warateguwe. Icyo cyaha kidasanzwe cyashyizwe mu mategeko mpuzamahanga
mu 1948 nk’icyaha gitandukanywa n’ibindi byaha by’ubwicanyi kubera umugambi
n’ubushake bwo kurimbura abantu bazira icyo bari cyo. Jenoside itegurwa na Leta
kuko ari yo yonyine ifite uburyo n’ubushobozi bwo gufata ikemezo cyo kurimbura
itsinda ry’abantu. Mu bihe bisanzwe, uwafata icyo kemezo Leta itabishyigikiye
yamuhagarika ikarengera abaturage ishinzwe kurinda. Jenoside ni icyaha kidasaza,
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gihanirwa aho ari ho hose ku isi. Umuntu yakwibaza ati: “Jenoside ishoboka ite? Ni
izihe ngamba zafatwa mu kuyikumira no kuyirwanya?”
Hari abashakashatsi banyuranye banditse kuri jenoside, ariko hano turavuga ku

mushakashatsi Geregori Sintato (Gregory Stanton). Mu gitabo ke yise What is
genocide?, umushakashatsi ku bumenyi bwa jenoside n’uburyo bwo kuyirwanya,
Geregori Sintato (Gregory Stanton) ukomoka muri Amerika ni we washyize
ahagaragara intambwe zinyuranye jenoside inyuzwamo kugira ngo ishoboke. Ni
ngombwa kumenya ibiranga buri ntambwe kugira ngo umenye uko wayikumira
n’uko wayirwanya.
Mbere ya byose, abategura jenoside batandukanya abaturage, bakabacamo íbice

bibiri «Twe» na «Bo» bagendeye ku bwenegihugu, ubwoko, inkomoko cyangwa
imyemerere. Muri iki gikorwa, abategura jenoside bagerageza kumvisha abaturage
ko kubacamo ibice nta cyo bitwaye kandi ko nta ngaruka bifite. Ariko mu by’ukuri
bo baba bazi impamvu yabyo n’icyo bashaka kuzageraho.
Nyuma yo gucamo abaturage ibice, buri tsinda rihabwa izina ryihariye,

rikagenderwaho babatandukanya n’abandi badahuje itsinda. Ibi bigashimangirwa
n’inyigisho z’urwango zirushaho gutandukanya amatsinda yombi, kugeza ubwo
itsinda ryibasiwe rifatwa nk’umwanzi mu muryango ribarizwamo.
Nyuma yo gutandukanya amatsinda no kuyaha amazina yihariye kuri buri tsinda,

itsinda ryibasiwe ritangira kwamburwa ubumuntu, abarigize bakagereranywa
n’ibikoko.
Ku rwego rwa kane, abategura jenoside barangwa n’ibikorwa bitandukanye bitegura

ishyirwa mu bikorwa ryayo. Hategurwa hakanigishwa abazayikora, hagashakwa
ibikoresho bizifashishwa.
Ku rwego rwa gatanu, abategura jenoside batangira kwibasira abatagira aho

babogamiye, batabyumva kimwe na bo; kugira ngo bitazababuza gushyira mu bikorwa
umugambi wabo wa jenoside.
Hakurikiraho kugaragaza abagomba kwicwa, hagakorwa urutonde rwabo. Nyuma yo

gukora urutonde rw’abagomba kwicwa, hakurikiraho kubica hagamijwe kumaraho
abagize itsinda runaka.
Nyuma yo gushyira mu bikorwa jenoside, iteka abayikoze ntibaba bemera ibyaha

bakoze. Nibwo usanga barangwa no guhakana ibyabaye, bagahisha ukuri, bakibasira
abatangabuhamya n’ibindi byose bagamije kuburizamo ibimenyetso bituma
umugambi wabo umenyekana n’uburyo wateguwe.
Kugira urukundo rwa mugenzi wawe no kumva ko abantu ari ibiremwa by’Imana
ni yo ntwaro ya mbere yo kwirinda no gukumira jenoside. Ni ngombwa kwamagana
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ubuyobozi bucamo abaturage ibice bubumvisha ko atari bamwe. Mu mategeko ahana
ya buri gihugu, hakwiye gushyirwamo itegeko rihana umuntu wambura mugenzi
we ubumuntu amwitiranya n’inyamaswa cyangwa amuha andi mazina agamije
kumutesha agaciro. Abayobozi b’igihugu n’ab’imiryango mpuzamahanga bakwiye
kwamagana no guhana ababiba inzangano n’amacakubiri babicishije mu biganiro
mbwirwaruhame no mu bundi buryo bunyuranye bw’isakazamakuru.
Mu kurwanya jenoside, Umuryango w’Abibumbye “UN” ugomba gukumira igurwa
ry’intwaro ku bihugu no ku baturage bagaragaweho umugambi mubisha wa jenoside
bakanafatirwa ibihano mpuzamahanga. Ni ngombwa kandi gutangaza ibihugu
byagaragaweho itegurwa rya jenoside no gushyiraho ingabo mpuzamahanga zo
gutabara mu maguru mashya abibasiwe na jenoside. Birakwiye kandi guca umuco
wo kudahana, abakoze jenoside bagacirwa imanza aho baba baherereye hose.
Muri make uruhare rwa buri muntu mu gukumira no kurwanya jenoside ni
ukwamagana abagifite ingengabitekerezo ya jenoside no guhana abayitsimbarayeho.
Kurangwa n’imitekerereze, imyumvire, imikorere n’imyitwarire izira ivangura iryo ari
ryo ryose mu bikorwa bya buri munsi, twubahiriza uburenganzira bwa muntu bwo
kubaho, kumvwa no gukemurirwa ibibazo no kwemera ibitekerezo bitandukanye.
Ni ngombwa kandi gutoza abana n’abo tubana kubahiriza uburenganzira bw’abandi
no kwirinda ivangura n’amacakubiri aho ava akagera.
Bifatiye ku bya Geregori Sintato (Gregory Stanton), 1944, What is genocide?
I. Inyunguramagambo
1. Kurimbura abantu 6. Kubura agaciro

2. Kwibasira umuntu 7. Umugambi mubisha
3. Ubumuntu 8. Guhana umugambi
4. Gutesha agaciro umuntu 9. Mu maguru mashya
5. Guta agaciro
Kora iyi myitozo y‘inyunguramagambo:
1. Koresha aya magambo ukore interuro ukurikije inyito afite mu mwandiko:

ubumuntu, kwibasira, agaciro.
2. Andika impuzanyito z’aya magambo yanditse mu nyuguti zitsindagiye ziri mu
mwandiko:
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a) Ni ngombwa gutabara abantu bibasiwe na jenoside bidatinze.
b) Mudacogora yaboneranywe n’abajura.
Subiza ibibazo bikurikira:
1. Jenoside ni iki?
2. Kuki jenoside itandukanye n’ubundi bwicanyi?
3. Kuvuga ko jenoside ari icyaha kidasaza bishatse kuvuga iki?
4. Intambwe jenoside inyuramo kugira ngo igerweho ni zingahe? Zivuge
uzikurikiranyije.
5. Vuga nibura uburyo butatu bwo gukumira jenoside bugaragara mu mwandiko.
6. Ni iyihe nama wagira buri muntu mu rwego rwo kwirinda no kurwanya jenoside?
7. Garagaza uburyo bunyuranye bwo gukumira no kurwanya jenoside butavuzwe
mu mwandiko.
III. Imyitozo yo gusesengura umwandiko
Tekereza byimbitse ku mwandiko wasomye maze usubize ibi bibazo:
1. Ni iyihe nsanganyamatsiko rusange ivugwa muri uyu mwandiko?

2. Garagaza ingingo z’ingenzi zivugwa muri uyu mwandiko.
3. Ni irihe somo ukuye muri uyu mwandiko?
4. Ukurikije umwandiko ni izihe ngaruka jenoside yagira ku buzima bw’Igihugu
uhereye kuri jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi?
IV. Umwitozo w’ubumenyi ngiro
Ungurana ibitekerezo na bagenzi bawe ku nsanganyamatsiko ikurikira

wubahiriza uko bikorwa hanyuma muhurize hamwe umwanzuro w’ibyo
mwagezeho.
Uruhare rwa gahunda ya “Ndi Umunyarwanda” mu gukumira no kurwanya jenoside”.
Umukoro
– Hanga umuvugo ku gukumira no kurwanya jenoside, wamagana abapfobya
n’abahakana jenoside yakorewe Abatutsi.
– Kora ubushakashatsi ku bandi bashakashatsi banditse kuri jenoside ugaragaze
uko bayivuzeho.
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Inyandiko z’ubutegetsi: Ibaruwa isaba akazi n’umwirondoro
Soma iki gika maze ukore ubushakashatsi usubize ibibazo biri hasi.
Kubera ko ingengabitekerezo ya jenoside ikigaragara mu turere tumwe na

tumwe tw’Igihugu, abayobozi b’Igihugu bafashe ikemezo cyo kwandikira ibaruwa
abayobozi b’utwo turere babamenyesha ko bagomba gufata ingamba zo kurandura
ingengabitekerezo ya jenoside. Muri izo ngamba harimo: gukoresha abaturage
inama zibakangurira kwirinda no kurwanya ingengabitekerezo ya jenoside ahubwo
bakimakaza umuco w’amahoro, gukaza amarondo…
Ibibazo:
1. Ibaruwa ivugwa muri iyi nteruro ni bwoko ki?
2. Usibye bene ubwo bwoko bw’ibaruwa nta zindi baruwa waba uzi zandikwa?
Tanga ingero zitandukanye.
3. Mu matangazo amenyesha akazi ni iki bakunze gusaba?
4. Utekereza ko umwirondoro uba ukubiyemo iki?
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A. Ibaruwa y’ubutegetsi
MUGISHA Arnaud Buramba, ku wa 12/2/2017
Akarere ka Buramba
Intara y’Amajyaruguru
Agasanduku k’amabaruwa
60 Buramba
Bwana Umuyobozi
w’Umurenge wa Kagano
Agasanduku k’amabaruwa
2011 Buramba
Impamvu: Ikibazo k’ibiyobyabwenge
Bwana Muyobozi,
Mbabajwe no kubandikira iyi
baruwa ngira ngo mbasabe kurwanya byimazeyo ikibazo k’ibiyobyabwenge kivugwa
mu Murenge mubereye Umuyobozi.
Mu by’ukuri, Bwana Muyobozi
w’Umurenge kubera ikibazo cy’umutekano muke umaze iminsi urangwa mu murenge
muyobora, bikaba byaragaragaye ko ukomoka ku ikoreshwa ry’ibiyobyabwenge
rigaragara mu rubyiruko, turabasaba gushishikariza abayeyi, abayobozi b’utugari
ndetse n’ab’imidugudu kwitabira kurwanya abakoresha ibiyobyabwenge.
Byagaragaye ko ari byo ntandaro y’ubwicanyi n’urugomo rumaze iminsi rugaragara
mu murenge wanyu. Murasabwa kugaragaza ingamba mugiye gufatira icyo kibazo.
Mu gihe ngitegereje igisubizo
cyanyu, mbaye mbashimiye ubufatanye musanzwe mugaragaza mu guharanira
umutekano w’Igihugu.
Bimenyeshejwe:
- Umuyobozi w’Intara y’Amajyaruguru
- Ushinzwe umutekano mu Ntara y’Amajyaruguru
MUGISHA Arnaud
Umuyobozi w’Akarere ka Buramba

Ibibazo ku mwandiko
1. Uyu mwandiko uri mu buhe bwoko bw’imyandiko? Kubera iki?
2. Ni nde wanditse uyu mwandiko? Yawandikiye nde?
3. Ni ikihe kibazo cyatumye nyiri ukwandika uyu mwandiko awandika?
4. Garagaza itandukaniro riri hagati y’uyu mwandiko n’indi wize.
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1. Inshoza y’ibaruwa y‘ubutegetsi
Ibaruwa y’ubutegetsi ni ibaruwa ngufi kandi ivuga ibya ngombwa birasa ku
ntego, ikirinda uburondogozi no kugaragaza amarangamutima. Igituma iba ngufi
ni uko uwandika agomba gusa kwibanda ku mpamvu yatumye yandika. Bene iyi
baruwa y’ubutegetsi iba igamije gusaba akazi, gusubiza uwasabye akazi, gusaba
ibisobanuro mu kazi, gutanga ibisobanuro, gutanga amabwiriza n’ibindi. Tuvuge
niba uwandika asaba akazi, iyo ni yo mpamvu agaragaza ku rupapuro kandi
ni yo avugaho muri make agaragaza akazi ashaka ako ari ko, ubushobozi afite
bwo kugakora n’uburyo azagakora, kandi byose bikagirwa mu kinyabupfura.
Nta gutandukira ngo agaragaze ko yababaye, ko ubukene bumumereye nabi, ko
arya rimwe mu cyumweru, ko yari afite akazi bakakamwirukanaho ku maherere
n’ibindi. Uwo wandikira usaba akazi ntakeneye ko umurondogoraho cyangwa
ko umutera imbabazi. Ibyo nta mwanya abifitiye, icyo akeneye ni icyo ugamije
kumukorera, ubushobozi ugifitemo, ibyangombwa bibigaragaza. Bene iyi baruwa
yandikwa ku rupapuro rw’umweru bita A4, rukandikwaho ruhagaze, uwandika
agahera ibumoso agana iburyo.
2. Imiterere y’ibaruwa y’ubutegetsi
Ibaruwa y’ubutegetsi igizwe n’ibice binyuranye:
Aderesi: Ni igice k’ingenzi kigaragaza uwanditse ibaruwa. Hagaragaramo
amazina ye, aho atuye ndetse n’andi makuru yose yafasha uwo yandikiye
kumenya aho yamubariza aramutse amushatse: ashobora kongeramo nimero za
terefoni n’aderesi ye ya interineti. Iki gice gifata umwanya wo hejuru ibumoso
ku rupapuro.
Itariki: Ni ngombwa ko hagaragaramo ahantu ibaruwa yandikiwe n’umunsi iyo

baruwa yandikiweho. Iki gice cyo kijya hejuru iburyo ahateganye n’izina.
Uwandikiwe: Iki gice kigaragara munsi y’itariki ibaruwa yandikiweho. Kiba
kigaragaza uwo ibaruwa igenewe. Si izina rye bwite rigaragaramo ahubwo ni
izina rigaragaza umwanya afite mu kazi. Cyakora hashobora no kugaragazwa
izina iyo ibaruwa igenewe umukozi runaka.
Impamvu: Mu ibaruwa nk’iyo hagomba kugaragaramo impamvu yayo: gusaba
akazi, gusaba ibisobanuro... Ijambo impamvu buri gihe ricibwaho akarongo. Iki
gice kiba kiri munsi ya aderesi kikabangikana n’umurongo wa nyuma wo mu
gice kigaragaza uwo ibaruwa yandikiwe.
Igihimba: Igihimba ni ibaruwa nyirizina. Igihimba k’ibaruwa y’ubutegetsi
kigirwa n’ibika bitatu:
a) Intangiriro: Uwandika avuga muri make impamvu imuteye kwandika igirwa
n’igika kimwe kandi ikagaragaza icyo uwandika agamije. Iyo ari nk’ibaruwa isaba
akazi agaragazamo ko azi neza ko uwo mwanya uhari yongeramo aho yabikuye;
mu kinyamakuru cyangwa mu itangazo ryaciye kuri radiyo.
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b) Igihimba: Uwandika asobanura atarondogoye ingingo z’ingenzi zigize impamvu
yo kwandika. Ni igice kigaragara nk’aho ari kirekire kurusha ibindi, kuko
gishobora no kugira ibika birenze kimwe bitewe n’ingingo zigize ubutumwa. Ni
cyo gice cyonyine gisobanura mu mugambo arambuye ibyavuzwe mu ntangiriro,
kikabisesengura, kikanakurikiranya ibitekerezo. Icyo gihe buri gika kiharira
ingingo yacyo, na none ukirinda gusubiramo ibyo wavuze.
c) Umusozo: Uwandika ibaruwa asoza ashimira uwo yandikiye. Ni cyo gice kirangiza
ibaruwa kandi kigirwa n’igika kimwe. Uwandika arangiza yerekana ikizere afitiye
uwo yandikiye cyangwa se icyubahiro amugomba.
d) Amazina n’umukono: Ni igice gisoza ibaruwa kigizwe n’amazina ndetse
n’umukono wa nyiri ukuyandika.
Ikitonderwa: Bitewe n’imiterere yayo, ibaruwa y’ubutegetsi ishobora kugira ibindi
bice bikurikira:
Binyujijwe: Ni igice kigaragara mu ibaruwa y’ubutegetsi munsi y’aderesi
y’uwandikiwe.
Bimenyeshejwe: ni igice kijya mu mpera z’ibaruwa ku ruhande w’ibumoso. Kijya
mu ibaruwa y’ubutegetsi iba igomba kugira abandi bamenyeshwa ibyanditswe.
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3. Imbata y’ibaruwa y’ubutegetsi
Amazina n’aho uwanditse abarizwa Ahantu, itariki, ukwezi n’umwaka

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Umwanya w’icyubahiro n’aho

uwandikiwe abarizwa
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Binyujijwe ---------------------------
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Impamvu: -------------------------------
Nyakubahwa/ Bwana Muyobozi
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Amazina n’umukono
by’uwanditse
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Bimenyeshejwe:
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4. Uturango tw’ibaruwa y’ubutegetsi

– Hari amagambo yabugenewe agomba gutangira no gusoza ibaruwa
y’ubutegetsi.
(Bwana Muyobozi, Nyakubahwa Minisitiri...)
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– Ibaruwa y’ubutegetsi ntawusuhuza cyangwa ngo asezere. Hari amagambo
yabugenewe asoza ibaruwa y’ubutegetsi (Mu gihe ngitegereje igisubizo
cyayu kiza, Nyakubahwa, mbaye mbashimiye/ Mu gihe ntegerezanyije
ikizere, mbaye mbashimiye/ Mbaye mbashimiye Nyakubahwa/ Bwana /
Madamu/ Madamazera…)
– Buri gika gitangirira mu cya kabiri cy’urupapuro mu mpagarike yarwo.
– Ibaruwa y’ubutegetsi igomba kugira impamvu yayo yihariye bitewe
n’igitumye uyandika yandika.
Umukoro
Andikira umuyobozi w’umurenge utuyemo umusaba ikemezo cy’amavuko kuko
ugikeneye mu kuzuza ifishi izaguhesha uburenganzira bwo gukora ikizamini cya
Leta gisoza amashuri yisumbuye. Wubahirize imbata y’ibaruwa nk’iyo.
B. Umwirondoro
Hari benshi basabwa gutanga umwirondoro igihe basaba akazi cyangwa se igihe
umukoresha ari we shobuja abigusabye ugatangira kwibaza icyo ugomba gushyira
mu mwirondoro. Ni ngombwa kumenya kwandika umwirondoro, ukamenya ko
ibintu bibi byagaragaye mu mateka yawe utabishyira mu mwirondoro, ushyiramo
ibyo ubona byakugirira akamaro ukurikije aho uwo mwirondoro ukenewe.
Soma umwandiko ukurikira utahure ibishobora kwibandwaho igihe handikwa
umwirondoro.
1. Ibiranga umuntu
Amazina: MUTABAZI Gaspard
Data: GATABARWA Jean
Mama: KANKINDI Marie
Igihe navukiye: 2 Nzeri 1974
Aho navukiye:
Intara: Amajyaruguru
Akarere: Kagano
Umurenge: Mataba
Akagari: Gaseke
Aho ntuye:
Intara: Amajyaruguru
Akarere: Kagano
Umurenge: Mataba
Akagari: Gaseke
Irangamimerere: Ndubatse, mfite abana bane
Aho mbarizwa: Akarere ka Kagano
59
Agasanduku k’iposita 70 Kagano
Tel: 0788.............
E-mail: mutabazi-gaspard@yahoo.fr
2. Amashuri nize:
2003-2007: Amashuri makuru: Kaminuza nkuru y’ u Rwanda
Impamyabushobozi y’ikiciro cya kabiri mu Ndimi n’Ubuvanganzo
Nyafurika.
1989-1994: Amashuri yisumbuye muri Seminari ya Runaba
Impamyabumenyi y’amashuri yisumbuye mu ishami ry’Ikiratini
n’indimi zivugwa.
1981-1988: Amashuri abanza mu Ishuri Ribanza rya Mataba.
Ikemezo k’ikigo cy’Amashuri Abanza cya Mataba.
3. Uburambe mu kazi
2000-2003: Umwarimu w’Igifaransa n’Ikinyarwanda mu ishuri ryisumbuye rya
Gakurazo.
2003-2004: Umwarimu w’Igifaransa n’Ikinyarwanda mu ishuri ryigenga
APEDER Mataba.
2008-2010: Umwarimu w’ Igiswayiri n’Ikinyarwanda mu Iseminari Nto ya
Runaba.
2011-2017: Umwarimu w’indimi muri kaminuza y’u Rwanda ishami rya Huye.
4. Ubundi bumenyi
Nzi mudasobwa porogaramu ya “Word, Excel, Power Point, Access na Publisher”
Nzi gutwara imodoka, mfite kategori ya B.
5. Indimi mvuga:
Ururimi Kumva Kuvuga Kwandika Gusoma

Ikinyarwanda Neza cyane Neza cyane Neza cyane Neza cyane
Igifaransa Neza cyane Neza cyane Neza cyane Neza cyane
Igiswayiri Neza cyane Neza cyane Neza cyane Neza cyane
Icyongereza Neza Buhoro Neza Neza cyane
6. Ibyo nkunda
Nyuma y’akazi nkunda gusoma ibitabo.
Nkunda umukino wo koga no gukina umupira.
7. Abantu banzi:
– UMUHIRE Jean: Umwarimu wange muri Kaminuza y’u Rwanda, Tel: 0788...
– Padiri KARAKE Samuel: Umukoresha wange igihe nigishaga mu i Seminari
Nto ya Runaba, Tel 0755...
– HAKIZIMANA Paul: Umuyobozi w’Ishami ry’Indimi muri Kaminuza y’u
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Rwanda aho nigisha ubu, Tel: 0789...
Ngewe MUTABAZI Gaspard ndemeza neza ko ibyo maze kuvuga ari ukuri kandi ko
bishobora kugenzurwa.
Bikorewe i Kagano, ku wa 25 Nyakanga 2017
MUTABAZI Gaspard
Ibibazo
1. Uyu mwandiko ugaragaramo ayahe makuru?
2. Urabona ufite akahe kamaro?
3. Ni nka nde wakenera bene uyu mwandiko?
A. Inshoza y’umwirondoro
Mu buzima busanzwe ari na byo bimenyerewe cyane, umwirondoro ukunze
gusabwa n’umuntu wese ushaka gutanga akazi. Bityo mu byangombwa
yaka ushaka gupiganirwa uwo mwanya haba harimo n’umwirondoro we.
Umwirondoro ni nk’inyandiko yereka umukoresha ishusho y’umukozi akeneye.
Nta wakwirengagiza ko umwirondoro ushobora kuba ngombwa iyo umuntu
asaba ishuri runaka ngo akomerezemo amasomo ye.
B. Ibiranga umwirondoro mwiza
Umwirondoro mwiza ugomba kuba:
– Wanditse ku rupapuro rwiza nta n’amakosa y’ururimi arimo.
– Wuzuye kuko uwusaba akeneye amakuru yuzuye kugira ngo arusheho
kumenya nyiri umwirondoro niba hari ikiburamo ntibizamutere igihe
agishakisha.
– Usomeka neza wanditswe mu nteruro ngu�i.
– Uvuga ukuri. Ukora umwirondoro ntagomba kugira icyo yibagirwa cyangwa
ngo ashyiremo ibidasobanutse cyangwa ibihimbano.
– Ugomba kuba ugenewe koko abo wandikiwe niba ari aho nyirawo asaba
akazi ugomba kuba ujyanye n’aho asaba akazi.
Umwirondoro ntukorwa uko nyirawo yiboneye ugomba kuba ufite uburyo buboneye
ukorwamo, uko ibice biwugize bikurikirana kuko umwanya wabyo uba ufite icyo
usobanura kuri uwo mwirondoro. Ibyo bice rero ni:
– Umutwe
– Ibiranga umuntu
– Amashuri
– Uburambe
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– Ubundi bumenyi
– Indimi avuga
– Ibyo akunda
– Abantu bamuzi
– Kwemeza ko ari ukuri no gushyiraho umukono we.
1. Umutwe
Umutwe w’umwirondoro wandikwa hejuru ukitwa umwirondoro.
2. Ibiranga umuntu
Irangamimerere ni igice gitangira umwirondoro, kikaba kigamije kugaragaza
muri make uwo ari we. Kigomba kuba cyumvikana kandi kirasa ku ntego. Si
ngombwa gushyiramo ibintu byinshi nubwo bwose waba ubona umwirondoro
ari muto.
Mu irangamimerere umuntu avugamo amazina ye. Ni byiza kwandika izina
ry’umuryango mu nyuguti nkuru z’icyapa maze iry’idini rikajya mu nyuguti nto.
Nyuma y’amazina hagaragazwa aho umuntu aherereye, ni ukuvuga aho atuye
(aha iyo afite agasanduku k’iposita ni byiza kugashyiraho). Aho umuntu atuye
hiyongeraho n’uburyo uwamushaka yamubonamo; umurongo wa terefoni na
aderesi ya interineti ku buryo uwabishaka yahita amwandikira.
Ikindi kigomba kujya mu irangamimerere ni imyaka umuntu afite. Aha ariko
ntawandika umubare ibyiza ni ugushyiraho umwaka yavukiye. Iyo yanditse
amatariki, ukwezi akwandika mu izina ryako.
3. Amashuri
Iki gice kigaragaza aho nyiri umwirondoro ahagaze mu rwego rw’ubumenyi ni yo
mpamvu uwandika agomba guhera ku mpamyabumenyi nini afite. Mu kwandika
umwirondoro, amashuri ntatandukana n’impamyabumenyi, umuntu yandika
impamyabumenyi afite bikaba bihwanye no kwandika amashuri yize. Ugaragaza
amashuri yize avuga umwaka, aho yigaga, ibyo yigaga n’impamyabumenyi
yahakuye.
Hari igihe amashuri ajyana n’ibitabo umuntu aba yaranditse. Icyo gihe si
ngombwa kubishyiraho keretse iyo bigira icyo byongera ku kizere umuntu
ashobora kugirirwa n’abo ashyikiriza umwirondoro.
4. Uburambe
Uburambe mu kazi ni igice cyo kwitonderwa. Aha ni ho uwandika umwirondoro
aba agomba kwereka uwo yandikiye icyo azi gukora n’igihe amaze agikora.
Iyo yakoze mu myanya myinshi, ayishyiraho ahereye ku wa nyuma aherukaho
agenda agaragaza igihe yagiye ayimaraho. Hari igihe umuntu aba yarakoze
iyimenyerezamwuga ni ngombwa ko abishyiraho cyanecyane iyo ataramara
igihe kinini akora cyangwa se ari bwo bwa mbere yatse akazi. Ibyo bishobora
kumwongerera amahirwe imbere y’uwo aha umwirondoro.
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5. Ubundi bumenyi
Kumenya ibintu byinshi nta cyo bitwaye kuko ibyo umuntu azi byose bishobora
kumugirira akamaro mu buzima bwe bwa buri munsi. Iyo rero umuntu azi
ubundi bumenyi ntashidikanya kubigaragaza ku mwirondoro we cyanecyane
iyo bifitanye isano n’akazi asaba. Urugero: Kuba azi mudasobwa, kuba afite
uruhushya rwo gutwara ikinyabiziga...
6. Indimi
Hari igihe umwanya umuntu ashaka uba usaba kumenya indimi z’amahanga. Ni
ngombwa rero ko uwandika umwirondoro ashyiramo indimi zose azi. Mu kazi
ako ari ko kose kumenya indimi z’amahanga byongerera amahirwe ugasaba.
Ukora umwirondoro agaragaza urwego aziho urwo rurimi atabeshya (nduzi
neza cyane, nduzi neza, nduzi bihagije, biciriritse) kuko kubeshya byamugiraho
ingaruka mu gihe k’ikizamini k’ibiganiro.
7. Ibyo akunda
Umuntu ntabaho akora akazi ashinzwe gusa. Na nyuma y’akazi ubuzima
burakomeza. Ibyo umuntu akunda rero biza nyuma y’akazi. Bigizwe n’ibyo
umuntu akora kandi bimushimisha. Ariko na none ukora umwirondoro
ntiyiyibagize ko ibimushimisha bishobora kumubera imbogamizi yo kutabona
umwanya yifuza. Nk’urugero niba ari umuntu ukunda kumva indirimbo kuri
radiyo, bikaba byerekana ko ari umuntu ukunze kuba ari wenyine ko kubana
n’abandi byamugora, mu gihe umuntu ukunda gukina umupira aba agaragaza
ko abana n’abandi neza ko no mu kazi byagenda bityo.
8. Abantu bamuzi cyangwa abahamya
Iyi ngingo y’abantu bazi nyiri umwirondoro si ngombwa buri gihe. Ariko
hari ababisaba mu mwirondoro bikaba ngombwa ko ijyamo. Abantu bakunze
gukenerwa si abaturanyi bawe bakomeye cyangwa se bene wanyu bakomeye.
Abazi umuntu baba bakenewe ni abarimu bamwigishije cyangwa abakoresha
bamukoresheje kuko ukeneye umwirondoro wawe aba ashobora kubabaza ku
bijyanye n’ubumenyi ufite cyangwa se ubushobozi n’imyitwarire byawe mu kazi.
9. Kwemeza ko ibyo uvuze ari ukuri no gushyiraho umukono
Iki ni cyo gice gisoza umwirondoro. Nyiri ukuwandika agomba gusoza yemeza ko
amakuru yatanze ari ukuri ko anashobora kugenzurwa. Hanyuma agashyiraho
itariki n’umukono we.
Ibi ni byo by’ingenzi biba bikubiye mu mwirondoro. Cyakora ntibibujijwe ko hari
andi makuru yakongeramo igihe abona ko hari amahirwe yamwongerera kugira
ngo abone akazi yasabaga.
Umukoro
Ubu urangije mu mwaka wa gatandatu w’amashuri yisumbuye. Andika
umwirondoro wawe ukurikije ingingo ziri hejuru aha ufitiye amakuru.
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Inshamake y’ibyizwe mu mutwe wa kane
– Jenoside ni ubwicanyi bwibasira imbaga y’abantu bafite icyo bahuriyeho,
bugamije kuyirimbura hashyirwa mu bikorwa umugambi uba warateguwe.
Jenoside itandukanye n’ubundi bwicanyi kubera ko haba hari umugambi
n’ubushake byo kurimbura abantu bazira icyo bari cyo; bukaba bukorwa na
Leta kuko ari yo ifite uburyo n’ubushobozi bwo kurimbura itsinda ry’abantu
runaka. Kandi jenoside ni icyaha kidasaza. Hari intambwe za jenoside
zikurikira: gutandukanya abaturage babacamo ibice; guhabwa izina ryihariye
hatangwa inyigisho z’urwango; kwamburwa ubumuntu; gutegura abazayikora
banigishwa hanashakwa ibikoresho; kwibasira abatagira aho babogamiye;
kugaragaza abagomba kwicwa bakora urutonde; kwica hagamijwe
kubamaraho; guhakana no kwibasira abatangabuhamya. Bumwe mu buryo
bwo gukumira jenoside ni ugushyiraho itegeko muri buri gihugu rihana buri
wese wambura ubumuntu mugenzi we; kwirinda ivangura iryo ari ryo ryose;
kwigisha uburenganzira bw’ikiremwamuntu. Uburyo bwo kurwanya jenoside
aho yagaragaye ni ugukumira igurwa ry’intwaro kuri ibyo bihugu, kubifatira
ibihano mpuzamahanga; kubitangaza, gutabara abibasiwe hashyirwaho ingabo
mpuzamahanga ngo zitabare mu maguru mashya no guca umuco wo kudahana.
– Uwandika ibaruwa y’ubutegetsi akoresha amagambo yabugenewe
akirinda:kurondogora, gusuhuza cyangwa gusezera n’andi marangamutima.
Ibaruwa y’ubutegetsi iba ari ngufi kandi ikagira amagambo yabugenewe
agomba kuyitangira no kuyisoza. Urugero rw’ayitangira: (Bwana Muyobozi/
Nyakubahwa Minisitiri… Urugero rw’ayisoza: Mu gihe ngitegereje igisubizo
cyanyu kiza, Nyakubahwa, mbaye mbashimiye/ Mu gihe ntegerezanyije
ikizere, mbaye mbashimiye/ Mbaye mbashimiye Nyakubahwa/ Bwana /
Madamu/ Madamazera…)
– Umwirondoro ni ibiranga umuntu: amazina y’ababyeyi be, aho atuye, ibyo
yize, ibyo yakoze, ibyo akora , ibyo akunda ndetse n’ibyo azi.
Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa kane

Umuvugo : “Turi bamwe twese.”

Turi bamwe twese, Tugasirimurwa no kwisiga,
Dufite isano kuri Ruhanga, Tukanasangira Data twese,
Wahanze ibizwi ibyo n’ibitazwi, Ntitwakomera kuri iyo sano,
Ariko muntu amuha agaciro, 10. Ntitube ab’isi ngo tunaryane.
5. Ndetse amurenza ibiriho byose. Impinja zose zisa zivuka,
Ariko isura ko ari rusange, Ari umwirabura n’umwera,
64
Ibitsina byombi hungu, kobwa, 55. Bashoke ishuri basome bose.
Mucyo tureshye imbere ya byose, Reka nshire amanga mpange neza,
15. Mu bitugomba ntihabe uhezwa. Ariko singamije gushyenga,
Nyiramihanda, Miruho n’andi, Ngo ndeshye abakunda inganzo,
Reka mbabyare Harerimana, Nagiye inganzo ngira ngo nganze,
Na Nzabanita, Hapfuwavutse, 60. Iryo hohoterwa ntiriganze.
Amazina nka yo ntagikwiye, Ubundi mwarimu ni umubyeyi,
20. Dukwiye kwitwa Mahoro n’andi. Akaba Mama ndetse na Data,
Nimuge mwibaza buri munsi, Mu gutoza abana atavanguye,
Kuri aritari buri gitondo, Ubu aterurwa matene arazwi,
Mu misigiti ntitunasiba, 65. Ko ari we ucumbikira izo nshuke.
Gusaba Imana ngo iduhe byose, Uwo murezi ntimuzuyaze,
25. Ndetse inarenze ku byo dushaka. Akwiye kwitwa impyisi Bihehe,
Navutse iwacu banoga icyayi, Nako narintutse na Mahuma,
Imbere y’itegeko ndahezwa, Ntakwiye izina mu bantu,
Nshiye akenge mucutse umumpe, 70. Ntaba agikwiye isura ku isi.
Ati: “Watinze kugera ku isi, Na ya migani imwe yanashaje,
30. Ngo bagusangire nk’agafanta.” Ngo utunyamaswa duto dutunga,
Kuva ubwo nambaye ubumaraya, Inzovu, Inzobe na nyiri ishyamba,
Ku myaka itanu mfata umuhanda, Ishyano nk’iryo nirigwe hirya,
Na ba basaza impara zirenze, 75. Dushake ishema ijabo n’isheja.
Najyaga nita Papa nteteshwa, Akazi keza ubu ku mukobwa,
35. Bahora bampotora ngatuza. Aba igitambo ku mukoresha,
Kubyara benshi icumi rirenga, Akamutembereza ku mazi,
Ndetse ugasagurira umuhanda, Amezi ikenda agakora neza,
Hakaba abiga n’abata ishuri, 80. Isura yacuyuka agataha.
Bamwe bakandamirizwa mu ngo, Ubwo butindi butabwe hirya,
40. Tubicyahe ibyo ntibikwiye. Amahoro ahundagare aha iwacu,
Bamwe bakimakaza ubusembwa, Umuco wo kwica ni uce hirya,
Bafata umwana nk’umwami w’ejo, Ndetse uwo kwicara tuwucoce,
Bakamushingira inzu mu rwuri, 85. Uwo guhumuriza uze uganze.
Ngo abe umushumba aragire sine, Abahohotewe nibasangwe,
45. Bari kuvangira ejo hazaza. Maze barengerwe ntibahezwe,
Na ya mirimo y’imvune kandi, Uburenganzira mu mashuri,
Ijya ikoreshwa ab’ejo hazaza, No mu bitekerezo n’ahandi,
Ari iyo mu ngo ndetse n’ahandi, 90. Buhabwe ijambo bufate umwanya.
Usanga itagira n’ibihembo, Ari umusaza umusatsi wera,
50. Iyo ntiba ikwiye ba kibondo. Ari umwana uyu utamba hasi,
Reka nkumire abashuka abana, Ntiyakabaye agira aho ahezwa,
N’ ababashungura mu mashuri, Keretse twiyibagije yuko,
Ngo babashore iyo mu mahanga, 95. “Turi bamwe twese.”
Kuba abashumba n’abasheretsi,
65
1. Vuga undi mutwe waha uyu muvugo ugendeye ku gika cya cumi kugeza ku
cya cumi na rimwe.
2. Hitamo igisubizo gikwiye
Uyu muhanzi yashakaga kugaragaza:
a) Uburenganzira bw’umwana?
b) Ihohoterwa rya muntu?
c) Nta gisubizo?
3. Ugendeye ku mutwe mushya wahaye uyu muvugo, tanga umukarago wa
nyuma wawo.
4. Hariho amoko menshi y’ihohoterwa, vuga ihohoterwa umuhanzi avuga mu
mikarago ya 31–35.
5. Sobanura:
a) Bari kuvangira ejo hazaza.
b) Nyiri ishyamba uvugwa mu mukarago wa 73.
1. Sobanura amagambo akurikira:

a) Isano
b) Gusirimuka
c) Kunoga
d) Guhezwa
e) Guca akenge
f) Gucyaha
g) Gushereka.
2. Kora interuro ngufi ukoresheje iri jambo: igitambo.

3. Simbuza ijambo ryanditse ritsindagiye irindi bivuga kimwe riri mu

mwandiko.
a) Muhizi yahuye n’umwami w’ishyamba mu ishyamba ry’Akagera.
III. Umwitozo wo guhanga

Ishyire mu kigwi cy’umunyeshuri urangije amashuri yisumbuye mu ishami wiga
maze wandike ibaruwa isaba akazi kajyanye n’ibyo wize. Ku mugereka w’ibaruwa
wanditse ushyireho umwirondoro wawe.
66
5 Iterambere
Umwandiko: Mahoro akungahara
67
Habayeho umugabo w’umukene cyane. Se yari yaramwise Mahoro. Ubukene bwari
bwaramwokamye; atagira n’urwara rwo kwishima. Yari yaracoceye: yambaraga
ikabutura imwe gusa, na yo iteye ibiremo, ishati yashitaguritse n’ingofero yacuyutse.
Abaturanyi be bari bamenyereye kumwita Rukoboza. Imyate yari yaramusataguye
ibirenge, nta nkweto yari yarigeze kwambara. Iwe hahoraga ari muri bomboribombori;
amahane ari yose n’inzara inuma. Batekaga ari uko biyushye akuya bahora baca
inshuro, ubundi bakicira isazi mu jisho.
Umunsi umwe, yashobewe, yigira inama yo kujya guhahira mu majyaruguru kuko
yahoraga abwirwa ko hera ibirayi kandi hakaba n’abakungu benshi. Agezeyo atangira
guca inshuro agahinga umunsi wose bakamuha ikiro kimwe k’ibirayi akabyiririrwa
akanabirarira akabura ibyo azigamira abo mu rugo kuko na we ubwe byabaga
bitamuhagije. Umunsi umwe aganira n’umugabo bahinganaga kenshi na we wari
umucanshuro, amubwira igitekerezo cy’uburyo bakwihangira umurimo bakareba
uko bazabaho neza. Baratangira baraganira.
- Yewe wa mugabo we! Ino hari ikibazo k’ibicanwa, amashyamba abantu
barayatemye barayatsemba none n’aho yasigaye Leta ntikemerera abantu gupfa
kuyatema.
- None se uragira ngo tubigenze dute?
- Reka turebe uburyo twakwihangira umurimo dukemura ikibazo k’ibicanwa.
- Twagikemura se dute?
- Reka dutangire umushinga wo gukora imbabura za canamake zizajya zigurwa
n’abantu benshi kubera ko inkwi zihenda.
Akimara kumubwira atyo ntiyigeze agira icyo amusubiza kuko yabonaga ibyo
amubwira ari inzozi, kubera ko yumvaga umushinga uwo ari wo wose ukenera
igishoro kandi adafite na mba. Wa mugabo bwarakeye agaruka kumureba baraganira
amwumvisha uburyo uwo mushinga nta gishoro wagombaga gukenera.
- Hari umukire wampaye ikiraka cyo gukura amakoro mu murima we. Ndagira
ngo umfashe tuyakuremo tuyarunda hamwe tuzashake udufuni dushaje tuge
tuyacukuramo umwenge imbere tuyakoremo imbabura tuzigurishe.
Guhera ubwo baratangira. Bafataga umunsi wo kuyarunda hamwe undi munsi
bakirirwa bayatunganyamo imbabura. Abo muri ako gace bose barazikunda. Zari
imbabura zijyamo udukara duke, iyo twanashiragaho, zarakomezaga zigashyuha
cyane ku buryo ukoresha amakara menshi umufuka yawucanaga mu mezi atatu. Izo
mbabura zaramamaye cyane, ubuyobozi bushishikariza buri wese kuzitunga iwe mu
rugo kuko byari bimaze kugaragara ko zikemura ikibazo k’ibicanwa, amashyamba
akabungabungwa. Batangiye kugwiza amafaranga bava ku gukoresha agafuni bagira
igitekerezo cyo kugura imashini izajya ibafasha kuzikora. Izo bakoraga buri munsi
zikuba inshuro nyinshi.
Umunsi umwe yajyanye amafaranga kuri banki aza kuganira n’umukozi wa banki
amwumvisha uburyo amafaranga bafitemo ari menshi ko yatuma babaguriza
68
andi nka yo inshuro eshatu bakagura umushinga wabo ukagera no mu tundi
turere batakoreragamo. Icyo gitekerezo akigeza kuri mugenzi we bisa no korosora
uwabyukaga.
Banki imaze kuyabaguriza bagura ikamyo nini yo kujya ibafasha mu bucuruzi
bw’imbabura zabo. Batangira kuzigemura mu migi inyuranye. Kubera uburyo
zakundwaga cyane ikamyo imwe muri buri mugi ntiyamaraga iminsi itatu itarashira.
Hashize igihe gito Mahoro yigira inama yo gushora amafaranga mu bindi, mugenzi
we aba ari we usigara mu byo gukora no gucuruza canamake.
Mu karere yavukagamo ahiyubakira inzu ngari ikomeye rubanda bitaga ingoro
y’umuturirwa, ahubaka ishuri n’isomero kugira ngo abahatuye bave mu bujiji.
Abazanira amazi y’urubogobogo n’amashanyarazi. Yongeraho n’uruganda
rw’ibikoresho by’ubuhinzi, abenshi mu rubyiruko bahabwa akazi. Ntiyibagiwe
n’ivuriro kuko muri ako karere abarwayi bagombaga gukora urugendo rw’urucantege
bajya ku ivuriro rya kure rukabasonga, rukarushaho kubahindura indembe. Umunsi
wo gutaha ivuriro ubuyobozi bumugenera igikombe k’ishimwe cyagenerwaga
umushoramari wagejeje ku baturage igikorwa k’iterambere rirambye. Ubucuruzi
yakoraga buraguka agura za romoroki eshanu atangira gukora ubwikorezi
mpuzamahanga mu bihugu bitandatu binyuranye, muri Kenya, Zambiya, Malawi...
Uko yirukaga mu bucuruzi mpuzamahanga, umugore we na we ntiyari asinziriye,
yagize igitekerezo cyo kwifatanya na bagenzi be bakora uruganda rukora amasabuni
bakoresheje imbuto z’avoka hiyongeraho no gushyira amabara mu myenda
bakoresheje irange. Yamushingiye n’iduka ryaranguzaga izo sabuni zakorewe mu
ishyirahamwe ryabo akazicuruza atadandaza ahubwo aranguza abandi bacuruzi.
Biteza imbere karahava. Mu rugo rwabo ntacyahaburaga kubera umushinga we.
Umugore we ni we wahembaga abakozi bo mu rugo akanahaha. Imyambaro abana
bambaraga yavaga muri ubwo bucuruzi bwe. Nta bomboribombori bongeye kugira
mu rugo rwabo, hehe no gusangira ubusa ngo bitane ibisambo. Amafaranga Mahoro
yinjizaga avuye muri za romoroki nta kindi yakoraga usibye kwagura ubucuruzi bwe
arushaho gushora imari mu bindi bihugu. Abari bamuzi kera ntibiyumvishaga uko
uwo bazi nka Rukoboza yagera kuri iyo ntera ihambaye yari agezeho.
Iyo yatekerezaga ukuntu yahoraga arakariye se ko ari we wamuraze ubukene,
yumvaga bimubabaje akumva yamusaba imbabazi ariko ntamubone kubera ko yari
yaritahiye akabasigana na nyina bakiri bato. Guhera ubwo Mahoro abera abantu
benshi ikitegererezo mu byo kwihangira imirimo. Abibwiraga ko guhanga umurimo
bisaba buri gihe igishoro babyikuramo bagatangira kwihangira imirimo inyuranye.
69
I. Inyunguramagambo
1. Kokamwa n’ubukene 10. Canamake

2. Kutagira urwara rwo kwishima 11. Kubwira umuntu inzozi
3. Gucocera 12. Igishoro
4. Guhora muri bomboribombori 13. Kutagira na mba
5. Kunuuma 14. Korosora uwabyukaga
6. Kunûma 15. Umuturirwa
7. Kwiyuha akuya 16. Gusonga
8. Kwicira isazi mu jisho 17. Kudandaza
9. Guca inshuro 18. Kwitahira
1. Andika interuro imwe kuri buri jambo ushingiye ku nyito rifite mu mwandiko:
a) kudandaza, b) gucocera.
2. Simbuza amagambo atsindagiye ari muri izi nteruro ukoresheje amagambo ari
mu mwandiko bisobanura kimwe:
a) Wa muhungu yakurikiranywe n’umuvumo wa se.
b) Karake bamuhuhuye.
c) Gukubita umurwayi ni ukumubonerana.
d) Uyu munsi twashotse igishanga, benshi muri twe bahisemo guhinga
bambaye ibirere.
3. Andika imbusane z’iri jambo, usanga muri uyu mwandiko:
Mahoro asigaye ari umukungu.
Subiza ibi bibazo byo kumva umwandiko
1. Amahane mu rugo kwa Mahoro yaterwaga n’iki?

2. Sobanura uburyo kujya guca inshuro kwa Mahoro ari byo byaba byaramuhesheje
amahirwe?
3. Ni ibihe bikorwa Mahoro yagejeje ku baturanyi?
4. Ni iyihe nama abishoboye bafatira kuri Mahoro?
5. Ni irihe somo abatishoboye bakwigira kuri Mahoro?
70
6. Erekana ko uwavuga ko mu rugo kwa Mahoro hari ubwuzuzanye ataba yibeshye.
7. Ni iyihe mirimo abavugwa muri uyu mwandiko bihangiye?
Tekereza byimbitse ku mwandiko wasomye maze ufatanye na bagenzi

bawe gusubiza ibi bibazo:
1. Ni iyihe nsanganyamatsiko rusange ivugwa muri uyu mwandiko?

2. Garagaza ingingo z’ingenzi n’iz’ingereka zivugwa muri uyu mwandiko.
3. Ni gute umushinga wa Mahoro wabungabunze ibidukikije?
4. Ni ubuhe bwoko bw’imirimo bushobora kuboneka mu Rwanda ndetse no ku isi?
5. Andika inshamake y’umwandiko wasomye mu mirongo itarenze icumi.
IV. Umwitozo w’ubumenyi ngiro
Ungurana ibitekerezo na bagenzi bawe ku nsanganyamatsiko wahawe,

wubahiriza uko bikorwa, hanyuma muhurize hamwe ibyo mwagezeho
mu matsinda.
Ganira na bagenzi bawe muvuga ubundi buryo butandukanye bwo kwihangira

umurimo butavuzwe mu mwandiko no kubujyaho impaka.
71
Amatangazo n’ubutumire
Itegereze ishusho ikurikira maze usome umwandiko ukurikiyeho ukore

ubushakashatsi bwimbitse ku matangazo n’ubutumire.
Itangazo
Mu rwego rwo kurwanya ikibazo k’ikoreshwa ry’ibiyobyabwenge kigaragara mu
Murenge wa Gitaka, ubuyobozi bw’Umurenge wa Gitaka bunejejwe no kumenyesha
abayobozi b’imidugudu bose bo mu Murenge wa Gitaka ko batumiwe mu nama
nyunguranabitekerezo ku buryo bwo kurwanya ikoreshwa ry’ibiyobyabwenge ku
Cyumweru tariki ya 25/01/2015, saa tatu za mu gitondo (09h00). Kuza kwanyu
ni inkunga ikomeye mu kurwanya ikoreshwa ry’ibiyobyabwenge.
Bikorewe i Gitaka ku wa 20/01/2015
Ubuyobozi bw’Umurenge wa Gitaka.
72
A. Itangazo
1. Inshoza y’itangazo
Igihe cyose ufite icyo ushaka kugeza ku bandi ukimenyesha ugicishije mu itangazo.
Iyo Banki zambuwe cyangwa se ibindi bigo biciriritse by’imari bihemukiwe na ba
bihemu bakambura inguzanyo, aba ba bihemu bashyikirizwa inkiko batsindwa
ibyabo bigatezwa cyamunara. Iyo hari imitungo izagurishwa abahesha b’inkiko
b’umwuga batanga amatangazo bahamagarira abaturage kuzaza kwigurira.
Bibaho kandi ko iyo umuryango watakaje umuntu uhitisha itangazo mu
bitangazamakuru na radiyo bahamagarira abantu gutabara umuryango wagize
ibyago. Itangazo ni inyandiko irimo ubutumwa bamanika ahantu cyangwa bugaca
mu kinyamakuru kugira ngo bumenyekane hagamijwe kwamamaza, kurangisha
cyangwa kumenyesha.
2. Uturango tw’itangazo
Mu itangazo hagomba kubonekamo ibi bikurikira:
– Umutwe w’itangazo.
– Utanze itangazo.
– Uwo rigenewe.
– Ahantu igikorwa rimenyesha kiri, cyabereye cyangwa kizabera.
– Itariki igikorwa rimenyesha cyabereyeho cyangwa kizabera.
3. Ubwoko bw’amatangazo
Amatangazo yo kubika: Ni amatangazo atabaza agamije kumenyesha abantu
ko hari umuntu witabye Imana akanavuga igihe azashyingurirwa.
Amatangazo yo kumenyesha: Ni amatangazo amenyesha abayumva amakuru
atandukanye nk’inama, akazi, isoko ry’ibintu, cyamunara...
Amatangazo yo kwamamaza: Ni amatangazo atangwa agamije kwamamaza
ibikorwa by’umuntu ku giti ke, by’ishyirahamwe, by’inganda, amashuri, kugira
ngo bimenyekane bibone ababigana mu buryo bwo kubiteza imbere.
Amatangazo yo kurangisha: Ni amatangazo atangwa igihe umuntu yatakaje
ikintu, yabuze umuntu kugira ngo ababimuboneye babimuhe cyangwa yatoye
ibintu kugira ngo nyirabyo abashe kubibona.
Umukoro
Andika amatangazo akurikira wubahiriza imiterere yayo:
- Itangazo ryo kubika.
- Itangazo ryo kumenyesha.
73
B. Ubutumire
Soma umwandiko ukurikira maze ukore ubushakashatsi utahura inshoza

yawo n’uturango twawo
Ubutumire
Twebwe imiryango ya BIZIMANA Jean na NGENDAHAYO
Pierre, twiyishimiye
gutumira Bwana na Madamu: .................. mu bukwe bw’abana bacu:
MUKANDORI Laurence
na
KAMANZI Charles
Buzaba ku wa 09/08/2016: Gusaba no gukwa i Kagano.

Ku wa 20/08/2016: Gusezerana imbere y’Imana muri Kiliziya ya
Paruwasi ya Gakurazo
Diyosezi ya Kamembe.
Nyuma y’iyo mihango abatumiwe

bazakirirwa mu nzu mberabyombi
y’Akarere ka Kamembe.
Kuza kwanyu ni inkunga ikomeye!

M. Laurence K.Charles
Tel: 0788... Tel: 0788...
07288... 0724...
1) Inshoza y’ubutumire
Ubutumire ni inyandiko ngufi itumira umuntu cyangwa abantu kwitabira umunsi
mukuru runaka. Bene izi nyandiko twazigereranya n’amabaruwa y’ubucuti
nubwo zo zidakurikiza imiterere y’ayo mabaruwa. Ubutumire bukoreshwa mu
minsi mikuru inyuranye nko gushyingirwa, kubatirisha, kwizihiza isabukuru
runaka, gutaha igikorwa runaka, gusangira ku meza, kwishimira kugera ku
gikorwa runaka nko gufata impamyabumenyi…
74
2) Uturango tw’ubutumire
Ubutumire burangwa n’imiterere yabwo yo kuba hagaragaramo ibintu by’ingenzi
bikurikira:
– Umutwe w’ubutumire – Amazina y’utumira,
– Utumirwa, – Igikorwa umutumiramo,
– Aho igikorwa kizabera. – Umunsi n’isaha kizaberaho,
– Aho utumira abarizwa,
Umukoro
Ishyire mu kigwi cy’umuyobozi w’ishuri ryisumbuye wigamo, wandike ubutumire
bw’umuhango wo gutanga impamyabumenyi ku banyeshuri barangiza no kwizihiza
isabukuru y’imyaka 25 ikigo kimaze gishinzwe.
Inshamake y’ibyizwe mu mutwe wa gatanu

– Kwihangira umurimo biteza imbere umuntu ku giti ke ndetse n’igihugu muri
rusange kubera ko uwihangiye umurimo ateza urugo rwe imbere agateza
n’abandi imbere abaha akazi ndetse agateza n’igihugu imbere acyubakira
ibikorwa remezo. Kwihangira umurimo buri gihe ntibisaba igishoro
cy’amafaranga.
– Itangazo ni ubutumwa bugenerwa abantu bufite icyo bubamenyesha cyangwa
bubahamagarira. Muri ubwo butumwa hakaba hagaragaramo ubutanze, uwo
abugeneye, ahantu n’igihe.
– Ubutumire ni inyandiko ngufi itumira umuntu cyangwa abantu kwitabira
umunsi mukuru runaka, bukaba burangwa no kugaragaramo amazina
y’utumira, utumirwa, igikorwa cyabaye amutumiramo, aho kizabera, umunsi
n’isaha kizaberaho n’aho utumira abarizwa.
Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa gatanu

Umwandiko: Guharanira kwigira

Nk’abandi bose, mu buzima bwa buri munsi umuntu aba yifuza gutera intambwe
mu bukungu, akagira umutekano n’ubwisanzure mu mibereho ye. Ibi kubigeraho
bisaba gukora ukabona umusaruro. Mu yandi magambo bisaba umuntu kuba afite
akazi, yikoresha ntawumugenga akigenera igihe cy’akazi n’igihe k’ikiruhuko. Umuntu
wese ukoreshwa aba yifuza kugera ku rwego rwo kwigenga ku murimo. Ntabwo
twakwirirwa turondora ibyiza byo kwikorera, ahubwo uyu mwanya turarebera
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hamwe ibintu by’ingenzi byagufasha gutera intambwe ukihangira umurimo. Bityo aho
gutegereza akazi ahubwo ukagatanga. Muhire, Kantarama, Rutagerura na Mugisha
ni abaturanyi bagerageje gukora baharanira kwigira.
Muhire, mbere yo gutangira kwikorera byabaye ngombwa gutinyuka ashyira mu
bikorwa igitekerezo ke, kuko yumvaga ashaka kwikorera umurimo we. Ikintu
cya mbere yagombye gukora ni ugutekereza, ashaka ikintu yakora cyajya kinjiza
amafaranga maze afata umwanya wo kwiga isoko n’imikorere y’igikorwa yari agiye
gutangira. Hanyuma atinyuka gutangira umurimo yitekerereje kandi yumva akunda
utamuteye ipfunwe.
Muhire yahoraga akoreshwa akazi kandi rimwe na rimwe agasuzugurwa. Ibyo na
byo byamuteye imbaraga kuko yari amaze guhaga agasuzuguro. Mu buhamya bwe,
avuga ko iyo udafite akazi cyangwa se ukaba ugafite ariko kataguhemba uko ubyifuza
ngo wikemurire ibibazo, wisanga aho uri mu bandi usuzuguritse. Ibyo biterwa n’uko
nta mafaranga uba ufite. Amafaranga burya ahesha ishema nyirayo kuko nta muntu
n’umwe uzifuza kubana nawe udatunze. Ikindi rero ni uko burya hari bake mu
bakoresha baba bibwira ko amafaranga agutunze yose ari bo bayaguha, bakumva
bagukoresha n’ibyo mutasezeranye kandi ukabikora ndetse ukanasuzugurika
bigayitse kuko uba nta kundi wabigenza. Iyo warambiwe bene ubu buzima rero ni
bwo ufata umwanya ugatekereza icyo wakwikorera ukanga agasuzuguro. Cyakora
gukorera abandi buri gihe ntibivuga ko usuzugurwa.
Kantarama we avuga ko bisaba kwizera iterambere ry’umurimo wawe. Iyo wiyemeje
kwihangira umurimo kandi wumva uwukunze byanga bikunda utera imbere.
Bigendeye ku ngero zifatika akenshi usanga umuntu ukoreshwa n’iyo yaba ahembwa
umushahara uhagije ariko iterambere rye usanga riri hasi ugereranije n’umuntu
wihangiye umurimo akirinda gukoreshwa n’abandi. Umubare munini w’abantu
bakoreshwa bagera ku bikorwa bifatika babikesha imyenda ya banki ndetse usanga
ifite inyungu nini cyane kandi bazishyura banki mu myaka myinshi cyane; mu gihe
umubare munini w’abantu bihangiye umurimo bagera ku bikorwa bifatika mu gihe
gito. Ikindi kandi nta madeni ahubwo babikesha gukora umurimo wabo kuko inyungu
yose iba ibonetse nta wundi bayigabana. Kantarama ashimangira ko ibi bitanga
ikizere ko n’undi wese wagerageza amahirwe byamuhira.
Rutagerura we yerekana ko uwihangira umurimo agomba kubyaza umusaruro
amahirwe yose abonye. Nk’uko benshi bihangiye umurimo babihamya, iyo wamaze
gufata umwanzuro ugatangira umurimo wawe uwushyizeho umutima, uko
iminsi igenda ikurikirana ubona imiryango y’amahirwe n’umugisha uganisha ku
iterambere. Uko bukeye ugenda ubibona, hari benshi bifuza gukorana nawe, hari
benshi muhura ndetse hari n’abakugana utakekaga kandi bakaguha amahirwe
y’iterambere ry’umurimo wawe ku buryo utakekaga. Ni yo mpamvu umuntu agomba
rwose kugerageza kubyaza umusaruro amahirwe yose abonye kuko ari wo mugisha
w’iterambere rye.
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Mugisha yongeraho ko uwihangira umurimo akwiye kandi kuba umugaragu w’igihe.
Iyo umuntu yiyemeje kwihangira umurimo agomba kwitoza kubahiriza igihe,
akamenya agaciro k’igihe n’igikorwa kibanziriza ikindi. Iyo afite icyo gukora akagikora
vuba kandi neza yubahiriza igihe. Rwiyemezamirimo agomba kuba umugaragu
w’igihe kuko igihe kimucitse ntikigaruka. Mu kinyarwanda ho bavuga neza ko udakora
atyo aba akorera ku jisho.
Uwihangira umurimo kandi akagerageza gukurikiza ibi bivuzwe ndetse agakura
isomo muri izi ngero, agomba gushira impungenge byanga bikunda kuko bizamufasha
kwiteza imbere mu murimo we. Dukurikize rero ingero zifatika tubona; nta mpamvu
n’imwe yatuma hari usuzugura umwuga. Ariko birasaba gutinyuka akazi no gufata
ikemezo ubundi ugakora, ukagera kuri byinshi. Twasoza iyi nkuru twifuriza buri wese
kubaho neza yirinda kubaho nta cyo akora ahubwo agatinyuka umurimo n’iyo yaba
yibwira ko usebye. Akazi kabi ni ko kaguhesha akeza, kandi uburambe ku kazi ni bwo
butuma umenyera umwuga wawe ukanamenyekana. Tangira umurimo maze ugere
kure, aho gusaba akazi ahubwo ugatange. Ugenje atyo aba yifashije kandi anafashije
Leta mu kuzamura iterambere ry’Igihugu.

1. Ukurikije icyo uyu mwandiko uvuga, tanga undi mutwe wawo.
2. Ni izihe nyungu zivugwa mu mwandiko zo kubona umusaruro nta n’umwe
ugutekerereje?
3. Ni uwuhe murimo ukwiye ugiye kwihangira umurimo akwiye gutekerezaho?
4. Ni iki gitera kubura ishema mu bandi?
5. Ni iki abikorera n’abakoreshwa batandukaniyeho mu iterambere?
6. Ni he uwihangira umurimo abona amahirwe yo kubyaza umusaruro mu
mishinga ye?
7. Sobanura uko uwihangira umurimo yakwirinda kuba umugaragu w’igihe.
8. Ni ibihe bintu bitatu byagufasha guhanga umurimo?
1. Sobanura amagambo akurikira ari mu mwandiko:
a) Umutekano f) Gusuzugurika
b) Kwigenera g) Gukesha
c) Kwigenga h) Guh ira
d) Urwego i) Umugisha
e) Ipfunwe j) Umugaragu
2. Kora interuro irimo amagambo akurikira ukurikije inyito afite mu
mwandiko:
a) Umugaragu
b) Gukesha
c) Kwigenera
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3. Andika imbusane z’amagambo atsindagiye uzikuye mu mwandiko:
a) Umutware we akunda gukorana umwete.
b) Abantu benshi baba bategereje guhabwa akazi.
4. Ukoresheje akambi, huza amagambo ahuje inyito
Ubukungu ikimwaro
Umugisha kutubahwa
Ipfunwe umutekano
Amahoro amahirwe
Gusuzugurika ubukire
III. Umwitozo wo guhanga

1. Andika itangazo utumira abaturage batuye mu manegeka mu nama ku

buryo bwo kurwanya impanuka z'ibiza.
2. Ishyire mu kigwi cy’umubyeyi maze wandikire inshuti yawe uyitumira mu

bukwe bw’umukobwa wawe ugiye gushyingirwa.
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6 Ubukoroni
Abakoroni n’ingoma y’umwami Musinga
Musinga abonwa na benshi nk’umwami wagize uruhare rukomeye, mu gutuma

abazungu bubaha Abanyarwanda, kuko atabemereye kwigarurira ubutegetsi bwose
nubwo bwose bagiye bamurusha intege, kugeza ubwo bamuteranije ku batware be,
bakanamucira ishyanga akava mu Rwanda.
T ubanze
twibukiranye ko
abazungu bategetse u
byaranze ubutegetsi
bwe kuko akimikwa,
ntabwo yayobotswe
wari umaze iminsi
yiciwe ku Rucunshu.
Rwanda, bakomokaga n’Abanyarwanda Mu buhanga bwa

mu bihugu bibiri bose kuko abo mu Musinga, yaje
bitandukanye ari byo majyaruguru y'u kwiyegereza abo Badage
u Budage (1899-1916) Rwanda banze bari bafite imbunda
ndetse n’u Bubiligi kumuyoboka bavuga bamufasha gutsinda
(1916-1962). Musinga ko yanyaze ingoma Basebya ba Nyirantwari
yahuye n’ibibazo byinshi Mibambwe Rutarindwa na Ndungutse bari
barigometse barema
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ingabo zirwanya iba irangiye ityo. bakagaruka. Ugasanga
Musinga mu duce Mu by’ukuri, Abadage baganira babazanya
tw’amajyaruguru y’u bagiye Abanyarwanda amakuru y’aho Hitimana
Rwanda. bakibakunze, ndetse ageze atsinda intambara
Aho amariye n’ikimenyimenyi (Hitimana yari Hitileri
kwigarurira ako gace, ni uko wasangaga kugira ngo bajijishe
yagize ibyago kuko bakurikiranira hafi Ababirigi). Aho Ababirigi
Abadage bari bamaze amakuru y’Intambara bamaze kwigarurira u
kumufasha kandi ya Kabiri y’Isi kugira Rwanda baje batameze
banamwubaha, bagize ngo bumve ko Abadaha nk’Abadage, batubaha
batya batsindwa (nk’uko bitaga Abadage umwami kandi na
Intambara ya Mbere banga ko Ababirigi we atabakunze, bityo
y’Isi, bari barashoje mu bamenya ko bagikunze bimugiraho ingaruka
Burayi. Ingoma ndage Abadage) batinda zinyuranye.
Bimwe mu bibazo by’ingenzi Musinga yagiranye n’Ababirigi

Musinga ntiyihanganiye kubona abazungu bazana ingabo zabo kandi yari afite
ingabo ze.
I zo ngabo zakoze
akazi kazo mu gihe
k’imyaka itatu (1916-
Abadage babigenje
mbere, Ababirigi na bo
bafashe Abanyarwanda,
Igihugu. Ingabo
z’umwami zataye agaciro
hasigara hategeka
1919). Gusa nyuma aba ari bo bifashisha mu iz’Abazungu. Ibyo
yaho zakomeje kugira gutegeka abaturage. Ibi bibabaza Musinga.
ijambo rikomeye mu byateraga Abanyarwanda
bijyanye n’umutekano urujijo rwo kumenya
mu gihugu. Nk’uko mu by’ukuri utegeka
Musinga yambuwe ububasha bwari bumugenewe nk’umwami w’u Rwanda.
U bundi
Abanyarwanda
bari bazi ko Umwami
mu gihe byagirira abandi
akamaro. Abazungu
bageze n’aho bamubuza
abamisiyoneri
bahagarariwe na
Musenyeri Lewo
ari Imana y’u Rwanda. kuba yahana abana Karasi (Mgr Léon
Umwami yari afite be mu gihe abyumva Classe) bagashinja
ububasha bwatumaga atyo. Urugero ruzwi Musinga kubuza
abasha gukemura ibibazo cyane n’urw’umukobwa Abanyarwanda kuyoboka
bikomeye, cyane bitari we witwaga idini bashaka. Ibyo
mu bushobozi bw’undi Musheshambugu byatumye umukobwa we
Munyarwanda wese, wabujijwe kuba amusuzugura arabatizwa
hakubiyemo no kwemera umukristu/umukiristo Musinga aherako
ko umuntu runaka yicwa na se Musinga bityo aramuvuma.
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Musinga yarwanyije ubukirisito/ ubukirisitu mu bwami bwe.
M bere y’uko Abazungu

baza mu Rwanda
bakazana idini rya
ko intego ya mbere ari
uguhindura imitima
y’inyamaswa zituye
kirazira, ko Yezu asimbuye
abami b’u Rwanda
gutegeka u Rwanda.
gikirisito/gikirisitu, muri Afurika zikavamo Ni na bwo umwami
Abanyarwanda basengaga abantu basobanutse yatangiye gusuzugurwa
Imana bitaga Imana b’abakirisitu/abakirisito. na bamwe mu
y’i Rwanda, Rurema, Ibyo birumvikanisha Banyarwanda, bayobotse
Rubasha, Iyakare n’ayandi ukuntu umwami yari mbere abamisiyoneri.
mazina y’icyubahiro. bwifate imbere y’abantu Ibyo byababazaga
bashakaga gusuzugura cyane umwami
Abamisiyonari baje mu Musinga akananirwa
Abanyarwanda bene ako
Rwanda, bigisha ko hariho kubyihanganira na we
kageni. Aho bamariye
indi Mana, bo babonaga bikamutera gusuzugura
kubaka Kiriziya yitiriwe
ko ari yo y’ukuri. Mu mizo cyane abakoroni kuko
Yezu Umwami, i Nyanza
ya mbere, abamisiyoneri yabonaga batangiye
(1946) hafi y’i bwami,
bagizwe n’abapadiri kwangiza umuco
byeretse Abanyarwanda
bitwaga abapadiri bera nyarwanda.
bose ko Kiriziya ikuye
boherejwe babwiwe
Bamwe mu batware bari baratangiye kwanga Musinga.
K ubera ukuntu
abazungu bari
barigaruriye imitima
M uri bo harimo
abazwi cyane
nka Rwabutogo na
Musinga ko yaciye iteka ko
atakiri umwami w’u Rwanda
ukundi kandi ko aciriwe i
y’Abanyarwanda, Kayondo bari bene Kamembe.
umutware utayobotse wabo. Uyu Kayondo
idini ryabo yaranyagwaga. we akaba yarakundaga
Byongeye kandi abazungu no kujya kumurega ku
bari barabujije Musinga bazungu ko agandisha
kugira umutware yongera abakirisitu/ abakirisito.
kunyaga batabimuhereye Ibi byose rero hamwe
uburenganzira. Ibi byateye n’ibindi bibishamikiyeho
abatware bamwe ubwoba byatumye mu gitondo Musinga acibwa yajyanye
bituma batangira kugenda cyo ku wa 12 Ugushyingo ingoma Kalinga n’izindi
bava kuri Musinga kuko 1931 Bwana Vuwaze ngoma zigaragiye Kalinga,
bari bamaze kubona ko (Voisin) wari uhagarariye ndetse aherekezwa na nyina
Abazungu bamurusha umwami w’Ababirigi mu Kanjogera. Abagaragu benshi
imbaraga. Rwanda no mu Burundi cyane b’inkoramutima ze
(Ruanda-Urundi) nk’uko baramuherekeza bagana i
byitwaga muri icyo gihe Kamembe.
amenyesha umwami
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I. Inyunguramagambo
1. Ishyanga 5. Kwigomeka 8. Kunyaga umutware

2. Kwimikwa 6. Gushoza intambara 9. Guca iteka
3. Kuyobokwa 7. Kuvuma umuntu 10. Inkoramutima
4. Kunyaga ingoma
B. Kora iyi myitozo y’inyunguramagambo:
1. Koresha amagambo akurikira mu nteruro zigaragaza ko wumva icyo

asobanura mu mwandiko
a) Kuyoboka c) Guca iteka
b) Kwigomeka d) Ishyanga
2. Uzuza interuro zikurikira ukoresheje amagambo yabugenewe ku mwami:
a) Umwami ntarya ara.......................................
b) Umwami ntapfa ara..........................................
c) Ntibavuga umurambo w’umwami bavuga................................
d) Aho umwami aramirizwa hitwa ........................
1. Ubukoroni ni iki?
2. Ni ibihe bihugu bivugwa muri iyi nkuru byakoronije u Rwanda?
3. Muri ibyo bihugu ni ikihe cyabanye neza n’Abanyarwanda? Bigaragazwa n’iki?
4. Kuki umwami Musinga atahise ayobokwa n’Abanyarwanda bose muri rusange?
5. Ni iki cyatumye ingoma ndage iva mu Rwanda?
6. Vuga ingaruka z’ubukoroni ku ngoma ya Musinga no ku Banyarwanda muri
rusange.
7. Vuga bumwe mu bubasha umwami Musinga yambuwe n’abakoroni.
8. Vuga izindi ngaruka z’ubukoroni zitavuzwe mu mwandiko
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Inkuru y’ikinyamakuru: Gusesengura inkuru y'ikinyamakuru
Ongera usome iyo nkuru witegereza imiterere yayo maze ukore

ubushakashatsi utahura inshoza n’uturango twayo.
1) Inshoza y'inyandiko y'ikinyamakuru

Ni inyandiko icishwa mu kinyamakuru ifite amahame yo kubahiriza uburebure
bw’umwanya wagenewe inkuru mu kinyamakuru, gutanga amakuru asubiza
ibibazo abasomyi baba bafite (Habaye iki? Cyakozwe na nde? Cyabaye ryari?
Hehe? Gute?) kandi ikagira interuro itangira, ikurura abasomyi.
2) Uturango tw’inyandiko y’ikinyamakuru
Inyandiko y'ikinyamakuru irangwa n'amahame ya ngombwa iba igomba
kubahiriza ari yo:
a) Ihitamo ry'ibyandikwa
Inyandiko y'ikinyamakuru itandukanya ibiri ngombwa byo kuvugaho,
ibitari ngombwa cyane, cyangwa ibidakenewe na gato. Kureba noneho mu
bitari ngombwa cyane ibyashishikaza abantu, ibyabafasha gusobanukirwa
cyangwa ibisekeje.
b) Uburebure bw’inyandiko.
Bitewe n'uko ikinyamakuru kiba gifite imyanya yagenewe buri bwoko
bw’inkuru zigomba gusohorwa, uwandika agomba kubahiriza uwo
mwanya. Akenshi bikorwa hagenwa umubare w’amagambo ntarengwa,
byaba ngombwa ntarenzeho 10% by'umwanya wagenewe bene iyo nkuru.
c) Uburyo bwo kubara inkuru.
Inyandiko y'ikinyamakuru yandikwa mu buryo bw'ibarankuru, kabone
n'iyo yaba ari inyandiko nsesengurabumenyi cyangwa mvugamiterere.
Kuri uru rwego, umunyamakuru ashobora guhera ku kinini ajya ku gito,
guhita atangaza amakuru y'ingenzi akayasesengura nyuma, kubahiriza uko
byakurikiranye mu gihe byabaga cyangwa kubikurikiranya uko yishakiye
mu gihe yumva ko ari bwo byarushaho kumvikana ku bo abwira.
d) Inganzo y’itangazamakuru.
– Inganzo y’itangazamakuru irangwa n’ interuro ngufi (akenshi bakunze
gufatira ku mpuzandengo y’amagambo 12 kuri buri murongo, ukirinda
kuzuzamo imibare n’amagambo ahinnye).
– Amagambo yumvikana neza, atumvikana neza agasobanurwa.
– Kwibanda ku bintu bifatika; byakwemerwa nk’ibishoboka.
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– Ikoreshwa ry’amashusho.
– Imvugo itaziguye ikoresha utwuguruzo n’utwugarizo ishyira ibintu mu
ndagihe mbarankuru.
e) Iteramatsiko.
Interuro y’igika cya mbere igomba gushimisha umusomyi ikamukururira
gusoma ibikurikiyeho. Itandukanye n’icyo bita interamatsiko zishingira ku
gutangira inkuru y’ingenzi ku mpapuro zibanza ariko igakomereza hagati
mu kinyamakuru.
f) Guhitamo umutwe w'inkuru
Umutwe w’inkuru ni ingenzi cyane. Ugomba kuba uteye amatsiko, utanga
amakuru (Nde? Ryari? Hehe? Ni iki cyabaye? Gute?) cyangwa ukaba uvuga
ibintu ho gato.Umutwe w'ikinyamakuru ushobora kuba ari interuro itangara,
interuro ibaza, interuro ibaza ikanisubiza, interuro yemeza n’igisobanuro,
interuro ishingira ku mibare ifatika, interuro ikoreshejwemo uturango
tw'ikeshamvugo(isubirajwi, isubirajambo, imibangikanyo yuzuzanya,
imibangikanyo ishyamiranye, ishushanyamvugo, ihuzamitwe…
Imiterere y’imwe mu mitwe iboneye y’inkuru yo mu kinyamakuru
– Interuro itangara: Hehe na nyakatsi!
– Interuro ibaza: Abanyarwanda se biyubatse bate nyuma ya jenoside yakorewe
abatutsi?
– Interuro ibaza ikisubiza: Uzi neza Joriji Baneti? Umupfu mubisi.
– Interuro yemeza ijyana n’igisobanuro: Iyimijwe n’ikaramu ntiramburura. Nta
mupfu wize.
– Interuro ishitura ikoresheje imibare: Amabandi igihumbi mu Rwanda yibisha
intwaro.
– Interuro yuje ikeshamvugo (isubirajwi, ihuzamitwe…): Wapfa ba shushu mu
mashuka.
– Interuro icurikiranya amagambo y’ingenzi: Muntu ntaberaho kurya, aberaho
gukora.
– Interuro ishyamiranya: Yagiye bamushishira azagaruka bamushishimura.
– Interuro ikoresha imvugo shusho: Mu gihugu cy’abavuga mbwenu baratabaza.
(Tumwe mu turere tw’abaturage bakoresha ururimi shami rw’Ikinyarwanda
rwitwa oluciga)
Umutwe w’inyandiko y’ikinyamakuru wumvikanamo umwihariko wayo kandi ukaba
mugufi bishoboka. Iyo umutwe w'inkuru watoranyijwe neza gutegura inkuru biba
bisa n’ibyarangiye.
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Impugukirwa:
1) Umutwe w’inyandiko y’ikinyamakuru ugomba kuba wumvikanamo umwihariko
wayo kandi ukaba uri mugufi. Ni byiza guhitamo umutwe nyuma yo gutegura
inkuru.
2) Nyuma yo gupfundikira inkuru yo gutangaza umunyamakuru cyangwa
umwanditsi yongera gusuzuma ibi bikurikira:
- Ese inkuru yange ikurikiye neza umurongo w’igihe?
- Ese hari ugukuza cyangwa gutesha agaciro umuntu runaka muri iyi
nyandiko?
- Ese haba hari amagambo yambera gihamya, abyerekana uhereye kuri iki
kibazo kibanza?
- Ese iyi nkuru nayihagazeho cyangwa narayibwiwe?
- Mu nkuru yange se hari abo nshira urubanza, imbaga runaka cyangwa
umuntu ku giti ke?
- Mu nkuru yange haba harimo amakabyankuru ashimagiza cyangwa
asuzuguza bamwe mu banyarubuga? Uburyo nakoresheje mbara inkuru
yange buciye mu mucyo, buraboneye?
Imyitozo y’ubumenyi ngiro
Kungurana ibitekerezo
Ganira na bagenzi bawe kuri iyi nsanganyamatsiko: “Uruhare
rw’itangazamakuru mu mibereho y'abantu.”
Umukoro wo guhanga inyandiko y’ikinyamakuru

Itegereze usome inkuru ziri mu binyamakuru binyuranye maze uhange
inkuru y’ikinyamakuru ku nsanganyamatsiko wihitiyemo wigana ibiranga
izo nkuru wasomye.
Inshamake y’ibyizwe mu mutwe wa gatandatu

– Ubukoroni bwagize ingaruka zinyuranye ku bihugu byakoronijwe, zirimo
guhindura umuco wabyo, kwaka abayobozi ububasha bari basanganywe,
kubangisha abaturage no gusahura umutungo wabyo...
– Inyandiko y'ikinyamakuru ni inyandiko icishwa mu kinyamakuru ikagira
amahame yo kubahiriza uburebure bw’umwanya wagenewe inkuru mu
kinyamakuru, gutanga amakuru asubiza ibibazo abasomyi baba bafite (Habaye
iki? Cyakozwe na nde? Cyabaye ryari? Hehe? Gute?) kandi ikagira interuro
itangira ikurura abasomyi.
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Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa gatandatu
Umwandiko: Kwihesha agaciro

Kera ba Kazungu bataragera i Rwanda, twari dutuje, twunze ubumwe, dusabana amazi,
turahurana umuriro; abenshi banywana ntihagire uhirahira ngo atatire igihango.
Aho abo bera ba Kazungu baziye baratwinjiriye, bazana amatwara ya mpatsibihugu,
amatwara yabo atwambura ireme, agaciro kacu karatakara, kwiyandayanda ngo
tukisubize bitubera urujijo cyane ko bazanye ry’ifaranga rikatugira ingwate, kandi
ngo urumiya rwamize inshuti.
Inyigisho za ba gashakabuhake zibanze ahanini ku gucamo abenegihugu ibice ngo
bibe intandaro yo gutegeka. Iyo poritiki nako poritiki yo guca ibice mu benegihugu,
yatugizeho ingaruka, ndetse tutarebye neza zazakomeza kurandagatana zikazasingira
ubuvivi n’ubuvivure bwacu n’abandi b’igihe kizaza bashobora kuzakomeza
kubihomberamo. Hari ingamba zigenda zifatwa uko bwije n’uko bukeye. Mu rwego
rwo kwigira, u Rwanda ubu rwifatiye ingamba zo gushyiraho ikigega kizajya kigoboka
ingengo y’imari ya Leta. Kuko guhora dutegereje ak’imuhana byazatuviramo
kwisuzugura no gusuzugurwa bitagira akagero nk’uko igihe cy’ubukoroni twagiye
tubyerekwa. Mureke natwe twishyirireho akacu.
Ubu abaturage bishyiriraho ubuyobozi, bamwe mu bo tudahuje imyumvire
n’ibitekerezo turababwira bakazinga umunya kubera ko tuzi ibipfa n’ibikira, ko
tuzi kwihitiramo. Ya mvugo ngo: “Ijwi rya rubanda ni ijwi ry’Imana”, yabaye iyacu.
Ubukoroni bwaradushegeshe, bwatumye havaho kandi hasenyuka imiterere
n’imyubakire ya poritiki nyarwanda, biradupyinagaza karahava. Yaciye umucuba ibyo
twari tugezeho, umuco wacu arawuceba: imihango, imigenzo n’imiziririzo birahuna
kandi hari ibyari bicumbikiye ubupfura n’izindi ndangagaciro z’umuco nyarwanda.
Ubukoroni bwashingiye ku moko mpimbano buteza umwiryane, amacakubiri
n’amakimbirane hagati y’Abanyafurika.
Ntawakwemeza yivuye inyuma ko ibyo Abanyarwanda bakoraga byose byari
byiza. Imana ya Kazungu imaze gutaha amarembo y’i Rwanda, ukwizera kwacu
kwafashe injyana y’i Burayi; kubandwa, guterekera, kuraguza no gutanga isororo
ry’abavubyi, ibyo byaracitse kandi twemera natwe ko bimwe bitari bikwiye mu kuri
kw’imfura z’i Rwanda. Abantu benshi barapfuye mu gihe habagaho intambara zo
kwigarurira ibihugu by’Afurika, ntawakwiyibagiza Abanyafurika batakaje ubutaka
bwiza ku nyungu z’abakoroni ndetse kugeza uyu munsi nko muri Zimbabwe ibikingi
by’abazungu biracyateye impagarara. Nubwo abakoroni hari aho bafashije kurangiza
intambara hagati y’amoko n’imiryango, hari ibindi bintu bitagenze neza. Bahinduye
imyemerere y’Abanyarwanda n’Abanyafurika muri rusange. None se Kiriziya yari izwi
na ba nde? Ikwirakwira ry’imyemerere ya gikirisitu yahinduye byinshi mu mibereho
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ya benshi; abantu bakajya gusenga bakeye, baberewe. Kugeza ubu se tuba tucyambara
impuzu, ishabure n’inkanda?
Ubucuruzi bushingiye ku igurana ry’ibintu, imyaka n’amatungo hari aho byari
kutugeza? Ikibabaje ni ikiboko cya buri munsi na shiku byari byarayogoje
Abanyarwanda hamwe n’abandi Banyafurika bakubitanye na ba Kazungu.
Twarakubititse bihagije, aho ibihe bigeze nimuze dusubize amaso inyuma dushake
ingamba zose zadufasha kwigira, hato wa wundi wadukanze, atongera kutwiba
umugono tugasubira ku kacu, tukongera kuba aka ya nsina ngufi icibwaho urukoma.
Uko kwaba ari ukurangara bitavugwa.
Nta kintu na kimwe kitagira akarango k’ibyiza. Reka tuvuge ko hari ibyiza ubukoroni
bwadusigiye. Abanyarwanda bamenye imahanga uko bamerewe bajyanywe
n’abakoroni, imbuto ziribwa kimwe n’ibindi biribwa bitaha i Rwanda no hirya no
hino muri Afurika. Ariko se tuvuge ko ibi ari byo byabaye ingurane y’amabuye
y’agaciro yagiye akurwa ikuzimu mu bihugu byacu agataha i Burayi? Hari umuhanga
wabyanditse neza avuga ko Afurika yasahuwe cyane umutungo wayo. Ikindi kandi
uwo mugabo yasanze mu bushakashatsi bwe Abanyafurika twari dusanzwe dufite
inzego z’ubuyobozi zubakitse neza, kuzimeneramo kwari ukubanza kuzisenya. Kugira
ngo gashakabuhake atuyobore yabanje rero gusenya inkingi z’umuco wacu n’inzego
z’ubutegetsi.
Ni ukuri, nimuze dufatanye dufate ingamba zo gukomeza gushaka uburyo twisubiza
agaciro abakoroni batunyagishije igitugu gihishemo amayeri menshi. Twarivumbuye,
havuka imitwe ibarwanya imyinshi iraneshwa; abanditsi babigaragaza mu nyandiko
zitandukanye, kuko burembe mu myaka ya za mirongo itandatu batangira kuva ku
izima. Hari Abanyafurika b’abanyeporitiki cyangwa b’abanditsi bagize ubutwari
bwo kurwanya abakoroni. Nko mu banditsi twavuga Nkwame Nkuruma (Nkwame
Nkrumah), Lewopori Sedari Sengoro(Léopold Sédar Senghor) n’abandi. Hari kandi
n’imitwe inyuranye yagiye ibarwanya muri yo twatanga urugero rw’Abamawumawu
muri Kenya na Abamayimayi muri Tanzaniya... Iyo mitwe yumvaga igomba kurwanya
abakoroni b’Abongereza bivuye inyuma.
Duhereye iwacu mu miryango; niba uri umunyeshuri wiyubaha, umenye icyo
gukora, umusore na we ntatege amaboko ngo bibyarwa n’inzu! Icyuho abakoroni
baciyemo muze tukizitire ibyo badufashijemo byiza tubikomeze ariko iby’akarengane
badutegekesha igitugu n’ibindi bipfobya Umunyarwanda n’Umunyafurika wiyubaha
tubyamaganire kure. Twirinde gusuma ngo dusumire inzaduka z’amahanga ngo ni
iterambere. Oya, sigaho! Nitwikosore duce ukubiri no guhora duteze barampa nka
cya gikobwa k’icyomanzi gihwanye na cya gicu cya Nyantango cyabonye ibicu birenga
ngo “Iwacu barantuye”, naho byahe biragatabwa!
Bifatiye ku byanditse kwa Gabiro, R., Ntunyibutse ikiboko, 2015, Kigali, Rwanda.
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1. Ingingo nkuru n’izungirije zavuzweho cyane mu mwandiko ni izihe?

2. Kuba tugikenera inkunga y’amahanga ntitwabifata nk’ubukoroni?

Sobanura.
3. Abanyafurika mu mpande zitandukanye bigaragaje bate berekana

akarengane kabo?
4. Hari ingingo zihamya ko Abanyarwanda bahoze bumvikana, bafashanya.

Zirondore.
5. Poritiki n’inyigisho n’imikorere y’abakoroni byari byiza byose. Sobanura

utarondogoye.
6. Poritiki abakoroni bakoresheje kugira ngo batwigarurire ni iyihe?

Yatugizeho izihe ngaruka?
7. Ijwi ry’abaturage ni ijwi ry’Imana. Iyi mvugo urayemera? Sobanura.

a) Shaka ibisobanuro by’aya magambo akurikira ukurikije uko
yakoreshejwe mu mwandiko umaze gusoma.
1. Kazungu 5. Gutwaza kiboko
2. Intandaro 6. Gucuza
3. Ak’imuhana 7. Umuco
4. Ibisigisigi 8. Guceba
b) Buri wese ku giti ke nahuze neza amagambo ari mu ruhushya A
n’ibisobanuro byayo byatanzwe mu ruhushya B akoresheje akambi
aho bishoboka.
Uruhushya A Uruhushya B
1. Kazungu a. Umuntu watwawe n’ibintu runaka ku buryo
2. Banywana bimuyobora.
3. Kwiyandayanda b. Kuba udafite imbaraga ukihangana ukagira icyo
4. Ingwate ukora.
5. Byarangongoje c. Kugirana ubucuti bukomeye bushingiye ku
gusangira amaraso.
d. Byaranduhije cyane, umubiri n’ingufu binshiraho.
e. Umukoroni w’umuzungu cyangwa se wavuye i
Burayi.
c) Simbuza ijambo ryanditse ritsindagiye irindi bivuga kimwe usanga
mu mwandiko.
1. Twiyambaza abakurambere kugira ngo bakomeze kuduha impagarike
n’ubugingo.
2. Imirima minini yera cyane yigaruriwe na ba gashakabuhake mu gihe
cy’ubukoroni.
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3. Imyenda ikozwe mu bishishwa by’imivumu yakundaga kwambarwa
n’abagabo.
4. Tugomba guharanira kwihaza muri byose kugira ngo tureke guhora
dutegereje bene Kazungu.
5. Abakoroni baduciye mu rihumye baradupyinagaza karahava,
kuzamura umutwe bije vuba.
6. Abakoroni bari bafite uburyo bwinshi bwo kunyunyuza abaturage
bakoronije.
7. Nta mpamvu yo kwitemberera usa nk’udafite iyo agiye kandi ibintu
byo gukora bihari.
8. Ubunebwe bushobora kugukururira amakuba, ubundi udakora
ntakarye.
9. Abanyeshuri biroha mu bintu bidafite shinge na rugero bagatsindwa,
isi izabigisha.
10. Umupfayongo aho ava akagera uzasanga atita ku nyigisho yungukira
mu ishuri.
11. Burya ngo ibishashagirana byose si zahabu, reka kwishinga ibyo bintu
mvaburaya ntabwo byose bitwubakira ubuzima.
III. Inyandiko y’ikinyamakuru

a) Vuga ibibazo bitanu by’ingenzi biranga inyandiko y’ikinyamakuru.
b) Mu magambo 200 andika inyandiko y’ikinyamakuru ku kamaro
k’ikoranabuhanga mu mirimo inyuranye.
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7 Ibiyobyabwenge
Inkuru ishushanyije: Ingaruka z’ibiyobyabwenge
Mukamana na Gatabazi bafite abana batatu (Cyuzuzo, Shema na

Nyiraneza) babanye mu mahoro gusa Cyuzuzo yarabananiye kuko anywa ibiyobyabwenge.
Reka mbahamagare gusa

sinzi ko Cyuzuzo mubona
Mada... , mbwirira kuko ntamubona hano.
abana bose baze hano
tuganire!
Kuva yatangira kugendana

n’abahungu b’ingeso mbi,
yarahindutse!
Cyuzuzo arananiranye Mfite ubwoba ko yaba anywa
asigaye anyihunza iyo nshaka ibiyobyabwenge!
ko tuganira.
Ejobundi mwarimu yambajije

aho aba kuko ngo adaheruka
Papa uzi ko ejo nakoze mu ishuri.
mu mufuka we ngasangamo
ibyatsi ntazi!
90
Cyuzuzo n’inshuti ze Jacky na Jimmy bariherera bakanywa
ibiyobyabwenge.
Wowe ndumva Mwarimu aba ambwira ibyo

Sha ge mu rugo basigaye
umeze nkange. Ariko wangu, murumva ntashaka nahisemo kuva mu
bankeka, gusa ngerageza
namwe atari fureshe? Uzi ko iyo ishuri kandi iyo mfashe ako ku
kubihisha.
nyishaka niba umuviye wange amafaranga, mugongo w’ingona...
Uzi ko maze iminsi
sinkigira ubwoba tuuu!
ine ntajya ku ishuri?
Ahubwo se sha
ko mubona tutagira akazi
Nyamara nge
amafaranga yo kugura inzoga
hari n’abo numvise bavuga ko Muve muri ayo sha!
n’itabi tuzajya tuyakura he?
iyo umuntu yanyoye urumogi agira Dore hirya ya cya giti kinini ni kure
ingufu. Kandi nta cyo bitwaye y’ingo dushobora gutega abahanyura
kurunywa. tukabaka utwabo tukibonera amafaranga
yo kugura itabi n’inzoga.
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Bageze mu nzira bahuye n’umusaza Gakwaya.
Umva uyu muviye Ariko abana b’ubu

Aaaa! Icyaka cyari
ra ! Hano nta mwana mwabaye mute? Uko ni
kimereye nabi! Hagarara aho,
wawe uhari. Icyo ko mubwira umusaza
Karanahiye ariko. uduhe amafaranga
dushaka ni kashi. mwana wa...?
wa gasaza we!
Puuuuhhh! Bana bange

mwambabariye! Ndayabonye Reka icyo gisaza
ba sha...! wana!
Turagiye ariko
niwibeshya ukagira uwo Nta jwi Umva mwana, ayo
Twihute kataravuza kugura itabi n’inzoga
ubibwira tuzakwereka ryahamagara abari
induru! N’ingofero ye turayabonye!
abo turi bo! kure afite. ndayitwaye.
?!
92
Gakwaya yituye hasi, naho Cyuzuzo,
Jimmy na Jacky bariruka cyane.
Mbega urwo mbonye

mwokabyara mwe, aba bana Byakugendekeye
barampemukiye rwose ni uko bite muzeee?
iyi nzira ari yo yonyine sinari Ndeka, ndeka
kuzayigarukamo. Yoha...!
Puuuh!!!
Nikigende !!!!
Si abahungu babiri? Ni bo
bafashe mushiki wange
bamwigisha
Mvuye kubikuza kunywa ibiyobyabwenge. Muzee, ntubiceceke
udufaranga two kugura agahene ubimenyeshe ubuyobozi
none mpuye n’abasore basinze bazafatwa. Yoha.. urakoze
baratunyambura! Mwana wa.. kungira iyo nama
ndeka numiwe! no kumpumuriza!
Muzee..ntiwibagirwe
Sinshobora kubyibagirwa
kubimenyesha inzego
rwose wivunika...
z’umutekano!
93
Mukamana ahuriye na Nyirarukundo mu nzira
baraganira.
Umutware n’abana
baraho. Uretse Cyuzuzo
Turaho, ndabona nta
ni we usa n‘aho atunaniye.
cyo tubaye, tubona bwira
Gusa ikintu kinteye ubwoba
Uraho Nyiraruku...! ubundi bugacya. Amakuru Ashobora kuba
ni uko yaba anywa
Amakuru y’iminsi se? yo mu rugo? ari mu basore bakora
urumogi.
urugomo ino, gerageza
kumuhugura.
Impamvu zibitera ni nyinshi.

None se ubu ni iki kimutera Hari abibwira ko bigabanya umunaniro.
kunywa ibiyobyabwenge, ko Abandi bakabiterwa n‘indi myumvire
kuva kera ko nta cyo ntakoze itandukanye. Uretse ko hari igihe ababyeyi
ngo muhe uburere babigiramo uruhare. Kandi ingaruka zo ni
bukwiriye? nyinshi: guta ishuri, uburara
n’ubwomanzi... wowe nta ngaruka zo
kunywa ibiyobyabwenge uzi se?
94
Wivunika ingaruka nazikubwira:
umwana unywa ibiyobyabwenge ntatsinda
mu ishuri, byongeye ananira ababyeyi. Ibyo
Uburere wamuhaye Urakoze Nyiraruku...
ni byo biri kuba kuri Cyuzuzo wange. Ubu
ntibuhagije n’ubu Gusa ndagerageza nge
narashobewe gusa ge nk’umubyeyi nta
akuze akeneye n’umutware tumugire
cyo ntakoze ngo muhe uburere
izindi nama! inama.
bukwiye...
Ku munsi wa gatatu kuva Gakwaya yahemukirwa,

yagiye kuri porisi kuvuga ikibazo ke.
Humura muzeee! Ibyo
bikorwa by’urugomo akenshi
Ikibazo cyange ni
biterwa no kunywa ibiyobyabwenge.
icy’urugomo abana bankoreye.
Twahagurukiye kubirwanya amaherezo
Barankubise, banyambura n’amafaranga
bazafatwa bakanirwe urubakwiye.
ibihumbi makumyabiri. Nifuza
Igendere utuze ikibazo cyawe
ko mwandenganura mukabakurikirana.
kizakemuka.
95
Gakwaya agenda yivugisha mu nzira.
Ubu noneho ndumva

nyuzwe ubwo Leta yabihagurukiye
bizacika. Byaba byiza nta
wundi ubabaye nk’uko
nababaye.
Gatabazi avuye kwiyogoshesha ageze imuhira we na Mukamana

bafashe igihe cyo kuganiriza umwana wabo Cyuzuzo .
Mwana wange rero turashaka

kukugira inama yo kureka
ibiyobyabwenge kuko ndabizi
Ni byo rwose mwana wange! urabinywa.
Nta kiza cyo kunywa Ariko nge baranshutse
ibiyobyabwenge. kandi barambeshyera nta
byo nywa.
96
Ariko barambeshyera
Kuki se utabyumva kandi nta bwo ibyo mbizi
mwana wa...! Ingaruka rwose
zabyo ntuzibona?
Ubinywa ntiyubaha abantu, Uzi ko ushobora

yanga ishuri, akora urugomo... no gufungwa kubera
Reba ko atari ko usigaye ibiyobyabwenge?
umeze...! Eheee!
Ngo nitekerezaho!
Sinatandukana
n’amaniga yange ahubwo
Cyuzuzo mwana Tumureke abe
n’ubu reka nze nigendere
wange turagukunda yitekerezaho ndizera ko
ni yo yayo.
ntitukwifuriza ibibi. ari bufate umwanzuro.
97
Umukuru w’Umudugudu wa Rwanzekuma
n’abaturage bari mu nama. Baganira ku
ngaruka z’ibiyobyabwenge n’uko byakwirindwa.
Uwange we asigaye ananyiba

Nyakubahwa Muyobozi, amafaranga ntabizi akajya
uwakwereka uko bankubise. kunywa inzoga.
Ibiyobyabwenge! Ahaaa! Bigiye
kudusiga iheruheru...
Tuributsa ababyeyi ko
mufite uruhare runini rwo kuganiriza
Ikindi kibazo giteye inkeke ni abana banyu ku bubi bw’ibiyobyabwenge
abakobwa banywa ibyo ndetse mugafatanya n’abarezi
bitsindwagasani. babo ku ishuri.
98
Nyuma y’icyumweru ba basore na ya nkumi bongera kujya
mu gashyamba kwambura abagenzi.
Dore kariya gasore Jacky, Uzi ko hashobora kuba LALALALAHH

tukambure kiriya gikapu. harimo iboro? LALALALAHH
LALALALAHH
Yego ni ho. Mu kanya

Alo! Ni kuri porisi? gato urabona abari
Hirya hano hari abagizi ba bugufashe.
nabi nkeneye ubufasha!
Muzongere
mudukorere
Nge sindumva urugomo !!!
Amaboko hejuru,
Mweseee! icyo nzira. None
turazira agatsi!!!
Ntihagire uwiruka
batamurasa!
99
Amategeko azabahana Cyuzu, ndafunzwe
kuko mwakoze ibikorwa kubera kugira nabi no kunywa
bitemewe n’amategeko. Ni ge Barihima bavuze.
ibiyobyabwenge? Ibya Gakwaya Ababyeyi sinzi aho nzabahera
nibiduhama uburoko mbasaba imbabazi. Gusa iza
ntituzabuvamo! Nyagasani zo ndazikwiye.
Wifuje kumvira
inama z’abakuru amazi
yarenze inkombe! Baca umugani
ngo nyamwanga kumva
Amategeko ntiyanze no kubona!
arabahana. Twakoze ibikorwa
Simbeshyera ababyeyi, bitemewe
nta ko batangize. n’amategeko.
Ni ukutumva kwange.
Ubu ni uguhebera
urwaje
100
I. Inyunguramagambo
1. Ibiyobyabwenge 6. Wana
2. Anyihunza 7. Icyomanzi
3. Umuviye 8. Uburoko
4. Ako ku mugongo w’ingona 9. Bakanirwe urubakwiye
5. Umutware 10. Amaniga
Koresha amagambo akurikira mu nteruro zigaragaza ko wumva icyo asobanura:

a) icyomanzi b) uburoko
1. Ni ibihe biyobyabwenge byavuzweho cyane muri iyi nkuru?

2. Rondora ibiyobyabwenge wumva bavuga mu mihana iyo mutuye.
3. Uhereye ku bumenyi bwawe bwite, izindi ngaruka z’ibiyobyabwenge zitavuzwe
ni izihe?
4. Muri iki gihe ni izihe ngamba zirambye Leta y’u Rwanda yafashe zo kurwanya
ibiyobyabwenge?
5. Ni gute icuruzwa n’inyobwa ry’ibiyobyabwenge bishobora kudindiza iterambere?
6. Wowe umaze gusoma iyi nkuru ishushanyije, ukumva ingaruka n’akaga biterwa
no kunywa ibiyobyabwenge, ufashe uwuhe mugambi?
7. Ibyinshi mu biyobyabwenge ni ibinyobwa biba bitujuje ubuziranenge. Hakorwa
iki kugira ngo ubinywa asobanukirwe ibijyanye n’ubuziranenge?
III. Umwitozo w’ubumenyi ngiro
Gukina bigana
Kina na bagenzi bawe iyi nkuru mwigana ibikorwa by’abakinankuru
bavugwamo.
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Kungurana ibitekerezo
Ganira na bagenzi bawe ku isomo ryo mu buzima busanzwe mukuyemo
maze muhurize hamwe ibyavugiwe mu matsinda.
Inkuru ishushanyije
Ongera usome iyo nkuru ishushanyije witegereza imiterere yayo maze

ukore ubushakashatsi utahura inshoza n’uturango twayo.
1) Inshoza y’inkuru ishushanyije

Inkuru ishushanyije ni inkuru iteye nk’ikiganiro aho abantu babiri cyangwa benshi
baganira bungurana ibitekerezo, bajya impaka zubaka cyangwa zisenya. Bene
izi nkuru zishushanyije zibangikanya amagambo n’amashusho y’abanyarubuga.
Amagambo avugwa ashyirwa mu tuziga dufite uturizo dufite ikerekezo tw’aho
umunyarubuga aherereye. Bigaragara neza ko inkuru ishushanyije idashyirwa mu
bika. Inkuru ishushanyije itera amatsiko ashingiye ku ibangikana ry’amagambo
n’amashusho. Umukinankuru iyo agaragaza imbamutima ze, amashusho
arabigaragaza. Amagambo iteka aba afitanye isano ishodekanye neza n’ikivugwa.
2) Uturango tw’inkuru ishushanyije
Inkuru ishushanyije irangwa n’ibi bikurikira:
– Umurambararo: uruhererekane rutambitse rw’amashusho.
– Igipande: urupapuro rwose rugizwe n’imirambararo.
– Urukiramende: umwanya wanditsemo ibisobanuro. Ibyo bisobanuro
byitwa imvugo ngobe.
– Agatoki: ni agashushanyo gasongoye gahuza amagambo n’uyavuga.
– Akazu: umwanya w’ishusho utangiwe n’idirishya.
– Idirishya: imbibi z’ishusho cyangwa z’akazu.
– Uruvugiro: umwanya urimo ikiganiro cy’abanyarubuga.
– Akarangandoto: akarongo kagizwe n’utudomo kerekera ku muntu
kagaragaza ibyo arota cyangwa atekereza.
– Imvugondoto: ni amagambo umuntu ashobora gusoma ku gipande
aranga icyo umunyarubuga atekereza cyangwa se aranga umwivugisho
w’umunyarubuga.
– Agakino: uruhererekane rw’amashusho ari mu muteguro umwe. Ni
ukuvuga abanyarubuga bamwe hatagize usohokamo cyangwa undi
winjiramo.
– Abanyarubuga: umuntu, ikintu cyangwa inyamaswa bifite icyo bikora mu
nkuru.
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Umukoro wo guhanga
Hanga inkuru ishushanyije ku gukumira ibiyobyabwenge mu rubyiruko.
Inshamake y’ibyizwe mu mutwe wa karindwi

– Ibiyobyabwenge bigira ingaruka zinyuranye ku muntu ubikoresha, ku
muryango we ndetse no ku iterambere muri rusange. Tugomba kubirwanya
no gushishikariza abantu kutabikoresha.
– Inkuru ishushanyije ni ingeri y’ubuvanganzo nyandiko ifatanya amashusho
n’amagambo. Inkuru ishushanyije irangwa n’urukiramende, umurambararo,
akazu, idirishya, uruvugiro, abanyarubuga, agatoki, akarangandoto, igipande
n’agakino.
Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa karindwi

Umwandiko: Ingaruka z’ibiyobyabwenge mu rubyiruko
Muvara ni umwana w’umuhungu uri mu kigero k’imyaka cumi n’itandatu. Amaso
yaratukuye, iyo agenda mu nzira agenda yivugisha ahekenya amenyo. Umunsi umwe
twahuriye mu gatsibanzira kitaruye ikigo k’ishuri cya Mabimba atumagura itabi
rizinze mu ikoma ryumye. Yari yambaye impuzankano bigaragara ko ari umunyeshuri.
Ndamwegera, ndamusuhuza maze turatangira turaganira.
-Uraho yewe mwa?
-Ndi aha nyine ntundeba se! Ee! Bite meri wange? Ubu nge mba ndi mu maswingi
wana ntabwo nshaka amagambo menshi! Akimara kunsubiza atyo mpita menya
ko ari umwana wokamwe n’ibiyobyabwenge ndamwegera ntangira kumuganiriza
ntuje. Ambwira ko ari umunyeshuri wiga mu mwaka wa mbere. Ikigero ke
nticyatumaga wakeka ko yiga mu mwaka wa mbere ahubwo wamukekeraga kuba
yararangije amashuri yisumbuye. Ndakomeza ndamuganiriza nihanganira imvugo
nyandagazi yakoreshaga kuko nabonaga na we atari we ahubwo abiterwa no
kubatwa n’ibiyobyabwenge. Ageze aho atangira gucururuka maze aranyemerera
duhuza urugwiro. Icya mbere nifuzaga kumenya ni ibiyobyabwenge urubyiruko
rw’abanyeshuri bakoresha ibyo ari byo, igihe babifatira, aho babikura n’igituma
babifata.
Nyuma y’ikiganiro kirekire nagiranye na we nsanga ibiyobyabwenge bikunze
gukoreshwa n’urubyiruko rw’abanyeshuri ari urumogi, kanyanga n’indi nzoga
ntamenye neza yitaga siriduwire. Ansobanurira ko babifata mu kiruhuko cya
saa sita. Ibyo bituma badasubira ku ishuri nyuma ya saa sita kubera ko ngo baba
babirindutse badashaka kugira amabwiriza ayo ari yo yose bahabwa n’abayobozi
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b’ishuri. Ikindi kandi yambwiye ni uko ngo akenshi babifata iyo bari mu biruhuko
bisoza igihembwe cyangwa ibisoza umwaka; basiga babeshye ababyeyi babo ko
bagiye gusobanurirana amasomo ubundi bakigira mu biyobyabwenge. Akimara
kumbwira ibyo byanteye amatsiko yo kumenya aho babikura n’uko babibona kandi
nta mafaranga baba bakorera dore ko bigurwa n’amafaranga menshi. Ansobanurira
ko bayiba ab’iwabo cyangwa bagakoresha amafaranga y’ishuri baba bahawe nyuma
yo kubeshya ababyeyi ko batumwe ibikoresho runaka. Ansobanurira kandi ko aho
babikura ari henshi ko hari bagenzi babo biga bataha baba babicuruza babizana
mu dukapu twabo. Hari n’abaturanyi baba babicuruza bakabigura na bo mu gihe
k’ikiruhuko cya saa yine cyangwa saa sita bakabibagurishiriza ku ruzitiro rw’ishuri
inyuma y’amashuri ahategereye ubuyobozi bw’ishuri.
Ku giti ke, mubaza icyamuteye kunywa ibiyobyabwenge ansobanurira ko bagenzi
be bamubwiraga ko bituma atinyuka, agasubiza mu ishuri ashize amanga kandi ko
ngo binatera akanyabugabo. Nkimara kumva ibisobanuro yampaga nsanga ngomba
kumuba hafi nkamufasha kureka ibiyobyabwenge. Muganiriza ntuje mwumvisha
uburyo kuba akiri mu wa mbere kandi abandi bangana bararangije amashuri
yisumbuye ari ukubera kunywa ibiyobyabwenge bigatuma asiba kenshi ishuri, yakora
ibizamini agatsindwa agahora asibira. Musobanurira ko bigira ingaruka ku buzima
bw’ubikoresha nko gutukura amaso, kudatekereza neza, kutagira ikinyabupfura,
kudasinzira iyo atabikoresheje… Ikindi kandi musobanurira uburyo ibiyobyabwenge
bigira ingaruka ku iterambere ry’igihugu mugaragariza uburyo ubikoresha adakora
kubera kubura imbaraga kandi ko n’amafaranga abigura aba akwiye guteza imbere
igihugu mu bundi buryo. Ariyumvira hashize umwanya aransubiza ati: “None se
nakora iki?” Mubwira ko yabireka kandi akagaragaza n’abandi bagenzi be babifata
ku ishuri ndetse akanavuga uburyo babibona n’aho babikura. Hashira umwanya
munini yiyumvira ageze aho arambwira ati: “Nge ngiye kubireka kandi n’amaniga
yange ndayagira inama abireke. Ni byo bituma ntatsinda mu ishuri kandi bigatuma
mpora mbeshya ababyeyi, mbiba amafaranga! Ahubwo urakoze kuba ungiriye iyi
nama. None se ko nabitangiye bambwira ko nzashira ubwoba nkajya nsubiza neza
mu ishuri none nkaba maze imyaka ine mu wa kabiri bimariye iki? Ndabiretse!
Ahubwo n’utu tubure nari nsigaranye reka ntujugunye ndetse n’aka ka siriduwire
reka nkajugunye. Ubu nange mfashe umugambi wo kugira inama nk’iyi ungiriye
urubyiruko rw’abanyeshuri bangenzi bange ndetse n’urundi rubyiruko duturanye
rutiga, na bo bareke ibiyobyabwenge twiyubakire Igihugu.”
Akimbwira atyo mukora mu ntoki ndamushimira mubwira ko nzajya nza kumusura
kenshi nkamuganiriza. Aranyemerera ansezeraho arataha.
Nyuma y’icyo kiganiro na we, binyereka ko abaturanyi n’ababyeyi ari ngombwa
cyane ko bakurikirana imyigire y’abana babo ku ishuri. Bakamenya igituma batiga
neza kandi bakagenzura niba amafaranga yose abana babo babasaba bavuga ko
bayatumwe ku ishuri biba ari byo koko. Buri mubyeyi ahuza urugwiro n’umwana uwo
ari we wese abona ko afite ikibazo, amuganirize ndetse anamugire inama. Abayobozi
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b’ishuri bakurikirane imyigire y’abanyeshuri biga bataha iwabo, bagenzure ibyo
bashobora kuzana ku ishuri babaze ababyeyi impamvu abana babo bataboneka
buri munsi ku ishuri iyo hari abo babonaho iyo ngeso yo gusiba kenshi. Abayobozi
b’ishuri bagomba gushishikariza buri munyeshuri kugaragaza bagenzi be bakoresha
ibiyobyabwenge cyangwa se abakekwaho kubikoresha kugira ngo bagirwe inama. Ni
ngombwa gufatanya n’ubuyobozi bwa Leta bakagenzura abacuruza ibiyobyabwenge
babiha abanyeshuri bakabashyikiriza inzego zibishinzwe.
I. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko
1. Ni nde uvugwa muri uyu mwandiko? Aravugwaho iki? Iyo umurebye ubona

arangwa n’iki? Kubera iki?
2. Vuga ububi bwo kunywa ibiyobyabwenge ushingiye kuri uyu mwandiko

wizwe.
3. Vuga ibyiza byo kwirinda gukoresha ibiyobyabwenge uhereye ku byo

wasomye mu mwandiko.
4. Ni izihe ngamba zivugwa mu mwandiko zo kurwanya ibiyobyabwenge mu

rubyiruko no mu mashuri by’umwihariko?
5. Vuga ingingo z’ingenzi n’iz’ingereka ziri mu mwandiko umaze gusoma.

6. Ni iyihe nyigisho ukuye muri uyu mwandiko?

7. Gereranya ubuzima ubamo n’ibivugwa mu mwandiko, ugeza ku bandi

inyigisho wakuye mu mwandiko.
8. Muvuge ingaruka z’ibiyobyabwenge mu muryango nyarwanda.

9. Ibyinshi mu biyobyabwenge ni ibinyobwa biba bitujuje ubuziranenge.

Hakorwa iki kugira ngo ubinywa asobanukirwe ibijyanye n’ubuziranenge?
II. Ibibazo by’inyunguramagambo

a) Shaka ibisobanuro by’amagambo akurikira ari mu mwandiko:
1. Agatsibanzira
2. Atumagura
3. Impuzankano
4. Mu maswingi
5. Kubatwa n’ibiyobyabwenge
6. Imvugo nyandagazi
7. Gucururuka
8. Duhuza urugwiro
9. Babirindutse
10. Utubure
11. Siriduwire
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b) Soma, uhuze ijambo rivuye mu mwandiko n’igisobanuro cyaryo ukoresheje
akambi.
Gusabana
Gusangira
Agatsibanzira
Inzira nto iri hagati y’imirima

Impuzankano
abagenzi bacamo bajya guhinga
cyangwa bajya mu ngo zabo
Guhuza urugwiro
Akayira gato imodoka zicamo.
Ni imyenda isa iba iranga abantu

runaka; abanyeshuri, abasirikare...
III. Ibibazo ku nkuru ishushanyije

1. Akarangandoto gatandukaniye he n’agatoki?

2. Inkuru ishushanyije irangwa n’iki?

3. Uhereye ku biranga inkuru ishushanyije, hanga inkuru ishushanyije ku

nsanganyaatsiko y’ibiyobyabwenge.
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Imyandiko y’inyongera
Kwita izina mu muco nyarwanda

Ibihugu byose aho biva bikagera bigira umuco ubiranga. Umuco ni ihuriro ry’ibigize
imibereho y’abantu ya buri munsi, ni uburyo bw’uko abenegihugu aba n’aba babona
ibintu, uko babitekereza n’uko babyizera. Ni isangano ry’ibyiza nyabyo by’igihe
cyahise, ibihangwa ubu n’ibizagerwaho by’ahazaza. Umuhango wo kwita umwana
izina uri muri bimwe byaranze umuco nyarwanda. Ese uwo muhango wakorwaga
ryari? Wakorwaga ute? Waba warakorwaga kimwe mu Rwanda hose? Ibika bikurikira
biribanda kuri ibyo bibazo.
Mu muco nyarwanda, iyo umwana yamaraga iminsi umunani avutse yagombaga
guhabwa amazina. Hari ariko n'abitaga umwana hashize iminsi itandatu cyangwa
ine, gusa cyaraziraga gusohoka ku munsi w’igiharwe. Kwita izina ni igikorwa
cyategurwaga kuko wabaga ari umunsi ukomeye. Uwo munsi nyirizina umubyeyi
w’umugore wibarutse yavaga ku kiriri. Kuva ku kiriri bishatse kuvuga ko yasohokaga
akajya ahagaragara. Iyo yamaraga kubyara yagumaga mu nzu aruhuka akitabwaho we
n’uruhinja. Ikiriri rero akenshi cyamaraga iminsi umunani. Uwo munsi wo kwita izina
rero ni bwo yasohokaga. Gusohoka byajyanaga n’umuhango wo kogosha umwana
na nyina udusatsi duke no kumesa imyambaro y’umubyeyi. Mu minsi ikurikiyeho
umubyeyi yashoboraga gutangira gukora imirimo yoroheje.
Kuri uwo munsi rero, umuryango wibarutse umwana watumiraga abana b’abaturanyi
n’abantu bakuru. Babaga barabyiteguye barenze amayoga, barateretse amata,
batetse n’ibiryo. Abana bahabwaga amasuka (inkonzo) bakajya guhinga hafi y’urugo,
abahungu bagahinga naho abakobwa bagatera intabire. Baba benda nko gutura ikivi,
bakazana amazi mu rukebano (urukiza) bakayamishagiza hejuru yabo bagira bati:
“Nimuhingure imvura iraguye.” Bagaherako bahingura, bakiruka bajya mu rugo.
Basangaga babateguriye ibyo kurya ku rutaro (intara) cyangwa ku nkoko bigizwe
n’ibishyimbo bacucumiyemo imboga z’amoko yose zitaburagamo isogi n’ubututu,
kandi babikozemo utubumbe twinshi, buri mwana akagira ake. Buri kabumbe kose
kabaga kageretseho agasate k’umutsima wa rukacarara cyangwa w’uburo. Bakazana
amata y’inshyushyu n’ikivuguto bagatereka aho, abana bakaza bakabaha amazi
bagakaraba bakarya, bakabaha n’amata basomeza bose uko bangana. Nguko uko
baryaga ubunnyano.
Iyo bamaraga kurya ntibabahaga amazi yo gukaraba, barazaga bagahanaguriza intoki
zabo ku mabere ya wa mubyeyi, bavuga bati: “Urabyare abana benshi abahungu
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n’abakobwa.” Nuko abana bakita uruhinja amazina. Nyuma y’abana hagakurikiraho
abantu bakuru. Abana ntibatahaga iwabo, na nyina w’umwana ntiyahagurukaga
aho yicaye, keretse umwana amaze kunnya cyangwa se kunyara. Umubyeyi
yicaraga iruhande rw’imyugariro iyo yabaga yabyaye umuhungu, akicara mu irebe
ry’umuryango iyo yabaga yabyaye umukobwa. Nyina yabaga yamuhaye ibere kugira
ngo annye cyangwa anyare. Iyo umwana yabaga yatinze kunnya cyangwa se kunyara,
bamutamikaga itabi akaruka, bakabona kugenda. Kugendera aho ni ugusurira
umwana nabi, akaba yapfa.
Mu duce tumwe tw’u Rwanda nko mu Buganza abana bari bafite akabyino
babyinaga, bajya gusuka ku nsina ibyo bakuye ku kiriri. Insina akenshi yabaga ari
iy’inyamunyo. Hazaga abana umunani, bane b’abahungu na bane b’abakobwa, bose
b’amasugi. Barazaga bagakikiza urutaro bayoreraho ibyo ku kiriri, bakaruterurira
rimwe bagenda urunana bakabyina banaririmba bati: “Bwerere yavutse, Bwerere
yakura, Bwerere yavoma, Bwerere yatashya, Bwerere yahinga…” Bagasuka ku nsina
bavuga bati: “Dore aho nyoko yakubyariye”. Bakajya no ku yindi nsina babyina kwa
kundi. Batangaga insina ebyiri cyangwa eshatu, bagasukaho ibyo ku kiriri. Insina
yasukwagaho ibyo ku kiriri yerekanwaga n’umugore watindiye umubyeyi ikiriri.
Izo nsina zabaga ari iz’umwana, ababyeyi baziraga kuzimunyaga. Iyo yabaga ari
umukobwa akazashyingirwa kure, ibitoki byazo barabimugemuriraga.
Uwo munsi babaga bashakiye umwana ingobyi ebyiri, iy’uruhu rw’inka n’iy’uruhu
rw’intama, bakazimukozaho, kugira ngo imwe nibura bamuheke mu yindi. Iyo
babaga batabigenje batyo, ngo iyo bwacyaga bakamuheka mu yo batamukojejeho
icyo gihe, yamusuriraga nabi agapfa. Umwana w’uruhinja iyo yabaga afite mukuru
we, ku munsi wo gusohoka baramumuhekeshaga, kugira ngo bazahore barutana,
umukuru ntarutwe na murumuna we, bitewe n’uko yazingamye. Ibyo umugore yabaga
yasohokanye (nk’ishinge) babimanikaga mu ruhamo rw’umuryango; cyaraziraga
kubijugunya.
Iyo bamaraga kurya ubunnyano, abana bamaze gutaha ndetse n’abantu bakuru,
umugore yarasasaga, noneho agataha ku buriri akararana n’umugabo we, ariko
umwe akirinda undi. Igihe cyo mu museke, umugabo akabwira umugore ngo naze
baterure umwana. Barangiza umugabo agasohoka akajya hanze, yava hanze, akaza
agasanga umugore yamushyiriye intebe mu irebe ry’umuryango. Iyo umugabo
yateruraga umwana atavuye hanze, ngo byabaga ari ukumuvutsa ibyiza akazapfa
atagize icyo yimariye. Nuko umugabo akaza akicara ku ntebe ati: “Mpa uwo mwana
yewe wa mugore we”. Umugore akamuhereza umwana. Se w’umwana akamusimbiza
ati: “ Kura uge ejuru nkwise kanaka ”. Umugore na we iyo yashakaga yitaga umwana
izina. Iyo agiye kwita umwana izina agira ati: “Nnya aha, nyara aha, nkwise kanaka”.
Iyo se w’umwana yabaga ataramuterura ntiyavugaga izina rye, ngo iyo arivuze
umwana arapfa. Ubwo akita umwana izina, ariko izina rihama ni iryo yiswe na se. Iyo
se w’umwana yabaga amaze kumwita, bwagombaga kwira adakoze ikitwa intwaro
cyose, ngo iyo yabaga atabyubahirije, umwana ntiyasazaga atarwanye cyangwa
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atishe umuntu. Si ukuvuga ko ariko umubyeyi w’umugore atabaga arizi, kuko baba
barariteguye mbere. Guhera uwo munsi umwana agahamagarwa izina rye yiswe uwo
munsi n’ubwo hatabura utubyiniriro.
Ababyeyi b’umwana kandi bahitagamo izina bitewe n’ibihe barimo cyangwa se
icyo bifuriza uwo mwana uhawe iryo zina. Ariko kandi hari n’amazina yagiraga
umwihariko nk’iyo havukaga impanga cyangwa se bakita bakurikije umubare w’abana
bagejejeho. Ni yo mpamvu wasanganga Abanyarwanda bavuga bati: “So ntakwanga
akwita nabi”. Ibi bishatse kuvuga ko hari ubwo ababyeyi bashoboraga kukwita izina
ry’irigenurano, hari abo bagamije kubwira.
Muri make rero, umuhango wo kwita umwana izina wari ufite akamaro ntageranywa
mu mibanire y’Abanyarwanda no muco muri rusange, kuko wahuzaga abantu,
abato n’abakuru bagasabana, bagasangira. Muri iki gihe usa n’aho utakibaho, n’aho
uba ntugenda neza nk’uko wagendaga kera. Ubu wumva ngo kwa kanaka babyaye
ntumenye igihe basohoreye umwana ndetse ntumenye n’izina rye. Uko biri kose,
guhabwa izina ni ikintu gikomeye kuko izina ry’umuntu ari ryo rimugira uwo ari we,
rikamuha icyubahiro mu muryango, rigatuma yimenya uwo ari we mu muryango
n’iyo akiri umwana.
Sigaho, wihohotera!
Rutabikangwa ni umugabo ubana n’umugore we witwa Mukamana. Bafite abana
bagera kuri cumi na bane (abakobwa n’abahungu). Rutabikangwa akunda kunywa
inzoga kandi rimwe na rimwe akanabikora agiye guhinga we n’umugore we, ibyo
bigatera ingaruka zo kubura ingufu. Umunsi umwe, bahinguye, Rutabikangwa yatahije
inkwi, ariko anabikora akanika umugore we ko agomba kwibuka gucyura isuka
yahingishije kuko we agomba kunyura ku kabari kugira ngo aganire na bagenzi be
banasoma ku gacupa.
Ahagana saa mbiri z’ijoro, Rutabikangwa ataha mu rugo iwe asanga umwana we
w’umukobwa witwa Nyirankumi arimo gukora umukoro ku ishuri babahaye,
ahita amukubita kuko ihene zari zikiri ku gasozi, ako kanya aba ahutaje n’akana ke
k’agahungu kagwa hasi. Rutabikangwa yinjira mu nzu, akubita umugore we imigeri
myinshi hanyuma amubaza n’ibiryo. Umugore amusubiza n’ijwi ryo hasi amubwira
ati: “Genda ubyirebere ngeweho ndananiwe.”Umugore arakomeza amubwira ko
nta kintu cyo kurya bafite kandi anamubwira ko n’umwana wabo w’umukobwa
bamwirukanye ku ishuri kubera kubura amafaranga, ati:“Wagurishije ihene nta
n’umuntu ubizi, amafaranga nta muntu uzi icyo wayakoresheje.”
Umugabo amusubiza agira ati: “Ndakwibutsa ko ihene ari iyange kandi ko utemerewe
kumbaza ikibazo nk’icyo.” Rutabikangwa ahita afata ikemezo cyo guhita ajya mu
buriri, mu gihe umugore we yari akirimo gukora imirimo imwe yo mu rugo. Hagati mu
ijoro, asaba umugore ko bagirana imibonano mpuzabitsina, umugore arabyanga kuko
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yumvaga ananiwe kubera imirimo yari yiriwe akora mu murima: kwikorera inkwi,
hamwe n’imirimo yo mu rugo yo ku gihe cy’umugoroba, hakiyongeraho n’intonganya.
Ibyo byose byatumye ananirwa. Rutabikangwa akomeza gusaba ku ngufu umugore
we ko bakorana imibonano mpuzabitsina, ubwo umugore atangira kurira.
Umunsi ukurikiyeho, umwana w’umukobwa wa Rutabikangwa wari utararangije
umukoro bari bamuhaye ku ishuri abona zero. Igihe umwana atangiye kwisobanura
ibyabaye ejo hashize mwarimu ahita abwira wa mwana ko baza kubonana nyuma
y’amasomo kuko abona icyo ari ikibazo kihariye kitareba abanyeshuri bose. Mbere
yo gutaha amasomo arangiye, wa mwana w’umukobwa ajya kureba mwarimu wari
utuye iruhande rw’ishuri. Mwarimu akoresheje ijwi rikarishye abwira wa mwana
w’umukobwa ati:“Wowe aho wakwize, umara amasaha yawe menshi urimo uganira
n’abahungu bo muri aka karere buri joro.
Uyu munsi ni umwanya wange kandi umenye ko mfite mu biganza byange ejo
hawe hazaza. Umenye kandi ko igihe utatsinze amasomo yange abiri ari ryo herezo
ry’ubuzima bwawe. Urabyumva?”Uwo mwana w’umukobwa atangira gutitira
ntiyagira icyo asubiza ariko agiye kumva yumva mwarimu arimo aramukorakora
ku mabere. Umwana akomeza kwibaza ukuntu agiye gutakaza ubuzima bwe igihe
atubashye ikemezo cya mwarimu we, abigereranya n’ihene iri mu nzara z’intare.
Ku iherezo, umwana aza kugenda atanambaye neza, agenda yananiwe kubera icyo
gikorwa cy’urukozasoni.
Nyuma y’iminsi mike, wa mwana w’umukobwa atangira kumva ububabare mu gice
cyo hasi y’inda ibyara. Bukeye igihe agiye kwisuzumisha, Muganga amuha imiti ivura
indwara zandurira mu mibonano mpuzabitsina. Hanyuma umuganga amubwira ko
kugira ngo yigirire ikizere neza yakagombye kwipimisha agakoko gatera SIDA.
Amezi make nyuma y’aho, umugore wa Rutabikangwa akomeza kuba mu buzima bubi
n’intonganya ndetse rimwe aza no kwitura hasi umugabo amuhiritse. Byamuviriyemo
kuva, bituma ajya kwisuzumisha ku kigo nderabuzima, maze ibisubizo bigaragaza
ko uko kuva kwatewe n’inda yavuyemo.
Kantengwa
Kantengwa, umukobwa w’urubavu ruto, imisaya miremire, ijosi ribereye ijisho
n’amaso manini kandi yera. Yabyirutse ari ihoho; bamwe bamwita Umwiza.
Yagiraga imico myiza, arangwa n’ikinyabupfura n’urugwiro. Wasangaga abandi bana
bamufatiraho urugero. Ku myaka irindwi agana ishuri, si ukwiga ashyiraho umwete.
Ntiyigeze ajya hejuru y’umwanya wa gatanu, kuva mu mwaka wa mbere kugeza mu
wa munani.
Ku musozi w’iwabo i Kavumu hari umusore Rurangwa wigaga i Nyamishaba mu
ishuri ry’ubuhinzi n’ubworozi. Ubwo aje mu kiruhuko cya Noheri abwira Kantengwa
ko amukunda kandi ko anamusaba ko baba inshuti magara. Kantengwa amubwira
ko akiri muto kandi akeneye kuziga akarangiza na kaminuza. Rurangwa ntiyarekeye
aho, yakomeje kumwandikira amabaruwa ariko Kantengwa ntayasubize. Umuhungu
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ntiyacika intege noneho mu kiruhuko cya Pasika Kantengwa aramwemerera.
Basezerana ko bakundana urukundo rwo kuzarushinga.
Hari nyuma ya saa sita ubwo bamanikaga kuri komini irisiti y’abemerewe kujya
mu mashuri yisumbuye; Kantengwa we yagombaga kujya kwiga i Nyamirambo.
Inkuru ikimenyekana se ahita atumira abantu ngo baze bishimire intsinzi y’imfura
ye. Baranywa, barabyina ariko Kantengwa we yari mu gikoni atetse. Nka saa moya
n’igice Rurangwa aza kumushimira umurava yakoranye none akaba yatsinze. Yaje
kumwicaza impande ye maze Rurangwa atangira kumukorakora, ubwo nyuma
y’akanya gato baba bakoze imibonano mpuzabitsina. Nyamuhungu yahise ataha ku
buryo ntawamenye ko yanahageze.
Ku itariki 14, Nzeri se aramuherekeza amugeza i Kigali kwa nyirarume na we yahise
amujyana kumugurira ibikenewe byose ndetse arenzaho amafaranga yo kwitabaza
ibihumbi icumi. Mu gitondo nyirarume amujyana i Nyamirambo kwiga. Bamwakira
neza cyane, dore ko umuyobozi w’ikigo bari bariganye. Ubwo yahise ajya mu kazi
ku Kakiru. Kantengwa si ukunezerwa karahava. Yumvaga indoto ze zizasohora nta
kabuza.
Ibyishimo ntibyatinze kuko nyuma y’igihe gito yatangiye kunanirwa kurya, ibyo
ariye byose akagarura. Bagenzi be baramwegera, baramubaza na we ababwira ko
yaryamanye n’umuhungu inshuro imwe. Abandi bamubwira ko ashobora kuba
yarasamye maze bamujyana ku mukecuru wari utuye hafi y’ishuri amufasha
gukuramo inda. Ntibyamuhiriye, guhera icyo gihe yatangiye kurwaragurika ndetse
bimuviramo gutsindwa igihembwe cya mbere. Dore ko Rurangwa yari yamwanduje
n’imitezi. Umwaka urangiye baramwirukana.
Nyirarume yarababaye cyane ariko amushakira ikindi kigo. Nyuma y’igihembwe
na bwo aratsindwa, afata ikemezo cyo guhita ataha iwabo n’ubwo cyari igihe
k’intambara. Bukeye haza umusirikare gito, yari afite amaso ntunu, atukuye kandi
ahora yitwaje icumu, imbunda na gerenade. Yari yariyise Shitani kandi n’abandi ni ko
bamuhamagaraga. Kantengwa akimukubita amaso aradagadwa, abura aho akwirwa.
Ubwo Shitani abonye ko nyamukobwa ahinda umushyitsi, amubwira ko icyo ari
uguhita ajya mu nzu kandi akiyambura vuba. Kantengwa ntiyazuyaje; koko rero ubuze
uko agira agwa neza. Shitani amukorera ibya mfura mbi! Kantengwa si ugutaka, si
ukurira! Rubanda rwose rurumva. Igiteye ishavu n’agahinda ntawamutabaye. Shitani
arangije ibye arigendera.
Nyina na se bari bagiye guhinga mu kabande ka kure, bahageze basanga
umukobwa ari mu nzu ashaka kwiyahura. Se na nyina bagiye kurega, bababwira
ko nibabimenya ko bagiye kurega, Shitani azaza nijoro bose akabarimbura nuko
bararira barihanagura. Ubwo bakomeje guhumuriza umwana wabo ariko rubanda
batangira kumuha urw’amenyo. Kantengwa akarushaho kwicwa n’agahinda,
yumvaga baramugambaniye. Igihe cyo gutangira amashuri kiragera asubira ku
ishuri.
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Ntihaciye kabiri, ahita afatwa n’indwara yo mu mutwe. Umugabo wese yabonaga
yarirukaga, ubwo bahita bamujyana ku kigo nderabuzima birananirana, bamwohereza
i Ndera ahamara amezi atatu yose. Ubwo bagerageje kumusubiza ku ishuri arabyanga
ahubwo ahitamo umwuga w’ubudozi. Aho ngaho ni ho yahuriye na Kabami maze
amusaba ko barushingana dore ko na we yari umudozi. Undi abonye ko amurembeje
aramwemerera.
Haciye igihe gito, ubukwe burataha. Ntibyatinze Kantengwa asama inda, abyara
umwana w’umuhungu amwita Ntabara. Amaze kubyara, umugabo we amenya
amateka ye yose. Aho kumukomeza ahubwo akajya abimucyurira kugeza aho
Kantengwa aburiye intege zo gusubira kudoda. Si incyuro gusa ahubwo ntiyongeye
no kumuhahira. Kantengwa arongera arahungabana, icyamubabazaga cyane ni
umwana we, agasaba Imana yo igira impuhwe n’ibambe ko yamufasha akazareba
umwana we akuze.
Ubwo ntibyatinze, umugabo aramwirukana. Kantengwa ajya iwabo ku ivuko, ubu
yibera mu nzu ntashobora kujya hanze. Ubwo ku bw’amahirwe Ntabara na nyirakuru
bakomeza kumwitaho. Yagombaga kujya kwiga ku Musanze ariko ahitamo kwiga hafi
yo mu rugo kugira ngo abone uko yita kuri nyina. Koko rero inzira ntibwira umugenzi.
Iminsi ivuguta nta muvuba. Urugiye kera ruhinyuza intwari.
Ibyiruka rya Mahero
I. Nti: “Subiza iby'abandi,

Uyu mwana nabyiruye Uge utwara icyo uhawe
Namureze mukunze Icyo wimwe ugitinye.”
Yabyirukanye ubwenge Uwo mwana uko ateye
Buvanze mo ubwana Biteye agahinda.
Nkanibaza cyane Aho yaroye neza
Uko azaba bitinze. Uko akwiye kugenza,
Agakura akora nabi Ati: “Ndanze kugenda
Aho yatobye akondo Ngo ntange ibyo ntunze.”
Ngo akurikize abandi, Iyo utwaye iby'abandi
Akabaka iby'iwabo Bakuzi bakurora
Akabyita iby'iwacu. Ntibaze barwana
Nabyumva ngahinda Ngo bihe agaciro
Nti: ntabwo mbishaka, Mu maso y'abandi,
Ubusambo si bwiza Uragenda ukayora
Ubukunze atabeshya Ukabita abatinyi
Aba yigira nabi. Ukagwiza iby'iwanyu.
Aho amariye gusoreka Ubwo aranga arahana

Ingeso ye ntiyacika Nkagira ngo arashyenga
Bukeye nti: “Ntabwo” Naho aravuga akomeje.
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Ati: “Ndumva nahaze Ubwo ngubwo arazenga
Guteshwa ibyo nshima Arababara ndabibona
Ngo nkunde ibyo ushaka. Arafunga ntiyakoma
Ubu nshobora kugenda Bagize bati: “Yewe
Ngashaka aho ndara Ijambo riragatabwa”
Ejo nkigaba ahandi, Bahamagaye aranga
Ejobundi ngakomeza Bagabuye ntiyabirya
Nkagera iyo utakibona, Bashashe ntiyaryama.
Kugira ngo nguhunge Ubwo nyina akandeba
Amahane ni menshi.” Agatinya guhinda
Akiruzi umuhungu
Ubwo mbonye icyo cyago
Mu maso ya twembi.
Gikomeje imigambi
Yankebuka ngasanga
Yo kwigisha icyohe,
Mu maso ye yombi
Ndakomeza ndatota
Haganje agahinda
Ngo none aratinya
Aze kumva igikwiye. Amagambo ajya kuvuga
Nti: “Ibyo wigira byose Ugasanga amugoye.
Ndabirora nkazenga.” Ubwo abana batoya
Nakwitaga umwana Basanzwe basakuza
Uyu uteye gitwari Barwana bagabuza
Agaturana neza Bakandora bose
N'abitwa ababyeyi. Nakebuka umwe muri bo
Ubwo utangiye kwanga Agahumbya bukeya.
Uwakureze akagukuza, Umwe yavuga ijambo
Wamurora mu maso Abandi bakamureba
Inyeri zikavumera, Igisubizo bashimye
Waba wicaye hasi Ugasanga gituje
Uti: “Intebe nayireke Kitarimo amashyengo
Nyishingeho nange.” Aya asanzwe mu bana.
Yaba agize ati: “Jya kurora Ngeze aho nti: “Cyo mwana
Amatungo mu rwuri
Hamagara Mahero
Ugatangira kwigira
Aze ambwire icyo ashaka.”
Icyatwa ugafunga.”
Mahero ati: “Ndaje
Yakubwira ati: “Cyono
Nkubwire icyo mashe.”
Jya kuzana utuzi
Aza atera ibitambwe
Ugafuha ukarwana
Nti: “Ubanza rubaye.”
Ukica igiti n'isazi;
Ati: “Kera nkivuka
Ubwo utangiye kwanga
Ntaramenya ubwenge
Amategeko nguhaye,
Nari inka mu zindi
Ubusore bwapfuye
Wahirika ngatemba
Wabaye Rubebe
Wanterura nkabyuka
Ge nkwise icyontazi
Washaka ko ndyama
Icyo ushaka kimashe.”
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Ugahirika ku buriri Nge guhakwa aho nshaka
Ibitotsi bikayora Ahangaha mpacuke
Mahero agahwikwa. Ibicumuro nkugirira
Naba nakoze icyo wanga Uruhuke kubibona.
Ugaterura ugahonda Gutura amahanga
Amahane ari nta yo Bizankiza byinshi.
Sinibaze na busa Bizampa guhunga
Uko nkwiye kugenza. Amahane y'i Rwanda,
Aho nshiriye akenge Aho bambura umuntu
Ndakomeza ndakureka Abo abyaye bamurora,
Nakosa nka gatoya Agakubitwa umunani
Ubwo inkuba zigakubita.” Ngo ikawa irarumbye,
Uti: “Mbyiruye icyontazi.” Ngo cyangwa umuzungu
Nkakureka ugakomeza Yaraye rusake.
Guhata ibicumuro Ibiboko wakubiswe
Uwakoze uko ashoboye N'amarira naharize
Kugira ngo akuneze. Ntibyatuma ntura
Umujinya waba ukomeje Aho ndeba umuhashyi
Ugaterura ugahonda Wampinduye imbata
Wananirwa ugatuza Uwo ni inzigo kuri ge.
Uti: “Genda ndakuretse.” Amahane yo mu rugo,
Ibyo ngibyo nabirora Amahiri y'ibisonga
Nti: “Nta ngufu zange Ibyo byose bikoranye
Mba nshatse agahamba Ntibyatuma ngoheka
Nkareba aho najya Ndashaka kugenda.”
Hasumbye ahangaha.”
Ubwo ngubwo ndayoberwa
Ubungubu ndareba Ngo mbure icyo musubiza
Ngasanga ibyo ungirira Nti: “Genda uruhuke
Bikwiye guhosha. Ejo nzaba nkubwira
Ubwo wanyimye imbabazi Icyo nkeka kuri ibyo.”
Ngo nange nduhuke Ati: “Ngiye kuryama
Ibyo kwitwa ikirumbo Ndazinduka nkwibutsa
No kwicara mpondwa Impamba nakwatse.”
Ndakungura inama
Igusumbira izindi II.
Amahane ave mu rugo Aragenda araryama
Uruhuke kurwana Nange ngana ku bwange.
Nduhuke guhondwa; Iryo joro sinagoheka
Cyo nshakira impamba Ndara mbunza imitima.
Agatukuru gatoya Ngashaka igisubizo
Ngaterere ku mutwe Nzabwira uwo mwana
Mfate agakoni kange Ngasanga kigoye.
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Namwita igicucu Nk'uwabuze abamurera.
Sinigeze nterura Mahero iyo umpaye
Ngo nshinge ibitariho; Agahenge gatoya
Navugaga ibisanzwe. Nkakungura inama!
Ubungubu ninanga Nateye n'ishyamba
Ko agana mu mahanga Ngo nugimbuka
Nkamwogeza cyane Washatse gushinga
Ngo akunde angumire aho, Urugo rukwizihiye
Ndareba ngasanga Utazabura imbariro
Mba mwishe burundu, Ukabura n'imiganda.
Akagira ngo ni mwiza, Mahero iyo utuje
Akazapfa akigenza Ugakurikiza neza
Uko yamye abishinga. Utunama nkugira!
Ngifinda uko nkwiye Imishike yaracitse
Kugenza ibyo ngibyo Amafuni ararundwa,
Mahero aba yaje. Ubwo mpinga ibijumba,
Ati: “Ndabona hakeye Rubanda bakunda
Ndakwibutsa ijambo Kubyita ubukungu.
Naraye nkubwiye.” Mba ngira ngo utazimwa
Umukobwa wa Naka,
Nti: “Mahero ko ubizi Bagira ngo urashonje
Ngukunda bikabije Ubukungu si bwinshi.
Urarwana ujya hehe?” Mahero iyo umfashije
Iyo utuje ugakunda Tukiha agaciro
Ugaturana neza Mu maso y'i Muhana!
N'abitwa ababyeyi!
Ubu ingano nararunze,
Wabaye ukivuka, Ibigega biratemba.
Inka yange yari imwe Ubwo ngira ngo abatindi
Irakunda iragorora Batagira amasambu
Urakamirwa urabyibuha. Bagure ibyo mbahaye
Ntiwigeze usumbwa Ge ngwize amanoti
N'abinikije ijana. Nge nkwambika neza.
Mahero iyo umbereye Mahero iyo umbwiye
Umwana uko nshaka Amagambo anduhura
Aho kunyaka ijambo! Aho kunsha umugongo!
Amapfa ageze mu gihugu Nateye urutoki
Nkurwanaho cyane Ngo niba zitetse
Umuruho sinawumva Uge utora agahihi
Ngahaha ubutitsa Agahogo kabobere.
Ngo akabiri gatohe Ubu inyuma y'igikari
Utazaba uruzingo Ibitoki ni byinshi
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Bitembana inkingi. Kuko mukuru wabo
Ubu intabo zirarunze Abacitse bamurora!
Ibibindi biroga. Iri tuza rikabije
Mahero iyo ugumye aha Rikubajije icyo uri cyo
Nkabona agakazana Basubize utabeshya!
Aho kwicwa n'irungu Itegereze umubyeyi
Wagiye Bugande! Wavunitse agutwite,
Wavuka akakonsa,
Nta tungo natinye Agahinga aguhetse,
Ngo mare yo ubukungu Akavoma aguhetse,
Utazaba umutindi. Agatashya aguhetse,
Ihene ubu ni nyamwinshi Agateka aguhetse,
Ziteretse amapfizi: Umurinde agahinda
Ruhaya na Sacyanwa. Ko kubura icyo abyaye
Mahero iyo umfashije Ngo aririre mu myotsi.
Tukorora neza
Amatungo tubyiruye! III.
Kebuka urore amasake Mahero arasohoka
Yirirwa avuna sambwe Asa n'ubuze ijambo.
Mu mivumu hariya! Akomeza imbere ye ajya ku irembo.
Inkokokazi ni nyinshi: Akebuka hepfo abona urutoke,
Iz'inganda n'indayi Ubwo arakeberanya mu gikari,
Uzikunda zihuje Abona imizinga ivuza ubuhuha.
Indirimbo z'urwunge, Ntiyahagarara ngo zitamwumva
Ziteteza zitaha, Zikamucengeza mo urubori.
Zihamagara izazo, Akebura intambwe ajya mu ikawa.
Zitoye gahunda, Ubwo agasusuruko karababiriye,
Zisanga amaruka. Ndetse akazuba karamukubise,
Mahero iyo urebye Agumya kubunga agana agacucu.
Ibyo ntunze ugatuza Muri iyo kawa y'isaso nyinshi
Aho kunta mu marira! Hakaba mo igiti gikuze neza,
Cyarakabije kirizihirwa,
Uti: “Ngaho mpa impamba Ururabo ruragwa hajya ibitumbwe,
Ngucike nge ahandi Bijya guhisha ntibyasigana
Ducane dutane!” Maze uwo mwana akibona bwangu,
Mahero iyo unyoheje Yika bugufi ahina umugongo
Gukora mu ntagara Agishyika mu nsi ahamara umwanya
Nkaryiroha mu nda Amaso yombi arayagihanga,
Aho kwanga icyo mbyaye! Umutima utekereza ibyo hirya.
Aho uruzi aba bana Ibyo namubwiye bigumya kuza
Bakureba ku jisho Si ibihingwa si amatungo.
Bakabura icyo bavuga Ubwo ariko akumva atameze neza,
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Imitima igakomeza kujya inama; Mbibonye ndashoberwa
Ibyo guta iwabo ngo age Bugande Nti: “Yumviye rwose,
Yari yabyirukanye agisohoka, Agatima karagarutse
Maze kumwumvisha igikwiye. Aragira ngo anyurure.”
Icyamuvunaga ubwo ni ukuntu Ngo mbure icyo mubwira
Aza kumbwira uko yigaruye. Kugira ngo mushime,
Ava mu ikawa arinanura. Mpamagara abatoya.
Acuma gatoya ananirwa igenda, Nti: “Ntabwo mureba
Arahagarara aratekereza, Undi mwana uko agenza!”
Akazinga umunya agashima mu mutwe. Muricaye mu nzu,
Ngo byendeho akanya Aravunika mumurora,
Ati: “Ndi imbwa bikabije.” Arakora mukaryama,
Arakabuza ati: “Ngiye Agatura uwe murimo
Kubwira uwambyaye Umugono muwuhuruza!
Ko kwigira icyohe
Bikwiye undi utari ge.” Nyina, we yari mu nzu
Uko yakigunze
Ngo ngane ku irembo Agahinda kamwishe.
Duhura mva mu rugo. Arasohoka arareba
Dukubitanye amaso Ati: “Mbese iyi kawa
Aratinya arahumbya. Yo iturutse ahagana he?”
Aho yavuze ikintu
Yashakaga ko menya Ubwo yibazaga abizi,
Ajya kwicara mu nzu. Akagira ngo abone uburyo
Ge nkomeza urugendo. Bwo kogeza umwana
Najyaga mu gacyamu Watwumviye bwangu.
Kugira ngo nduhuke Mubwirana ubwira
Agahinda yanteye, Nti: “ngaho muhembe
Nganira n'abantu Uyu murimo ni munini.”
Batazi ibyo turimo. Ubwo twihina mu nzu
Aho yagumye mu nzu Duterura akabindi
Ngo ahamane n'abandi, Dushyira mu kirambi.
Akeberanya mu cyanzu Nti: “Ngaho Mahero
Yihina mu gikari. Cyo ngwino uyibanze
Ahakura agatebo, Ni wowe tuyikesha.”
Ajya muri ya kawa Ati: “Ndanze kubanza
Arasoroma aragwiza,
Agatebo arakanaga. Abakuru bakiri aho.”
Nti: “Nta cyo bitwaye
Ngo ngaruke nje kurora Iyo ari bo bakubwiye.”
Uko byaje kugenda, Ayisoma yitonze
Duhurira mu rugo Numva yiruhutsa.
Ahatura iyo kawa. Igishyika kiratuza
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Amagambo arakunda Rubanda babizi
Tunywa tuganira. Babita mahwane.
Kuva kandi uwo munsi Iyo agana mu mahanga
Mahero aba umwana Aba ari imbwa mu zindi
Uyu wumvira rwose Aho kwicara nk'ubu
Wakorora ati: “Ndaje.” Ngo aturane neza
Ntibyashyize kera, N'abatumye abyiruka.
Musabira umukobwa
Barwubaka neza
Babyaranye kabiri. Rugamba, Spiriyani. Umusogongero.
Imibanire yabo, Butare: INRS, 1979.
Icyanya cy’Akagera
Icyanya cy’Akagera giherereye ku mupaka wa Tanzaniya ku butumburuke buciriritse.
Ku bw’iyo mpamvu ubuzima bwaho butandukanye cyane n’ubw’ahandi mu Rwanda.
Icyo Cyanya kigizwe ahanini n’urusobe rw’ibidendezi n’ibiyaga bigiye bikurikira
inkengero z’umugezi w’Akagera ari na yo soko y’ingenzi y’umugezi wa Nili. Icyanya
cy’Akagera ni urugero rwiza rw’ishyamba rigufi rivanze n’ibyatsi birebire.
Hari inyamanswa n’izindi ngo ngwino urore! Zose kandi nta ko zisa: ubwiza bwazo
bwabaye ihogoza burenga u Rwanda busingira amahanga, ba mukerarugendo
barahayoboka.
Uhageze uhasanga ibyiza nyaburanga bishimishije: imirambi n’amataba bitagira uko
bisa ahegereye i Gabiro. Iyo uhageze unezezwa no guhanga amaso ibimera binyuranye
maze ikitwa umunaniro kikagenda nka nyomberi. Iyo ubonye imigunga, imigenge
n’iminyinya bifatanye urunana, usanga gucudika atari iby’abantu gusa ahubwo ko
n’ibimera bishobora kutubera ikitegererezo nyacyo. Imikoma n’imikoyoyo, imyiha
n’imikerenke n’ibindi biti by’inganzamarumbu, byose usanga bigutegeye yombi bisa
n’ibikubwira ngo: “Kaze neza urisanga”. Iyo izuba rirasa risekera ibigarama, imisozi
iganira n’ibibaya, inseko ya byose uyumva mu kayaga gahuha kanasuhuza icyo ari
cyo cyose.
Si ibimera gusa. Icyo cyanya gituwe n’inyamaswa z’ubwoko bwinshi, zishishe kandi
zikeye. Mu z’amajanja higanje intare z’imigara zitontoma ishyamba rigahubangana,
ingwe n’urusamagwe, imbwebwe, imondo, isega, impyisi, umukara, inkobe, urutoni
n’izindi. Mu z’imigeri uhasanga amashyo ateye ubwuzu mu bikumba: ay’imbogo,
ay’amasasu, inyemera, inimba, inkoronko, isatura, impara n’imparage n’ay’izindi
zituye icyo cyanya mpuruzamahanga.
Mu biguruka twavuga imisambi, kagoma, inkongoro, mukoma, nyiramutwe,
ikijenjegeri, inkware, inkurakura, inyange, iswakiri n’ibindi byinshi cyane.
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Ntitwakwibagirwa uruhuri rw’inyoni z’amoko atandukanye. Iyo ziteraniye hamwe
mu mashami y’ibiti bigufi n’ibirebire byegamiye amazi magari y’ibiyaga, indirimbo
nziza zazo usanga ari urukererezabagenzi.
Twavuga iki tutavuze imvubu zirirwa zireremba mu biyaga bihorana ituze. Ingona
n’urwasaya rwazo zinezeza abazisura. Reka duherukire ku nzovu intereke ku nkombe
y’ikiyaga k'ihema. Iyo ugiye kuzisura zigusanganirana ubwuzu n’urugwiro nk’aho
zisanzwe zikubona muri icyo kibira.
Icyanya cy’Akagera gifite umwanya ukomeye cyane mu byiza bitatse u Rwanda
kandi ni umutungo kamere w’agaciro kanini u Rwanda rusaruramo amafaranga
mvamahanga bita amadovize. Nimuze twese dufatanyirize hamwe dufate icyanya
cy’Akagera nk’amata y’abashyitsi basomaho ntibatahe maze bakanezezwa no guhora
basura u Rwanda, Igihugu kibumbatiye ibyiza nyarwanda.
Kwihangana
Umuntu wese yifuza kumererwa neza, akagira ibintu, akabigiramo amahoro.
Abanyarwanda bo bati: “Hahirwa ubyara, agatunga, akaramba”. Nyamara ubuzima
bw’abantu ntibugirwa n’ibyishimo, ishya n’umudendezo gusa. Haziramo ibyago,
amakuba, umuntu akaba muri urwo rujya n’uruza kuva avuka kugeza yitaruye isi.
Yego si ko abantu bose barazwe umuruho, ariko abagashize ni mbarwa kuri iyi si.
Ubonye umuntu ngo aragira ibya Mirenge akabura ababirya! Habaho ubwo uwo
mugaga agira umubabaro agacika ururondogoro, akagenda aganyira abahisi
n’abagenzi ko nta kana; byacangwamo akaboneza iy’abapfumu n’abacunnyi ngo
ahari bagira icyo bamumarira. Uko kwihangana kwe guke kugatuma agaragarira
ubusa, akarutwa n’umutindi nyakujya. Nyamara hari ababura urubyaro bakihangana,
bagategereza, haca iminsi Imana ikabagoboka bakabona abana babanogeye. Bene
abo bishima kurusha ba bandi babandagaje bakabarumbira, maze bakicuza icyo
bababyariye. Ngo: “Kubyara ni ishyano no kutabyara ni irindi.”
Ubundi ugasanga urugo rwuzuye abana bicira isazi mu jisho, ababyeyi ubukene
bukabugariza; bakabura epfo na ruguru. Iyo hatagize ikibagoboka mu maguru
mashya, abo bana bagasonza inzara ndende, bamwe muri bo baratorongera bakaba
ingegera. Ariko iyo bihanganye bagatungwa n’uduke babonye bagashyiraho umwete
bagakora, rubanda rubagirira impuhwe, rukabaremera bakagera igihe na bo beza
maze ako kanda kagacika katabahitanye.
Ushobora kwicinya icyara ubona ufite ubutunzi, uzi ko hari icyo uzimarira, ufite
imishinga ifatika, byose bikaguca mu myanya y’intoki, abakurambere bati: “Uhigira
igisambu, igisebe gihigira ruseke”. Iyo utiyumanganyije uhinduka igishushungwe,
rubanda bakaguha urw’amenyo.
Hari nanone bamwe usanga bakubita agatoki ku kandi, ngo ntibameze nka bagenzi
babo babayeho neza. Ngo bo baradamaraye, ntibahangayitse. Uko kutihangana kwabo
bareba ku bandi kubyara ishyari n’inzangano nyinshi. N’abandi bemera urugero
119
barimo bakihata umurimo kugira ngo bizamure, bagahora bakeye nta ntugunda.
Abo babaho neza umutima wabo ukeye.
Burya no kwihanganira uguhemukiye bikiza byinshi. Nta kibabaza nko guhemukirwa
n’umuntu mwaganiriye, mwasangiye akabisi n’agahiye nyuma akaguhinduka
akakwanga bikabije. Ibyo bitera agahinda ukayoberwa aho bivuye, rimwe na rimwe
ugasigara wibaza aho ubwo bucuti bwari bushingiye. Iyo urengejeho nturakare
uburakari butigarura, ukihangana, ukamureka akishyira akizana, amahererezo
murashyira mukazigorora, mukabana neza bitambutse ibya mbere, aho gukurura
inzangano z’urudaca. Upfushije umwana ari uruhinja cyangwa se akuze amusigira
urwibutso rukomeye. Ubuze ababyeyi bari bamufatiye runini, inshuti y’inkoramutima,
umuvandimwe, urungano se, bimutera agahinda bikamushavuza. Yemwe hari n’abo
bikukiramo bagasa n’abarwaye umutwe. Nyamara urenzaho agashinga iryinyo ku
rindi, umubonye nta cyo amutoraho. Igihe kirashira ikindi kigataha, akageraho agasa
n’uwabyibagiwe; intimba yamushenguraga ikayoyoka.
Wari uzi ko iyo umuntu arwaye akaremba akiheba bishobora kumubyarira urupfu?
Ibyo biterwa n’uko atekereza ko iyo bwije atari buramuke bwacya akibwira ko butari
bwire, akananirwa kugira icyo atamira cyangwa anywa. Ayo maganya n’umuborogo
ni byo bimuhuta bikamuviramo urupfu. Ariko uwikomeje, agashinyiriza akiringira
ko azakira, agasinzira ibitotsi byinshi, arakira.
Kuri iyi si ibibabaza abantu ni byinshi ntawabiva imuzingo. Gusa ik'ingenzi ni
ukwiyumanganya, ukarwanya ubwihebe. Umuntu udahindishwa umushyitsi
n’ibibonetse byose ni we ushobora kuramba. Na ho ushya ubwoba, agacika intege
akabura icyo afata n’icyo areka, agahora yigunze ntatera kabiri. Ni koko kwihangana
kunesha amakuba menshi kugatera umubano n’ibyishimo. Uwo mugenzo mwiza
twari dukwiye kuwutora tukanawutoza urubyiruko bityo Abanyarwanda tugahora
turi abagabo bashikamye badakangwa n’ibirumbaraye.
Umugani w’abana b’abakobwa babiri
Kera habayeho umugabo n’umugore babyarana umwana w’umukobwa, bukeye wa
mugabo ashaka undi mugore, nuko umugore mukuru bamutuza mu gikoni naho
umugore muto aba ari we utura mu nzu nini. Hashize iminsi, wa mugore muto na
we aza kubyara umwana w’umukobwa.
Hafi y’aho bari batuye hari umusozi abantu bose bari barananiwe guterera. Umwana
mukuru aza kuganira na se, amubwira ko ashaka kuzawuterera. Se aramubwira ati:
“Ese umusozi wananiye abantu bakuru, ni wowe uzawushobora wa mwana we?”
Umwana ati: “Nzawushobora”. Se na we ati: “Nuwushobora nzaguha inka yange
Rutamba n’inyana yayo.” Murumuna we wari uri hafi aho avuga ko na we bazajyana
kuri uwo musozi. Ababyeyi be baramubuza arabyanga. Abyanze baramubwira bati:
“Uzagende ubwo ufite uko uzabyifatamo”.
Baragiye barawuterera, bagera ahahanamye umukuru agafata ukuboko umutoya.
Baza kugera aho akabindi karagiye ihene, umutoya aragafata arakamena. Maze
120
akabindi karamubwira kati: “Umeneye iki, ko bari bandagije amatungo, ni nde uzajya
ayaragira? Nsubiranya”.
Wa mwana yahise agira ubwoba yirukankira kuri mukuru we, ati: “Iby’aha ngaha
biragoye ubwo akabindi kavuga”.
Wa mwana mukuru yahise aririmba ati:”Yee dawe, wari wavuze ngo ninterera
umusozi muremure wananiye abantu uzampa Rutamba n’iyayo, uwo mwampaye ngo
tujyane tugeze mu nzira tubona aho akabindi karagiye aragafata arakamena none kari
kuvuga ngo tugateranye”. Umwana akimara kuririmba, akabindi gahita gaterana, nuko
bakomeza urugendo, bajya gusaba icumbi ahantu bari bageze batazi ko ari ibwami.
Mu gihe batarababaza ikibagenza, bazanye ibiryo byo kubakira, umutoya ahita abirya
bataranabasaba gutangira kurya. Umukuru we yarabyanze, babonye abyanze bajya
kubibwira umwami, umwami aravuga ngo ubwo yabyanze nimureke ndaza dusangire.
Barasangiye umwami aramubenguka, ahita amugira umugore we. Umugaragu abonye
umwami atwaye umukuru, nawe yahise afata umutoya amugira umugore we. Ariko
umukuru ntiyibagiwe ibyo yari yaraganiriye na se. Amaze kubyara yasabye umwami
kujya kureba umubyeyi we.
Umwami yaramwemereye, ashaka inka nyinshi n’ibindi byiza by’i bwami, afata
n’umugaragu we amuha intama, ingurube n’ihene ngo na we abijyane kwa sebukwe.
Maze umwamikazi n’umwami barabaheka, abagaragu na bo baraza, bazana n’abantu
benshi harimo ababyina, abavuza ingoma… barabaherekeza.
Bageze mu nzira, umwamikazi atangira kuririmba: “Yee dawe, wari wavuze ngo
ninterera umusozi muremure wananiye abantu uzampa Rutamba n’iyayo” Naho
wa murumuna we yari inyuma arwana n’ihene, intama n’ingurube bari bashoreye.
Abo muri icyo gihugu babumvise bagira ubwoba bibaza ahantu umwami agiye
ajyanye n’umwamikazi. Wa mugore, nyina w’umwamikazi, bari barabonye umwana
we atagarutse bashaka kumwirukana bavuga ko ntacyo akora ahongaho kuko nta
n’umwana yari akihagira, ariko we arabihorera yigumira mu gikoni. Abantu bagiye
kureba aho umwami agiye, babona ari kumwe na wa mukobwa wagiye agiye guterera
umusozi.
Babibonye baraza babibwira abo mu rugo, maze bafata nyina baramwuhagira
bamwambika neza kugira ngo abashe kwakira umwami, naho wa mugore wari
warakundwakajwe aba ari we bashyira mu gikoni. Umwami ahageze, bakoze ibirori
barishima, igihe nyirankundwakazi ari kurira baramubwira bati: “Dore umukobwa
wawe na we araje”.
Nyina yamwakiranye agahinda, ariko aramwakira kuko yari umwana we. Nuko
nyirantabwa arongera arakundwakazwa naho nyirankundwakazi na we aba aho yari
yarashyize mukeba we, sige wahera hahera umugani.
Bifatiye ku bya Rugamba Sipiriyani muri "Ngucire umugani".
121
Inyunguramagambo nshya
– Ako ku mugongo w’ingona: ni urumogi cyangwa kanabisi.
– Amaso si aya: ntabwo ari ubwa mbere nkubonye.
– Amazi atararenga inkombe: hakiri kare.
– Anyihunza: agenda amva iruhande, agenda yigirayo.
– Bakanirwe urubakwiye: bahabwe igihano kingana n’uburemere bw’ibibi
bakoze.
– Canamake: imbabura cyangwa iziko bikoresha inkwi cyangwa amakara bike.
– Guca inshuro: gukora umurimo uri buhemberwe ibiribwa, gukorera icyo uri
burye.
– Guca iteka: gutanga itegeko k’umwami.
– Gucurwa inkumbi n’indwara: kwicwa n’indwara.
– Gufata ingamba: gushaka uburyo bwo kurwanya ikintu runaka.
– Guhana umugambi: kumvikana n’umuntu ku kintu mushaka gukora, ku buryo
cyangwa ku gihe kizakorwa.
– Guhora muri bombori bombori: guhora mu mahane.
– Gukanaguzwa: kureba hirya no hino ufite ubwoba, kureba amaso yakuvuye
imutwe, wishwe n’ubwoba.
– Gukumira: kubuza gukora igikorwa runaka.
– Gukura se: gusimbura se.
– Gushoza intambara: gutangiza urugamba.
– Gusonga: guhwanya ikenda gupfa, kongerera umuntu ibyago cyangwa ububabare
yari yisanganiwe n’ibindi.
– Guta agaciro: gusubira inyuma mu kamaro cyangwa mu gushima.
– Guterura ikiganiro: gutangira kuganiriza abantu, gutangira ikiganiro.
– Gutesha agaciro umuntu: kumwambura ubumuntu, gusubiza umuntu inyuma
mu kamaro cyangwa mu gushima.
– Ibiribwa bihumanye: ibiribwa byanduye bidafite ubuziranenge.
– Ibiyobyabwenge: ibiyobyabwenge ni ibintu unywa ugira ngo wiyibagize ibintu
cyangwa ushirike ubwoba ariko byangiza ubuzima bwawe cyane.
– Icyomanzi: izina baha umukobwa ugenda araraguzwa cyangwa wigize inzererezi
kandi akaba afite imyitwarire ikemangwa.
– Igikatsi: ibyatsi bengesheje ibitoki maze bakabikamuramo umutobe. Bivugwa
kandi ku kintu cyose cyashizemo amazi.
– Igishoro: ibintu cyangwa imari umuntu ashyira mu bucuruzi kugira ngo
bizunguke.
– Indiri: aho ikintu kirara.
– Inkingi yitwa kanagazi: inkingi yo mu nzu ya kinyarwanda yashyigikiraga
uruhamo rw’umuryango.
– Inkoramutima: inshuti magara.
– Intandaro: inkomoko y’ikintu runaka.
122
– Inyana zirara imfizi mu mahembe: inyana zigeze igihe cyo kwima.
– Ishyanga: ahantu ha kure cyane, mu mahanga.
– Ishyo ry’inka: inka nyinshi.
– Itabaro: ku rugamba.
– Kokamwa n’ubukene: gukurikiranwa no kuba ikintu iki n’iki kibuze cyangwa
ari gike cyane.
– Kondora umuntu: guha umuntu wazahajwe n’inzara cyangwa uburwayi
amafunguro atuma agarura agatege.
– Korosora uwabyukaga: kubwira umuntu gukora cyangwa kugira icyo na we
yifuzaga.
– Kubura agaciro: kubura uburyo; kwipfusha ubusa; kwigira imburamumaro.
– Kubwira umuntu inzozi: kumubwira ibintu bidashoboka; kumurondorera ibyo
warose, kumurotorera undi.
– Kudandaza: gucuruza utuntu duke. Urugero: Ubucuruzi bwe ntibufashije;
acuruza udusabune n’ibibiriti n’akunyu.
– Kudashakira ubwinshi mu mazi: kudashyira amazi menshi mu kintu.
– Kugumuka: kwigomeka ku muntu cyangwa ku buyobozi.
– Kuhashya mu maguru mashya: kurwanya ikintu hakiri kare.
– Kunuma: guceceka ntukome.
– Kunyaga ingoma: kuvana umwami ku buyobozi hakimikwa undi mwami.
– Kunyaga umutware: kuvana umutware ku buyobozi.
– Kurimbura abantu: ubundi kurimbura igiti ni ukugikurana n’imizi, gushinguza
ikintu mu butaka ukagitembagaza. Kurimbura abantu rero ni ugutsemba abantu,
kwicira abantu kubamara.
– Kutagira na mba: kubura byose.
– Kutagira urwara rwo kwishima: gukena bikabije.
– Kuvuma umuntu: kumwifuriza ibibi kubera icyo yagukoreye.
– Kuyobokwa: kurabukira umwami bamwereka ko bamushyigikiye.
– Kwibasira imbaga: gufata abantu benshi cyane.
– Kwibasira umuntu: kubonerana umuntu umukorera ibintu bibi ubutaruhuka.
– Kwicira isazi mu jisho: gucika intege ubitewe no gusonza.
– Kwigira nyoni nyinshi: kwiyoberanya.
– Kwimika: gushyira umwami ku ngoma akayobora igihugu.
– Kwitahira: kwitaba Imana, gupfa.
– Kwiva inyuma: Gukorana umurava.
– Kwiyuha akuya: kunanirwa kubera ko wakoze cyane.
– Kwizimba mu magambo: kuvuga menshi ugatinda.
– Mu maguru mashya: uwo mwanya, bidatinze, ibintu bigishoboka.
– Ubumuntu: kamere muntu.
– Uburoko: ahantu bafungira abantu, gereza, muri kasho.
– Uburyo butaziguye: uburyo budaciye kure.
– Uburyo buziguye: uburyo buciye kure.
– Umugambi mubisha: inama yo gukora ikintu cy’ubugome kabuhariwe umuntu
yigana n’abandi.
123
– Umuturirwa: inzu ndende irimo amazu menshi agerekeranye.
– Umutware: umuyobozi cyangwa ukuriye abandi mu muryango cyangwa mu
buyobozi runaka.
– Umuviye: Ijambo ryo mu mvugo nyandagazi rikomoka ku rurimi rw’igifaransa
risobanura umuntu ukuze, umusaza.
– Urugerero: aho ingabo cyangwa intore zitorezaga.
– Uruhanga ruharaze imvi: umutwe urimo imvi
– Wana: Ijambo ryo mu mvugo nyandagazi rifite inyito ya shahu.
124
Inyandiko n’ibitabo byifashishijwe
1. BIGIRUMWAMI, A.,1985, Ibitekerezo, ibyivugo, kuvuga inka, inanga, indirimbo,
Nyundo.
2. BIZIMANA S, KAYUMBA C., 2011, Inkoranya y’Ikinyarwanda mu Kinyarwanda,
IRST, 2ème Edition.
3. BIZIMANA Simon et alii, 1998, Imiteêrere y’Îkinyarwaanda, igitabo I, Amajwî,
amagaambo n’întêruro, Butare, IRST.
4. BIZIMANA, S, 2002, Imiteêrere y’Îkinyarwaanda II, IRST, Butare.
5. BIZIMANA, S. n’abandi bashakashatsi ; 1998 ; Imiterere y’IkinyarwandaI, Amajwi,
Amagambo n’interuro, Butare IRST.
6. BIZIMANA, S., RWABUKUMBA, G., 2011, Inkoranya y’Ikinyarwanda mu
Kinyarwanda, IRST, 1ère Edition.
7. COUPEZ, A. KAMANZI, 1970, Littérature de cour au Rwanda, Oxford.
8. DUBOIS, J., et alli, 1973, Dictionnaire de Linguistique, Larousse, Paris.
9. FOUNTAIN PUBLISHERS, 2011, Ikinyarwanda, Igitabo cy’umunyeshuri, Umwaka
wa 6, Fountain Publishers, Kigali.
10. FOUNTAIN PUBLISHERS, 2011, Ikinyarwanda, Igitabo cy’umwarimu, Umwaka
wa 6, Fountain Publishers, Kigali.
11. IGIRANEZA, T., 1991, Ikibonezamvugo k’Ikinyarwanda, Iyigamajwi n’Iyigamvugo,
Igitabo cy’umunyeshuri umwaka wa 2 n’uwa 3, BPS, Kigali.
12. IGIRANEZA, T., 1990, Isomo ry’ikibonezamvugo: iyigantego, inshoza y’inshinga
nyarwanda, Kigali.
13. IGIRANEZA, T., 1990; Ikinyarwanda, Ikibonezamvugo, iyigantego ; Inshoza
y’inshinga nyarwanda. Kigali, MINEDUC.
14. IKIGO CY’UBUSHAKASHATSI MU BY’UBUHANGA N’IKORANABUHANGA(IRST),
1998, Imiterere y’Ikinyarwanda, Igitabo I, 1998, Pallotti-Presse, Kigali.
15. IRST, 2000, Inkoranya y’Ikinyarwanda mu Kinyarwanda, Igitabo cya I-IV, Butare
IRST.
16. KAGAME, A., 1943/1946, Inganji Karinga, Kabgayi, 2V.
17. KAYUMBA, C., 2005, La poésie héroïque rwandaise: ibyîivugo, Butare, I. R. S. T.
18. MIJESPOC, 1988 Ibirari by’insigamigani, Igitabo cya mbere, Icapiro rya gatatu.
19. MINEDUC, 2015, Integanyanyigisho y’Ikinyarwanda mu kiciro cya kabiri, Kigali,
20. MINISITERI Y’AMASHURI ABANZA N’AYISUMBUYE, 1982, Amuga y’inyigisho
y’Ikinyarwanda mu mashuri yisumbuye, Kigali.
21. MINISITERI Y’AMASHURI ABANZA N’AYISUMBUYE, 1982, Inyandiko mvugo
y’ihugurwa ry’abarimu b’Ikinyarwanda, Kigali.
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22. MINISITERI Y’AMASHURI ABANZA N’AYISUMBUYE, 1988, Ikinyarwanda, gusoma
no gusesengura imyandiko V.A, igitabo cy’umunyeshuri,umwaka wa gatanu
w’amashuri yisumbuye, Kigali.
23. MINISITERI Y’AMASHURI ABANZA N’AYISUMBUYE, 1990, Ikinyarwanda.
Ikibonezamvugo: Iyigantego. Inshoza y’inshinga nyarwanda. Isomo ryateguwe
na Igiraneza Tewodomiri, BPES, Kigali.
24. MINISITERI Y’AMASHURI ABANZA N’AYISUMBUYE, 1992, Ikinyarwanda:
Ihugurwa ry’abarimu bo mu kiciro cya mbere cy’amashuri abanza, Kigali.
25. MINISITERI Y’AMASHURI ABANZA N’AYISUMBUYE, 1994, Ikinyarwanda:
ihugurwa ry’abarimu b’amashuri abanza, Kigali.
26. MINISITERI Y’UBUREZI, 1996, Integanyanyigisho z’Ikinyarwanda mu kiciro cya
kabiri cy’amashuri yisumbuye, NCDC, Kigali.
27. MINISITERI Y’UBUREZI, 2002, Urwunge rw’imfashanyigisho zigenewe guhugura
abarimu b’amashuri abanza. Ikibonezamvugo, umwandiko, ubuvanganzo
nyarwanda, ururimi n’ubwumvane n’imbonezamasomo y’Ikinyarwanda, Kigali,
ADRA-Rwanda(AREP).
28. MINISITERI Y’UBUREZI, 2008, Ikinyarwanda: Imyandiko mfashanyigisho. Igitabo
cy’umunyeshuri, Umwaka wa mbere, NCDC, Kigali.
29. MINISITERI YA SIPORO N’UMUCO, Amabwiriza ya minisitiri n° 001/2014 yo ku
wa 08/10/2014 agenga imyandikire y’Ikinyarwanda, Kigali.
30. MUTAKE, T., 1991, Ikinyarwanda, ikibonezamvugo, imbonerahamwe
y’itondaguranshinga risanzwe, Kigali, IMPRISCO.
31. MUTAKE, T.,1987, Ihugura ry’abarimu b’Ikinyarwanda mu mashuri yisumbuye,
ikiciro cya mbere(1987-1988); Ikibonezamvugo: itondaguranshinga risanzwe,
Kigali.
32. NCDC, 2008, Ikinyarwanda 6, Imyandiko mfashanyigisho, Igitabo cy’umunyeshuri,
Kigali.
33. RUGAMBA, C., 1979, Umusogongero, Butare, I. N. R.S.
34. RWAMAMARA M., 1987, Gusoma no gusesengura imyandiko, umwaka wa gatanu
V.A.: Ihugura ry’abarimu b’Ikinyarwanda mu mashuri yisumbuye (1987-19888),
Kigali.
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Imbuga nkoranyambaga
http://reb.rw/fileadmin/competence_based_curriculum/syllabi/Upper_Secondary/
Ikinyarwanda_mu_mashami_y_indimi.pdf: ku wa 20/7-30/8/2016.
http://documents.tips/documents/uturango-twikeshamvugo-mu-busizi-
nyarwanda-bwubu.html: ku wa 24/7-23/8/2016.
http://umuco-nyarwanda.blogspot.com/: ku wa 2/7-3/8/2016.
http://www.olny.nl/RWANDA/Recits_Populaires_Folk_Stories/S_Uzabakiriho_
Ingeri_Ubuvanganzo.html: ku wa 27/6-30/8/2016.
127

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Inzu y'ubwanditsi

Abanditse iki gitabo

Cyatangajwe ubwa mbere mu mwaka wa 2017

Uburenganzira bw'umwanditsi bugomba kubahirizwa. Birabujijwe gufotora iki gitabo, cyangwa

Umutwe wa 1: Umuco nyarwanda ........................................................... 1

Umutwe wa 2: Uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye ......................................... 19

Umutwe wa 3: Ubuzima ............................................................................ 41

Umutwe wa 4: Umuco w’amahoro .......................................................... 50

Umutwe wa 5: Iterambere ........................................................................ 67

Imyandiko y’inyongera............................................................................... 107

Inyunguramagambo nshya........................................................................ 122

Inyandiko n’ibitabo byifashishijwe............................................................. 125

Imbuga nkoranyambaga............................................................................ 127

Iki kimenyetso kikwereka umwitozo wo gukora wowe ubwawe

Iki kimenyetso kikwereka umwitozo wo gukorera hamwe mu

Iki kimenyetso kikwereka umwitozo wo gutekereza ku buryo

Iki kimenyetso kikwereka umwitozo wo kwandika.

Iki kimenyetso kikwereka umwitozo w’isuzuma risoza umutwe.

Iki kimenyetso kirakwereka umwitozo w’ubushakashatsi

Umwandiko: Ubukwe mu muco nyarwanda

A. Sobanura amagambo akurikira:

1. Amaso si aya 6. Inyana zirara imfizi mu mahembe

B. Kora iyi myitozo y’inyunguramagambo

1. Koresha amagambo akurikira mu nteruro wumvikanisha icyo ashaka gusobanura:

II. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko

Subiza ibibazo bikurikira:

1. Ni uwuhe mushyitsi uvugwa wari waje?

III. Ibibazo byo gusesengura umwandiko

Tekereza maze usubize ibi bibazo

1. Ni iyihe nsanganyamatsiko ivugwa mu mwandiko?

IV. Kungurana ibitekerezo no kujya impaka

Itegereze izi nteruro maze ukore ubushakashatsi usubiza ibibazo

1. Bakomeza kugenda baganira ariko bababaye cyane kubera kudatura mu

Amategeko y’igenamajwi ajyana n’izo nshinga ni aya akurikira: a→ ø/-J, i→ø/-J,

4.2. Imisozo igaragaza irebero nkomeza

Inshamake y’ibyizwe mu mutwe wa mbere

Isuzuma risoza umutwe wa mbere

I. Ibibazo byo kumva no gusesengura umwandiko

Umwandiko: Uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye mu muco

Kagabo ni umwana warererwaga kwa sekuru. Yigaga mu mashuri abanza. Yarangwaga

A. Sobanura amagambo cyangwa itsinda ry’amagambo akurikira:

1. Guterura ikiganiro 4. Gukura se

B. Kora iyi myitozo y’inyunguramagambo

1. Koresha amagambo akurikira mu nteruro:

II. Ibibazo byo kumva umwandiko

Subiza ibi bibazo bikurikira:

1. Ni uwuhe munyarubuga mukuru muri uyu mwandiko? Kubera iki?

III. Ibibazo byo gusesengura umwandiko

Tekereza ku mwandiko wasomye maze usubize ibi bibazo:

1. Ni iyihe nsanganyamatsiko ivugwa mu mwandiko?

IV. Umwitozo wo kujya impaka

Umuco nyarwanda wabangamiraga uburinganire n’ubwuzuzanye?

Itegereze aya magambo atsindagiye ari mu nteruro zikurikiraho.

a) Nimushyigikire ubwikorezi kuko bufite akamaro.

b) Indangacyuzuzo/ Inyibucyacyuzuzo/ Indangasano y’icyuzuzo (RSUZ)

Indangacyuzuzo zisanzwe Interuro Uturemajambo

Indangacyuzuzo Uwera arikunda. a-ra-ii-kund-a a→ø/-J

Abashakashatsi bamwe bemeza ko indangacyuzuzo ngaruka iba -iy- iyo umuzi

Iri komoranshinga rikoresha ingereka zikurikira: -h-;-k-; -r-; -ah-ar-.