Introduction to Phonetics

Introduction

The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) chart is an excellent tool to help you improve your pronunciation,
both inside and outside the classroom. This lesson will introduce and explain the IPA chart, and it will
provide some practice of using it to transcribe commonly mispronounced vocabulary.

Explanation of the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) Chart

Have a look at the charts and notes below to learn why the IPA sounds are arranged in such a way. Listen
and repeat after your teacher as they demonstrate the correct pronunciation of each symbol. As they speak,
watch the movement of their mouth to learn the correct mouth and tongue position for each sound.

Vowel Sounds / Monophthongs

ɪ ɪː ʊ uː
There are 5 vowel letters in English, but there are many
ways to pronounce these vowels. First, we will look at
fi sh tree b ull boo t
single vowel sounds (monophthongs). e ə ɜː ɔː
There are short and long vowel sounds. Wherever you
e gg co mputer bir d hor se
see ː after the symbol, it indicates a long vowel sound.
The long sounds (ɪː, uː, ɜː, ɔː, and ɑː) are shaded in the æ ʌ ɑː ɒ
chart on the right.
ca t up car clo ck

Mouth Position: Tongue Position:

Vowel sounds in the first row are made with the mouth almost The vowel sounds are also arranged in
closed and, so, the sound comes out of the top of the mouth. columns based on the position of the
This is why they’re arranged in the top row. tongue when pronouncing each sound.
Vowel sounds in the second row are made with the mouth For the first column, the tongue is
slightly more open and, so, the sound comes out of the middle positioned at the front of the mouth.
of the mouth. This is why they’re in the middle row. For the following three columns, the
Vowel sounds in the third row are made with the mouth tongue is positioned further back a little
completely open and, so, the sounds come out of the bottom for each column.
of the mouth. This is why they’re on the bottom row.

Exercise 1: Can you guess the words from their phonetics spellings below?

1. /fɪt/ = _ _ _ 2. /fɪːt/ = _ _ _ _ 3. /gʊd/ = _ _ _ _ 4. /muːn/ = _ _ _ _

5. /me n/ = _ _ _ 6. /evə/ = _ _ _ _ 7. /wɜː/ = _ _ _ _ 8. /bɔːl/ = _ _ _ _

9. /bæk/ = _ _ _ _ 10. /sʌn/ = _ _ _ 11. /fɑː/ = _ _ _ 12. /hɒt/ = _ _ _

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Diphthongs
ɪə eɪ
Diphthongs are two vowel sounds that appear together in the same
syllable and produce a new sound.
ear tr ai n

Diphthongs are arranged according to the second sound. The first ʊə ɔɪ əʊ

column sounds end with /ə/, the second column sounds end with /ɪ/,
t our ist boy pho ne
and the third column sounds end with /ʊ/.

The symbols in the second column are often pronounced as the long
eə ɑɪ ɑʊ
sound ɪː, although they aren’t followed with ː. hair bi ke ow l

Exercise 2: Can you guess the words written in the phonetics below?

1. /hɪə / = _ _ _ _ 2. /reɪn/ = _ _ _ _ 3. /jʊə rəp/ = _ _ _ _ _ _ 4. /tɔɪ/ = _ _ _

5. /nəʊ/ = _ _ _ _ 6. /feə/ = _ _ _ _ 7. /skɑɪ/ = _ _ _ 8. /rɑʊnd/ = _ _ _ _ _

Consonant Sounds
There are 24 consonant sounds but only 21 letters. Most sounds are voiced, meaning we use our vocal
cords when making the sound, but there are 9 unvoiced sounds (shaded in the chart). Unvoiced sounds are
aspirated, which means a puff of air comes out of your mouth when you pronounce these sounds correctly.

p b t d tʃ dʒ k g
p ig b ig t en d og chess j azz k ing g irl

f v θ ð s z ʃ ʒ
f lower v ase th umb mo ther s nake z ebra sh ower televis ion
m n ŋ h l r w j
m onkey n ose si ng h ouse l amp r oad w ater y acht

The first two rows are made up of the consonant pairs (on the right). Consonant Pairs:
The shape of the mouth when pronouncing these pairs is the same, but the /p/ and /b/ /f/ and /v/
difference is that one sound is voiced and the other is unvoiced. You can feel
/t/ and /d/ /θ/ and /ð/
the difference when practising these sounds by holding your throat. You
/tʃ/ and /dʒ/ /s/ and /z/
should feel some vibration when pronouncing the voiced sounds. Single
consonants, which do not have a pair, are arranged in the bottom row. /k/ and /g/ /ʃ/ and /ʒ

Exercise 3: Can you guess the words written in the phonetics below?

1. /tʃɪn/ = _ _ _ _ 2. /səʤest/ = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 3. /tuːθ/ = _ _ _ _ _ 4. /aɪðə/ = _ _ _ _ _ _

5. /ʃef/ = _ _ _ _ 6. /mæsɑːʒ/ = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ 7. /lɒŋ/ = _ _ _ _ 8. /jəʊgə/ = _ _ _ _

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 Stress & Syllables

The stressed syllable in a word is shown by placing the symbol ˈ before the primary stressed syllable. There
can be a secondary stress in some words, which is shown by placing the symbol ˌ before the secondary
stressed syllable.
Syllables are shown with spacing when a word is written phonetically. See the examples below:

/en tə ˈteɪn mənt/ /dɪ ˈpləʊ mə/ /ˌɪn stɪ ˈtjuː ʃən/ /ˈɔː gən aɪz d/
(entertainment) (diploma) (institution) (organised)

Exercise 4: Underline the primary stressed syllables in the words below.

1. forgive 2. information 3. without 4. resign

5. manage 6. technology 7. informative 8. discover

Compare your answers with your partner and/or use a dictionary to check if you are correct.

Exercise 5: Vocabulary & Phonetics Matching Race

In pairs, race your classmates to be the first to match the vocabulary with its correct phonetic spelling. Refer
back to the IPA Chart when needed.

ɒ ˈstreɪ liːə ˈkʌ bəd 1. afternoon 18. castle

ˈfeɪvərɪt ˈen ɪ ˌbɒ diː 2. although 19. comfortable
ˈbʊk keɪs ˈev rɪ bɒ diː 3. answer 20. communication
ˈdeɪn ʤrəs brə ˈzɪl 4. anybody 21. component
ˈɑːn sə kə ˌmjuː nɪ ˈkeɪ ʃən 5. architecture 22. cupboard
ˈbɪs kɪts biːn 6. aren’t 23. dangerous
ɪ ˈʤɪp ʃən ɪ lek ˈtrɪ ʃən 7. Asia 24. daughter
ɑːnt ˈbɜːθ deɪ 8. Australia 25. depends
ˈkɑː sl ˈdaɪ nɪŋ ruːm 9. being 26. dining room
kəm ˈpəʊ nənt ɔːl ˈðəʊ 10. been 27. early
ˈeɪ ʒə ˌen ʤɪ ˈnɪə 11. biology 28. Egyptian
ˈɜː liː ˈkʌmf(ə) tə bl 12. birthday 29. electrician
1 ˈɑːf tə ˈnuːn baɪ ˈɒ lə ʤi 13. biscuits 30. engineer
ˈdɔː tə ɪ ˈkwɪp mənt 14. bookcase 31. equipment
ˈbiː ɪŋ ˈbɪl dɪŋ 15. Brazil 32. everybody
dɪˈ pendz ˈfeɪ məs 16. building 33. famous
ˈbɪ zi ˈɑː kɪt ek ʧə 17. busy 34. favourite

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Exercise 6: Guess the Word!
In pairs/small groups, try to guess the word from the phonetics. Refer back to the IPA Chart when needed.

1. ˈfɒ rɪn 18. kiː

2. ˈfraɪ deɪ 19. kɪld
3. frend 20. ˈlæŋ gwɪʤ
4. ˈfɜː nɪ ʧə 21. lɑːf
5. ˌgæ rən ˈtiː 22. ˈlɪt ərɪ ʧə
6. gɪ ˈtɑː 23. ˌmæ njʊ ˈfæk ʧə
7. heə 24. ˈme niː
8. hɑːf 25. ˈmɪn ɪt
9. ˈhe deɪk 26. mʌnθ
10. hɑːt 27. ˈmaʊn tɪn
11. haɪt 28. mju(ː) ˈzɪəm
12. həʊ ˈtel 29. ə ˈkeɪ ʒnə li
13. ˈɪm ɪʤ 30. wʌns
14. ˌɪn dɪ ˈpen dənt 31. ˈɒ pə zɪt
15. ˈɪn trɪs tɪŋ 32. ˈɒ rɪn ʤɪz
16. ˈaɪ lənd 33. ˈpeə rənts
17. ʤə ˈpæn 34. fə ˈtɒ grə fə

Exercise 7: Transcription Tasks

A. Can you read the text below and transcribe it back into the English alphabet form?

ɪf juː kæn riːd ðɪs, kənˌgrætjʊˈleɪʃənz! juː ʃʊd naʊ hæv ə gʊd ˌʌndəˈstændɪŋ ɒv ði ˌɪntə(ː)ˈn
æʃənl fəʊˈnetɪk ˈælfəbɪt. ðɪs wɪl help juː ə lɒt wenˈevə juː lɜːn ə njuː wɜːd ænd wɒnt tuː ʧ
ek ðə kəˈrekt prəˌnʌnsɪˈeɪʃən. ɔːl ðə best ɒn jɔː ˈlɜːnɪŋ ˈʤɜːni!

B. Try to write a short secret message to your partner, and have them guess what you’ve written.

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Exercise 8: Extra Practice / Homework Task - Vocabulary to Phonetic Transcription
Try to write the words below phonetically. Refer back to the IPA Chart when needed.

1. police 18. suit

2. politician 19. supermarket
3. pronunciation 20. talk
4. quiet 21. temperature
5. rarely 22. these
6. Russia 23. thirsty
7. sentences 24. Thursday
8. science 25. Tuesday
9. picture 26. understand
10. serious 27. usually
11. should 28. vegetable
12. since 29. village
13. sixth 30. we’re
14. skirt 31. weren’t
15. society 32. woman
16. sometimes 33. women
17. south 34. would

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 Teacher’s Notes
Lesson: Introduction to Phonetics Level: A2+ – C1 Time: 1 hour (depending on level)

Preparation:
- Display the International Phonetic Alphabet Chart or give each student a copy.
- Print or display handouts.
- Read through the explanations on pages 1 and 2 before class to avoid having to rely on the
notes. We have included the explanation in the student notes for them to refer back to at any
time, and also so that they are completely focused on listening and correct pronunciation
during the presentation.
- Note: This lesson is focused on the British International Phonetic Chart.

Teaching Method:
Step 1:
- Go through the explanation of the layout and sounds with the class. Have the class listen and
repeat after you. Ask the class not to take notes and to completely focus on the brief
presentation and repeating the correct pronunciation. When demonstrating the difference
between the consonant pairs, have the students hold their hand up to their throat, so they can
feel the vibration when pronouncing the voiced sounds and notice the absence of this vibration
when pronouncing the unvoiced sounds.
- Have the students complete exercises 1, 2, and 3 to give them some practice as you go through
the explanation.
- Correct the exercises as a class, and model the pronunciation of any confusing words.
Step 2:
- Go through the notes on showing stress & syllables and have the students practise
pronouncing the example words.
- Have the students complete exercise 4 by underlining the primary stressed syllables in the
words given and then comparing their answers with a partner, and/or using a dictionary to
check if they are correct.
- Correct and practise correct pronunciation as a class.
Step 3:
- Have the students work in pairs/small groups (depending on their level) to complete exercise 5,
matching the vocabulary with its correct phonetic spelling. Students should have the IPA chart
in front of them and refer back to it and the notes when necessary. See page 11 for a fun, cut-
up option for completing exercise 5.
- Monitor, giving guidance and modelling pronunciation when needed.
- Correct the answers as a class.

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 Teacher’s Notes & Answers
Lesson: Introduction to Phonetics Level: A2+ – C1 Time: 1 hour (depending on level)

Step 4:
- Have the students work in pairs/small groups (depending on their level) to complete exercise 6,
guessing the vocabulary from their phonetic spellings. Students should refer back to the IPA
and notes when necessary.
- Monitor, giving guidance and modelling pronunciation when needed.
- Correct the answers as a class.
Step 5:
- Have the students work in pairs/small groups (depending on their level) to complete exercise 7,
transcribing the text back into English. Give them about 3 or 4 minutes to complete this task.
- Have the class read their guesses out loud, as a class, and listen for any errors. Display the text
in English and have each group check their guesses for any errors.
- If you think your students would be able to, have the students write a short message to their
partner in phonetics. It can be as simple as ‘My name is John’.
- Have the students show their partners and guess what each other wrote.
Extra Practice / Homework Task:
- Students complete exercise 8, writing the words in the phonetic alphabet.
- Correct the answers as a class, modelling pronunciation when needed.

Answers:
Exercise 1:
1. /fɪt/ = fit 2. /fɪːt/ = feet 3. /gʊ d/ = good 4. /muː n/ = moon
5. /men/ = men 6. /evə/ = ever 7. /wɜː/ = were 8. /bɔːl/ = ball

9. /bæk/ = back 10. /sʌn/ = son/sun 11. /fɑː/ = far 12. /hɒt/ = hot

Exercise 2:
1. /hɪə/ = here/hear 2. /reɪn/ = rain 3. /jʊərəp/ = Europe 4. /tɔɪ/ = toy
5. /nəʊ/ = know/no 6. /feə/ = fare/fair 7. /skɑɪ/ = sky 8. /rɑʊnd/ = round

Exercise 3:
1. /tʃɪn/ = ch in 2. /səʤest/ = suggest 3. /tuːθ/ = tooth 4. /aɪðə/ = eith er
5. /ʃ ef/ = ch ef 6. /mæsɑːʒ/ = massage 7. /lɒŋ / = long 8. /jəʊgə/ = yoga

Exercise 4:
1. forgive 2. information 3. without 4. resign
5. manage 6. technology 7. informative 8. discover

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 Answers contd.
Lesson: Introduction to Phonetics Level: A2+ – C1 Time: 1 hour (depending on level)

Exercise 5: Exercise 6:
8 ɒ ˈstreɪ liːə 22 ˈkʌ bəd 1. foreign 18. key
34 ˈfeɪvərɪt 4 ˈen ɪ ˌbɒ diː 2. Friday 19. killed
14 ˈbʊk keɪs 32 ˈev rɪ bɒ diː 3. friend 20. language
23 ˈdeɪn ʤrəs 15 brə ˈzɪl 4. furniture 21. laugh
3 ˈɑːn sə 20 kə ˌmjuː nɪ ˈkeɪ ʃən 5. guarantee 22. literature
13 ˈbɪs kɪts 10 biːn 6. guitar 23. manufacture
28 ɪ ˈʤɪp ʃən 29 ɪ lek ˈtrɪ ʃən 7. here / hear 24. many
6 ɑːnt 12 ˈbɜːθ deɪ 8. half 25. minute
18 ˈkɑː sl 26 ˈdaɪ nɪŋ ruːm 9. headache 26. month
21 kəm ˈpəʊ nənt 2 ɔːl ˈðəʊ 10. heart 27. mountain
7 ˈeɪ ʒə 30 ˌen ʤɪ ˈnɪə 11. height 28. museum
27 ˈɜː liː 19 ˈkʌmf(ə) tə bl 12. hotel 29. occasionally
1 ˈɑːf tə ˈnuːn 11 baɪ ˈɒ lə ʤi 13. image 30. once
24 ˈdɔː tə 31 ɪ ˈkwɪp mənt 14. independent 31. opposite
9 ˈbiː ɪŋ 16 ˈbɪl dɪŋ 15. interesting 32. oranges
25 dɪˈ pendz 33 ˈfeɪ məs 16. island 33. parents
17 ˈbɪ zi 5 ˈɑː kɪt ek ʧə 17. Japan 34. photographer

Exercise 7 (A):
If you can read this, congratulations! You should now have a good understanding of the International Phonetic
Alphabet. This will help you a lot whenever you learn a new word and want to check the correct pronunciation.
All the best on your learning journey!

Exercise 8:
1. pəˈliːs 13. sɪksθ 25. ˈtjuːzdeɪ
2. ˌpɒlɪˈtɪʃən 14. skɜːt 26. ˌʌndəˈstænd
3. prəˌnʌnsɪˈeɪʃən 15. səˈsaɪəti 27. ˈjuːʒʊəli
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4. ˈkwaɪət 16. ˈsʌmtaɪmz 28. ˈveʤtəb(ə)l
5. ˈreəli 17. saʊθ 29. ˈvɪlɪʤ Subscribe for more at
6. ˈrʌʃə 18. sjuːt 30. wɪə
7. ˈsentənsɪz 19. ˈsjuːpəˌmɑːkɪt 31. wɜːnt
8. ˈsaɪəns 20. tɔːk 32. ˈwʊmən
9. ˈpɪkʧə 21. ˈtemprɪʧə 33. ˈwɪmɪn
10. ˈsɪərɪəs 22. ðiːz 34. wʊd
11. ʃʊd 23. ˈθɜːsti
12. sɪns 24. ˈθɜːzdeɪ

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 Pronunciation
Lesson: Introduction to Phonetics Level: A2+ – C1 Time: 1 hour (depending on level)

Vocabulary: British: American: Vocabulary: British: American:

although ɔːlˈðəʊ ˌɔlˈðoʊ heart hɑːt hɑrt
answer ˈɑːnsə ˈænsər height haɪt haɪt
anybody ˈɛnɪˌbɒdi ˈɛnibədi hotel həʊˈtɛl hoʊˈtɛl
architecture ˈɑːkɪtɛkʧə ˈɑrkəˌtɛkʧər image ˈɪmɪʤ ˈɪməʤ
aren’t ɑːnt ˈɑrənt independent ˌɪndɪˈpɛndənt ˌɪndɪˈpɛndənt
Asia ˈeɪʒə ˈeɪʒə interesting ˈɪntrɪstɪŋ ˈɪntrəstɪŋ
Australia ɒˈstreɪliːə ɔˈstreɪljə island ˈaɪlənd ˈaɪlənd
being ˈbiːɪŋ ˈbiɪŋ Japan ʤəˈpæn ʤəˈpæn
been biːn bɪn key kiː ki
busy ˈbɪzi ˈbɪzi killed kɪld kɪld
biology baɪˈɒləʤi baɪˈɑləʤi language ˈlæŋgwɪʤ ˈlæŋgwəʤ
birthday ˈbɜːθdeɪ ˈbɜrθˌdeɪ laugh lɑːf læf
biscuits ˈbɪskɪts ˈbɪskəts literature ˈlɪtərɪʧə ˈlɪtərəʧər
bookcase ˈbʊkkeɪs ˈbʊkˌkeɪs manufacture ˌmænjʊˈfækʧə ˌmænjəˈfækʧər
Brazil brəˈzɪl brəˈzɪl many ˈmɛni ˈmɛni
building ˈbɪldɪŋ ˈbɪldɪŋ minute ˈmɪnɪt ˈmɪnət
castle ˈkɑːsl ˈkæsəl month mʌnθ mʌnθ
comfortable ˈkʌmf(ə)təbl ˈkʌmfərtəbəl mountain ˈmaʊntɪn ˈmaʊntən
communication kəˌmjuːnɪˈkeɪʃən kəmˌjunəˈkeɪʃən museum mju(ː)ˈzɪəm mjuˈziəm
component kəmˈpəʊnənt kəmˈpoʊnənt occasionally əˈkeɪʒnəli əˈkeɪʒənəli
cupboard ˈkʌbəd ˈkʌbərd once wʌns wʌns
dangerous ˈdeɪnʤrəs ˈdeɪnʤərəs opposites ˈɒpəzɪts ˈɑpəzəts
daughter ˈdɔːtə ˈdɔtər oranges ˈɒrɪnʤɪz ˈɔrənʤəz
depends dɪˈpɛndz dɪˈpɛndz parents ˈpeərənts ˈpɛrənts
dining room ˈdaɪnɪŋ ruːm ˈdaɪnɪŋ rum photographer fəˈtɒgrəfə fəˈtɑgrəfər
early ˈɜːli ˈɜrli picture ˈpɪkʧə ˈpɪkʧər
Egyptian ɪˈʤɪpʃən ɪˈʤɪpʃən police pəˈliːs pəˈlis
electrician ɪlɛkˈtrɪʃən ɪlɛkˈtrɪʃən politician ˌpɒlɪˈtɪʃən ˌpɑləˈtɪʃən
engineer ˌɛnʤɪˈnɪə ˈɛnʤəˈnɪr pronunciation prəˌnʌnsɪˈeɪʃən prəˌnʌnsiˈeɪʃən
equipment ɪˈkwɪpmənt ɪˈkwɪpmənt quiet ˈkwaɪət ˈkwaɪət
everybody ˈɛvrɪbɒdi ˈɛvriˌbɑdi rarely ˈreəli ˈrɛrli
famous ˈfeɪməs ˈfeɪməs Russia ˈrʌʃə ˈrʌʃə
favourite ˈfeɪvərɪt ˈfeɪvərɪt sentences ˈsɛntənsɪz ˈsɛntənsəz
foreign ˈfɒrɪn ˈfɔrən science ˈsaɪəns ˈsaɪəns
Friday ˈfraɪdeɪ ˈfraɪdi serious ˈsɪərɪəs ˈsɪriəs
friend frɛnd frɛnd should ʃʊd ʃʊd
furniture ˈfɜːnɪʧə ˈfɜrnɪʧər since sɪns sɪns
guarantee ˌgærənˈtiː ˌgɛrənˈti sixth sɪksθ sɪksθ
guitar gɪˈtɑː gɪˈtɑr skirt skɜːt skɜrt
hair heə hɛr society səˈsaɪəti səˈsaɪəti
half hɑːf hæf sometimes ˈsʌmtaɪmz səmˈtaɪmz
headache ˈhɛdeɪk ˈhɛˌdeɪk south saʊθ saʊθ

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 Pronunciation contd.
Lesson: Introduction to Phonetics Level: A2+ – C1 Time: 1 hour (depending on level)

Vocabulary: British: American:

suit sjuːt sut
supermarket ˈsjuːpəˌmɑːkɪt ˈsupərˌmɑrkɪt
talk tɔːk tɔk Try our other pronunciation lessons
temperature ˈtɛmprɪʧə ˈtɛmprəʧər for more practice!
these ðiːz ðiz
thirsty ˈθɜːsti ˈθɜrsti
Thursday ˈθɜːzdeɪ ˈθɜrzˌdeɪ
Tuesday ˈtjuːzdeɪ ˈtuzdi
understand ˌʌndəˈstænd ˌʌndərˈstænd
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vegetable ˈvɛʤtəb(ə)l ˈvɛʤtəbəl
village ˈvɪlɪʤ ˈvɪləʤ
we’re wɪə wir
weren’t wɜːnt ˈwɜrənt
woman ˈwʊmən ˈwʊmən
women ˈwɪmɪn ˈwɪmən
would wʊd wʊd

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 Exercise 5 (Option 2) – Vocabulary & Phonetics Matching Race
Lesson: Introduction to Phonetics Level: A2+ – C1 Time: 1 hour (depending on level)

ɒ ˈstreɪ liːə ˈkʌ bəd 1. afternoon 18. castle

ˈfeɪvərɪt ˈen ɪ ˌbɒ diː 2. although 19. comfortable

ˈbʊk keɪs ˈev rɪ bɒ diː 3. answer 20. communication

ˈdeɪn ʤrəs brə ˈzɪl 4. anybody 21. component

ˈɑːn sə kə ˌmjuː nɪ ˈkeɪ ʃən 5. architecture 22. cupboard

ˈbɪs kɪts biːn 6. aren’t 23. dangerous

ɪ ˈʤɪp ʃən ɪ lek ˈtrɪ ʃən 7. Asia 24. daughter

ɑːnt ˈbɜːθ deɪ 8. Australia 25. depends

ˈkɑː sl ˈdaɪ nɪŋ ruːm 9. being 26. dining room

kəm ˈpəʊ nənt ɔːl ˈðəʊ 10. been 27. early

ˈeɪ ʒə ˌen ʤɪ ˈnɪə 11. biology 28. Egyptian

ˈɜː liː ˈkʌmf(ə) tə bl 12. birthday 29. electrician

ˈɑːf tə ˈnuːn baɪ ˈɒ lə ʤi 13. biscuits 30. engineer

ˈdɔː tə ɪ ˈkwɪp mənt 14. bookcase 31. equipment

ˈbiː ɪŋ ˈbɪl dɪŋ 15. Brazil 32. everybody

dɪˈ pendz ˈfeɪ məs 16. building 33. famous

ˈbɪ zi ˈɑː kɪt ek ʧə 17. busy 34. favourite

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