PMT

Please write clearly in block capitals.

Centre number Candidate number

Surname

Forename(s)

Candidate signature

A-level
PHYSICS
Paper 1

Monday 20 May 2019 Afternoon Time allowed: 2 hours

Materials
For Examiner’s Use
For this paper you must have:
• a pencil and a ruler Question Mark
• a scientific calculator
1
• a Data and Formulae Booklet.
2
Instructions 3
• Use black ink or black ball-point pen. 4
• Fill in the boxes at the top of this page.
5
• Answer all questions.
• You must answer the questions in the spaces provided. Do not write 6
outside the box around each page or on blank pages. 7
• If you need extra space for your answer(s), use the lined pages at the end of 8–32
this book. Write the question number against your answer(s).
• Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not want TOTAL
to be marked.
• Show all your working.

Information
• The marks for questions are shown in brackets.
• The maximum mark for this paper is 85.
• You are expected to use a scientific calculator where appropriate.
• A Data and Formulae Booklet is provided as a loose insert.

*JUN197408101*
IB/M/Jun19/E7 7408/1
 PMT

2
Do not write
outside the
Section A box

Answer all questions in this section.

0 1 . 1 125 131
Two isotopes of iodine are I and I.
53 53

Determine, for these two isotopes, the difference between the constituents of the
nuclei.
[1 mark]

131
0 1 . 2 A I nuclide undergoes beta (β–) decay to form a xenon nuclide.
53

State the nucleon number of the xenon nuclide.

[1 mark]

0 1 . 3 125
A I nuclide decays by electron capture to form a tellurium nuclide.
53

State two differences between the constituents of the iodine nucleus and the tellurium
nucleus it decays into.
[2 marks]

*02*
IB/M/Jun19/7408/1
 PMT

3
Do not write
outside the
0 1 . 4 Internal conversion is a process in which a nucleus in an excited state can release its box

excess energy. In internal conversion all of the excess energy is transferred from the
nucleus to an orbital electron through the electromagnetic force. This orbital electron
is ejected from the atom.

The tellurium nucleus formed in question 01.3 is in an excited state and can undergo
internal conversion.

Discuss three differences between internal conversion and beta (β ) decay.

–

[3 marks]

Turn over for the next question

Turn over ►

*03*
IB/M/Jun19/7408/1
 PMT

4
Do not write
outside the
0 2 box
Some cars are fitted with a water sensor designed to switch on windscreen wipers
automatically when it rains. Figure 1 shows a simplified diagram of the sensor.

Figure 1

A light ray travels from the light-emitting diode (LED) through the first prism and into
the windscreen. The ray reflects off the surfaces of the windscreen at A, B and C and
then passes through the second prism into the detector.

0 2 . 1 Suggest how the design ensures that there is no deviation of the ray as it enters the
first prism.
[1 mark]

0 2 . 2 Suggest two features of the design that ensure that there is no deviation of the ray as
it leaves the first prism and enters the windscreen glass.
[2 marks]

*04*
IB/M/Jun19/7408/1
 PMT

5
Do not write
outside the
0 2 . 3 The refractive index of the windscreen glass is 1.52 box

Explain why the ray follows the path shown inside the windscreen glass in Figure 1.
Support your answer with a suitable calculation.
[2 marks]

Question 2 continues on the next page

Turn over ►

*05*
IB/M/Jun19/7408/1
 PMT

6
Do not write
outside the
0 2 . 4 When it starts to rain, water droplets form on the outside of the windscreen as shown box

in Figure 2.
Figure 2

The refractive index of water is 1.33

Explain why the presence of water at A causes the intensity of the light at the detector
to decrease.

Support your answer with a suitable calculation.

[2 marks]

*06*
IB/M/Jun19/7408/1
 PMT

7
Do not write
outside the
0 2 . 5 The refractive index of the windscreen glass can vary by a few per cent across the box

thickness of the glass.

Discuss how this variation may affect the path of the ray through the windscreen
glass.
[2 marks]

0 2 . 6 A different design has the LED and the detector further apart. The ray undergoes
more reflections inside the windscreen glass before reaching the detector.

Discuss two ways in which this different design affects the sensitivity of the sensor to
the presence of water droplets.
[2 marks]

11

Turn over ►

*07*
IB/M/Jun19/7408/1
 PMT

8
Do not write
outside the
0 3 box
Figure 3 shows an arrangement to investigate diffraction. White light is incident on a
single slit. After leaving the slit, the diffracted light passes through a green filter to
reach the screen.

Figure 3

0 3 . 1 Describe the pattern produced on the screen.

[2 marks]

0 3 . 2 The green filter is replaced with a red filter.

Describe the change in the pattern produced on the screen.

[2 marks]

*08*
IB/M/Jun19/7408/1
 PMT

9
Do not write
outside the
0 3 . 3 A diffraction grating is placed between the red filter and the screen. The diffraction box

grating has 500 lines per millimetre. Light is incident normally on the grating.
Figure 4 shows the arrangement.

Figure 4

The wavelength of the red light is 650 nm.

Calculate the angle between a first-order maximum and the central maximum.
[2 marks]

= degrees

Question 3 continues on the next page

Turn over ►

*09*
IB/M/Jun19/7408/1
 PMT

10
Do not write
outside the
0 3 . 4 In practice, the filter transmits red light with wavelengths in the range 600 nm to box

700 nm.

Suggest how this affects the appearance of the maxima.

[2 marks]

*10*
IB/M/Jun19/7408/1
 PMT

11
Do not write
outside the
0 4 Figure 5 shows a simplified catapult used to hurl projectiles a long way. box

Figure 5

The counterweight is a wooden box full of stones attached to one end of the beam.
The projectile, usually a large rock, is in a sling hanging vertically from the other end
of the beam. The weight of the sling is negligible.
The beam is held horizontal by a rope attached to the frame.

0 4 . 1 The catapult is designed so that the weight of the beam and the weight of the empty
wooden box have no effect on the tension in the rope.

Suggest how the pivot position achieves this.

[2 marks]

Question 4 continues on the next page

Turn over ►

*11*
IB/M/Jun19/7408/1
 PMT

12
Do not write
outside the
0 4 . 2 The stones in the counterweight have a total mass of 610 kg and the projectile weighs box

250 N.

Calculate the tension in the rope.

[5 marks]

tension = N

0 4 . 3 When the rope is cut, the counterweight rotates clockwise. When the beam is vertical
it is prevented from rotating further. The projectile is then released horizontally with a
–1
velocity of 18 m s , as shown in Figure 6.

The projectile is released at a height of 7.5 m above ground level.

Figure 6

*12*
IB/M/Jun19/7408/1
 PMT

13
Do not write
outside the
The range of the catapult is the horizontal distance between the point where the box

projectile is released to the point where it lands.

Calculate the range.

Ignore air resistance.
[2 marks]

range = m

0 4 . 4 In another release, the sling is adjusted so that a projectile of the same mass is
released just before the wooden beam is vertical. The projectile is not released
horizontally.

Discuss the effect this change has on the range of the catapult.
[3 marks]

12

Turn over ►

*13*
IB/M/Jun19/7408/1
 PMT

14
Do not write
outside the
0 5 box
Safety barriers are used on UK motorways to prevent vehicles crossing from one
carriageway to the other carriageway. The barriers also absorb some of the kinetic
energy of a vehicle and deflect vehicles along the barrier.

The standard test of a safety barrier uses a vehicle that contains dummies. The total
mass of the vehicle and its contents is 1.5 × 103 kg and its initial speed is 110 km h–1.

0 5 . 1 Show that the initial kinetic energy of the test vehicle is 700 kJ.
[2 marks]

0 5 . 2 The test vehicle hits a steel safety barrier at an angle of 20°, as shown in Figure 7.

Figure 7

Calculate the component of the momentum of the test vehicle in a direction

along the line of the safety barrier.
Give an appropriate unit for your answer.
[3 marks]

momentum = unit

*14*
IB/M/Jun19/7408/1
 PMT

15
Do not write
outside the
0 5 . 3 Immediately after the collision, the test vehicle moves along the safety barrier with no box

change in its momentum in this direction.

Show that the kinetic energy lost in the collision is about 80 kJ.
[3 marks]

0 5 . 4 The steel safety barrier deforms during the collision. For the barrier to pass the test,
the test vehicle should not move more than 1.5 m towards the other carriageway.

The barrier can apply an average force of 60 kN at right angles to the

carriageway.

Deduce whether the safety barrier will pass the test.

[3 marks]

Question 5 continues on the next page

Turn over ►

*15*
IB/M/Jun19/7408/1
 PMT

16
Do not write
outside the
0 5 . 5 A different safety barrier uses a solid concrete wall which does not deform. box

The same standard test is carried out on a concrete wall.

Discuss which type of barrier would cause less damage to the dummies in the
test.
[2 marks]

13

*16*
IB/M/Jun19/7408/1
 PMT

17
Do not write
outside the
0 6 A loudspeaker cone is driven by a signal generator (oscillator). box

Figure 8 shows the variation of displacement with time t for a point P at the centre of
the cone. P is oscillating with simple harmonic motion.

Figure 8

0 6 . 1 State the time, in milliseconds, when P is moving at its maximum positive velocity.
[1 mark]

time = ms

0 6 . 2 Calculate the maximum acceleration of P.

[3 marks]

acceleration = m s–2

Question 6 continues on the next page

Turn over ►

*17*
IB/M/Jun19/7408/1
 PMT

18
Do not write
outside the
0 6 . 3 The loudspeaker creates variations in pressure and produces a sound wave in the air box

around it.

State the type of wave produced and describe the motion of the particles in this type
of wave.
[1 mark]

*18*
IB/M/Jun19/7408/1
 PMT

19
Do not write
outside the
0 7 Figure 9 shows a practical circuit in which a variable resistor is used to control the box

brightness of a lamp. The voltmeter reading is monitored as the variable resistor is

adjusted to make the lamp brighter.

Figure 9

0 7 . 1 Explain why the reading on the voltmeter decreases as the brightness of the lamp
increases.
[2 marks]

0 7 . 2 The variable resistor is adjusted so that the lamp is at its brightest. The reading V1 on
the voltmeter is noted. A second identical cell is then connected in parallel with the
cell in Figure 9. The new reading V2 on the voltmeter is noted.

Explain why V2 is greater than V1.

[2 marks]

Turn over ►

*19*
IB/M/Jun19/7408/1
 PMT

20
Do not write
outside the
Section B box

Each of Questions 8 to 32 is followed by four responses, A, B, C and D.

For each question select the best response.

Only one answer per question is allowed.

For each question completely fill in the circle alongside the appropriate answer.

CORRECT METHOD WRONG METHODS

If you want to change your answer you must cross out your original answer as shown.
If you wish to return to an answer previously crossed out, ring the answer you now wish to select as
shown.

You may do your working in the blank space around each question but this will not be marked.
Do not use additional sheets for this working.

0 8 The process of beta plus (β+) decay can be represented by

Which row identifies particles X and Y?

[1 mark]

X Y

A W+ e

B W+ e

C W– e

D W– e

*20*
IB/M/Jun19/7408/1
 PMT

21
Do not write
outside the
0 9 An electron collides with an isolated atom and raises an orbiting electron to a higher box

energy level.

Which statement is correct?

[1 mark]

A The colliding electron is captured by the nucleus of the atom.

B A photon is emitted when the electron rises to the higher energy

level.

C An electron is emitted when the excited electron returns to the

ground state.

D Energy is transferred from the colliding electron to the orbiting

electron.

1 0 Light of frequency 2.0 × 1015 Hz is incident on a metal surface. The work function of the
–19
metal is 4.6 × 10 J.

Which statement is correct?

[1 mark]

A No photoelectrons are released.

B Photoelectrons are released with a maximum kinetic energy of

3.1 × 10–19 J.
C Photoelectrons are released with a maximum kinetic energy of
8.7 × 10–19 J.
D Photoelectrons are released with a maximum kinetic energy of
18 × 10–19 J.

1 1 A photon of ultraviolet radiation has a frequency of 1.5 × 1015 Hz.

What is the momentum of the photon?

[1 mark]

–41 –1
A 3.3 × 10 kg m s

B 1.3 × 10–40 kg m s–1

C 3.3 × 10–27 kg m s–1

–26
D 1.3 × 10 kg m s–1

Turn over ►

*21*
IB/M/Jun19/7408/1
 PMT

22
Do not write
outside the
1 2 box
Which statement about a couple is not true?
[1 mark]

A It must consist of coplanar forces.

B It can produce rotational motion.

C It can produce translational motion.

D It has a moment with units N m.

1 3 Two cars P and Q leave from the same point and travel in the same direction.
Q leaves at time t = 0 and P leaves one second later.
The figure shows the velocity–time graph for P and Q.

What is the distance between Q and P when t = 8 s?

[1 mark]

A 40 m

B 80 m

C 160 m

D 180 m

*22*
IB/M/Jun19/7408/1
 PMT

23
Do not write
outside the
1 4 A 0.20 kg mass is suspended from a spring. A 0.10 kg mass is suspended from box

the 0.20 kg mass using a thread of negligible mass.

The system is in equilibrium and the thread is then cut.

What is the upward acceleration of the 0.20 kg mass at the instant that the thread is cut?
[1 mark]

–2
A 3.3 m s

B 4.9 m s–2

–2
C 6.5 m s

D 9.8 m s–2

1 5 A lift of mass M is suspended from a cable. The lift descends with a downward
acceleration, a. A frictional force F acts on the lift.

What is the tension T in the cable?

[1 mark]

A T = Ma + F

B T = Ma – F

C T = M (g + a) – F

D T = M (g – a) – F

Turn over ►

*23*
IB/M/Jun19/7408/1
 PMT

24
Do not write
outside the
1 6 box
A body of constant mass falls freely due to gravity.

The rate of change of momentum of the body is equal to its

[1 mark]

A kinetic energy.

B mass.

C gravitational potential energy.

D weight.

1 7 An electric vehicle is driven by a motor which produces a constant driving force.

The vehicle travels from rest along a straight horizontal road.
Friction and air resistance are negligible.

Which statement describes the variation with time of the power developed by the motor?
[1 mark]

A It stays constant.

B It increases linearly from zero.

C It increases non-linearly from zero.

D It increases from zero to a maximum and then decreases.

1 8 Which is a correct statement about mechanical power?

[1 mark]

A It is a vector quantity.

B It is measured in J.

C In fundamental units, its unit is kg m2 s–3

D It can be calculated from force × distance moved.

*24*
IB/M/Jun19/7408/1
 PMT

25
Do not write
outside the
1 9 A load of 50 N is suspended from a wire that has an area of cross-section of 1 mm2. box

The stress in the wire, in Pa, is between

[1 mark]

0 3
A 10 and 10

B 103 and 106

6 9
C 10 and 10

9 12
D 10 and 10

2 0 Which combination of properties would produce the smallest extension of a wire when the
same tensile force is applied to the wire?
[1 mark]

Cross-sectional Young modulus of

Length
area material

A X 3L E

B 2X L E

C X 3L 4E

D 2X L 4E

Turn over for the next question

Turn over ►

*25*
IB/M/Jun19/7408/1
 PMT

26
Do not write
outside the
2 1 box
A rubber belt in an electrostatic machine has a width of 0.1 m and moves with speed
0.4 m s–1.
Each square metre of the belt carries a charge Q coulomb. The charge is removed and
transferred to a metal sphere.

What is the charge collected by the sphere each second?

[1 mark]

A 0.016Q

B 0.04Q

C 0.25Q

D 4Q

*26*
IB/M/Jun19/7408/1
 PMT

27
Do not write
outside the
2 2 Charged plates X and Y have a potential difference 1.5 V between them. box

Which particle gains 3.0 eV of kinetic energy when moving from Y to X?

[1 mark]

A proton

B positron

C electron

D alpha particle

Turn over for the next question

Turn over ►

*27*
IB/M/Jun19/7408/1
 PMT

28
Do not write
outside the
2 3 box
The diagram shows part of a circuit and the currents in the circuit.

What is the potential difference between point P and earth?

[1 mark]

A 60 V

B 100 V

C 120 V

D 140 V

2 4 A voltmeter has a resistance of 4.0 kΩ and reads 1.0 V for every scale division on the
meter.

A power supply of emf 20 V and negligible internal resistance is connected across this
voltmeter and a resistor in series. The voltmeter reads two divisions.

What is the value of the resistor?

[1 mark]

A 44 kΩ

B 36 kΩ

C 4.4 kΩ

D 3.6 kΩ

*28*
IB/M/Jun19/7408/1
 PMT

29
Do not write
outside the
2 5 Two cylindrical wires P and Q are of equal length and made of the same material. box

The diameter of P is greater than that of Q.

P and Q are connected in series and the ends of this arrangement are connected to a
power supply.

Which two quantities are the same for P and Q?

[1 mark]

A potential difference across wire resistivity

B resistivity current

C current resistance

D resistance potential difference across wire

Turn over for the next question

Turn over ►

*29*
IB/M/Jun19/7408/1
 PMT

30
Do not write
outside the
2 6 box
In the circuit below, the initial voltmeter reading is zero.

The temperature of the negative temperature coefficient thermistor T is then increased.

Which change to the circuit could restore the voltmeter reading to zero?
[1 mark]

A Decreasing the resistance of R.

B Increasing the resistance of R.

C Decreasing the resistance of P.

D Increasing the resistance of Q.

2 7 An electric motor lifts a load of weight W through a vertical height h in time t.

The potential difference across the motor is V and the current through it is I.

What is the efficiency of the motor?

[1 mark]

Wht
A
VI
VI
B
Wht
Wh
C
VIt
VIt
D
Wh

*30*
IB/M/Jun19/7408/1
 PMT

31
Do not write
outside the
2 8 An object of mass m moves in a circle of radius r. It completes n revolutions every second. box

What is the kinetic energy of the object?

[1 mark]

mn 2 r 2
A
8π 2
mn 2 r 2
B
4π 2
2 2 2
C 2mπ n r

2 2 2
D 4mπ n r

Turn over for the next question

Turn over ►

*31*
IB/M/Jun19/7408/1
 PMT

32
Do not write
outside the
2 9 box
The graph shows the variation of displacement d with time t for a particle moving with
simple harmonic motion of period T.

Which graph shows the variation of kinetic energy Ek of the particle with time?
[1 mark]

A B

C D

*32*
IB/M/Jun19/7408/1
 PMT

33
Do not write
outside the
3 0 Two pendulums A and B oscillate with simple harmonic motion. box

The time period of A is 2.00 s and the time period of B is 1.98 s.

A and B are released in phase.

What is the number of oscillations of A before A and B are next in phase?

[1 mark]

A 49

B 50

C 99

D 100

3 1 The frequency of oscillation of a vertical spring is f when the mass hanging from the spring
is m.

What is the relationship between f and m?

[1 mark]

1
−
A f ∝m 2

B f ∝ m
–2

1
C f ∝ m2

D f ∝ m
2

Turn over for the next question

Turn over ►

*33*
IB/M/Jun19/7408/1
 PMT

34
Do not write
outside the
3 2 box
A metal panel is driven to vibrate at different frequencies. The amplitude a of the vibration
is measured at each frequency. The graph shows the variation of amplitude with driven
frequency.

The damping of the metal panel is increased without changing the mass of the panel.

Which graph on the opposite page shows the variation of a with frequency with increased
damping?
[1 mark]

*34*
IB/M/Jun19/7408/1
 PMT

35
Do not write
outside the
box

A B

C D

END OF QUESTIONS

*35*
IB/M/Jun19/7408/1
 PMT

36
Do not write
outside the
There are no questions printed on this page box

DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE

ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED

*36*
IB/M/Jun19/7408/1
 PMT

37
Do not write
outside the
box
Question Additional page, if required.
number Write the question numbers in the left-hand margin.

*37*
IB/M/Jun19/7408/1
 PMT

38
Do not write
outside the
box
Question Additional page, if required.
number Write the question numbers in the left-hand margin.

*38*
IB/M/Jun19/7408/1
 PMT

39
Do not write
outside the
box
Question Additional page, if required.
number Write the question numbers in the left-hand margin.

*39*
IB/M/Jun19/7408/1
 PMT

40
Do not write
outside the
box
Question Additional page, if required.
number Write the question numbers in the left-hand margin.

Copyright information

For confidentiality purposes, acknowledgements of third-party copyright material are published in a separate booklet rather than
including them on the examination paper or support materials. This booklet is published after each examination series and is
available for free download from www.aqa.org.uk after the live examination series.

Permission to reproduce all copyright material has been applied for. In some cases, efforts to contact copyright-holders may have
been unsuccessful and AQA will be happy to rectify any omissions of acknowledgements. If you have any queries please contact the
Copyright Team, AQA, Stag Hill House, Guildford, GU2 7XJ.

Copyright © 2019 AQA and its licensors. All rights reserved.

*196A7408/1*
*40*
IB/M/Jun19/7408/1