1-tailed 0.50 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.03 0.01 0.

005
2-tailed 1.00 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.05 0.02 0.010
1 0 1.0000 1.3764 1.9626 3.0777 6.3138 12.7062 31.8205 63.6567
2 0 0.8165 1.0607 1.3862 1.8856 2.9200 4.3027 6.9646 9.9248
3 0 0.7649 0.9785 1.2498 1.6377 2.3534 3.1824 4.5407 5.8409
4 0 0.7407 0.9410 1.1896 1.5332 2.1318 2.7764 3.7469 4.6041
5 0 0.7267 0.9195 1.1558 1.4759 2.0150 2.5706 3.3649 4.0321
6 0 0.7176 0.9057 1.1342 1.4398 1.9432 2.4469 3.1427 3.7074
7 0 0.7111 0.8960 1.1192 1.4149 1.8946 2.3646 2.9980 3.4995
8 0 0.7064 0.8889 1.1081 1.3968 1.8595 2.3060 2.8965 3.3554
9 0 0.7027 0.8834 1.0997 1.3830 1.8331 2.2622 2.8214 3.2498
10 0 0.6998 0.8791 1.0931 1.3722 1.8125 2.2281 2.7638 3.1693
11 0 0.6974 0.8755 1.0877 1.3634 1.7959 2.2010 2.7181 3.1058
12 0 0.6955 0.8726 1.0832 1.3562 1.7823 2.1788 2.6810 3.0545
13 0 0.6938 0.8702 1.0795 1.3502 1.7709 2.1604 2.6503 3.0123
14 0 0.6924 0.8681 1.0763 1.3450 1.7613 2.1448 2.6245 2.9768
15 0 0.6912 0.8662 1.0735 1.3406 1.7531 2.1314 2.6025 2.9467
Degree of Freedom (DF)

16 0 0.6901 0.8647 1.0711 1.3368 1.7459 2.1199 2.5835 2.9208

17 0 0.6892 0.8633 1.0690 1.3334 1.7396 2.1098 2.5669 2.8982
18 0 0.6884 0.8620 1.0672 1.3304 1.7341 2.1009 2.5524 2.8784
19 0 0.6876 0.8610 1.0655 1.3277 1.7291 2.0930 2.5395 2.8609
20 0 0.6870 0.8600 1.0640 1.3253 1.7247 2.0860 2.5280 2.8453
21 0 0.6864 0.8591 1.0627 1.3232 1.7207 2.0796 2.5176 2.8314
22 0 0.6858 0.8583 1.0614 1.3212 1.7171 2.0739 2.5083 2.8188
23 0 0.6853 0.8575 1.0603 1.3195 1.7139 2.0687 2.4999 2.8073
24 0 0.6848 0.8569 1.0593 1.3178 1.7109 2.0639 2.4922 2.7969
25 0 0.6844 0.8562 1.0584 1.3163 1.7081 2.0595 2.4851 2.7874
26 0 0.6840 0.8557 1.0575 1.3150 1.7056 2.0555 2.4786 2.7787
27 0 0.6837 0.8551 1.0567 1.3137 1.7033 2.0518 2.4727 2.7707
28 0 0.6834 0.8546 1.0560 1.3125 1.7011 2.0484 2.4671 2.7633
29 0 0.6830 0.8542 1.0553 1.3114 1.6991 2.0452 2.4620 2.7564
30 0 0.6828 0.8538 1.0547 1.3104 1.6973 2.0423 2.4573 2.7500
40 0 0.6807 0.8507 1.0500 1.3031 1.6839 2.0211 2.4233 2.7045
60 0 0.6786 0.8477 1.0455 1.2958 1.6706 2.0003 2.3901 2.6603
80 0 0.6776 0.8461 1.0432 1.2922 1.6641 1.9901 2.3739 2.6387
100 0 0.6770 0.8452 1.0418 1.2901 1.6602 1.9840 2.3642 2.6259
1000 0 0.6747 0.8420 1.0370 1.2824 1.6464 1.9623 2.3301 2.5808
10000 0 0.6745 0.8417 1.0365 1.2816 1.6450 1.9602 2.3267 2.5763
Confidence Level 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 95% 98% 99%
 0.001 0.0005
0.002 0.0010
318.309 636.619
22.3271 31.5991
10.2145 12.9240
7.1732 8.6103
5.8934 6.8688
5.2076 5.9588
4.7853 5.4079
4.5008 5.0413
4.2968 4.7809
4.1437 4.5869
4.0247 4.4370
3.9296 4.3178
3.8520 4.2208
3.7874 4.1405
3.7328 4.0728
3.6862 4.0150
3.6458 3.9651
3.6105 3.9216
3.5794 3.8834
3.5518 3.8495
3.5272 3.8193
3.5050 3.7921
3.4850 3.7676
3.4668 3.7454
3.4502 3.7251
3.4350 3.7066
3.4210 3.6896
3.4082 3.6739
3.3962 3.6594
3.3852 3.6460
3.3069 3.5510
3.2317 3.4602
3.1953 3.4163
3.1737 3.3905
3.0984 3.3003
3.0910 3.2915
99.8% 99.9%
 1-tailed 0.50 0.25 0.20 0.15 0.10 0.05 0.03 0.01 0.005
2-tailed 1.00 0.50 0.40 0.30 0.20 0.10 0.05 0.02 0.010
1 0 1.0000 1.3764 1.9626 3.0777 6.3138 12.7062 31.8205 63.6567
2 0 0.8165 1.0607 1.3862 1.8856 2.9200 4.3027 6.9646 9.9248
3 0 0.7649 0.9785 1.2498 1.6377 2.3534 3.1824 4.5407 5.8409
4 0 0.7407 0.9410 1.1896 1.5332 2.1318 2.7764 3.7469 4.6041
5 0 0.7267 0.9195 1.1558 1.4759 2.0150 2.5706 3.3649 4.0321
6 0 0.7176 0.9057 1.1342 1.4398 1.9432 2.4469 3.1427 3.7074
7 0 0.7111 0.8960 1.1192 1.4149 1.8946 2.3646 2.9980 3.4995
8 0 0.7064 0.8889 1.1081 1.3968 1.8595 2.3060 2.8965 3.3554
9 0 0.7027 0.8834 1.0997 1.3830 1.8331 2.2622 2.8214 3.2498
10 0 0.6998 0.8791 1.0931 1.3722 1.8125 2.2281 2.7638 3.1693
11 0 0.6974 0.8755 1.0877 1.3634 1.7959 2.2010 2.7181 3.1058
12 0 0.6955 0.8726 1.0832 1.3562 1.7823 2.1788 2.6810 3.0545
13 0 0.6938 0.8702 1.0795 1.3502 1.7709 2.1604 2.6503 3.0123
14 0 0.6924 0.8681 1.0763 1.3450 1.7613 2.1448 2.6245 2.9768
15 0 0.6912 0.8662 1.0735 1.3406 1.7531 2.1314 2.6025 2.9467
Degree of Freedom (DF)

16 0 0.6901 0.8647 1.0711 1.3368 1.7459 2.1199 2.5835 2.9208

17 0 0.6892 0.8633 1.0690 1.3334 1.7396 2.1098 2.5669 2.8982
18 0 0.6884 0.8620 1.0672 1.3304 1.7341 2.1009 2.5524 2.8784
19 0 0.6876 0.8610 1.0655 1.3277 1.7291 2.0930 2.5395 2.8609
20 0 0.6870 0.8600 1.0640 1.3253 1.7247 2.0860 2.5280 2.8453
21 0 0.6864 0.8591 1.0627 1.3232 1.7207 2.0796 2.5176 2.8314
22 0 0.6858 0.8583 1.0614 1.3212 1.7171 2.0739 2.5083 2.8188
23 0 0.6853 0.8575 1.0603 1.3195 1.7139 2.0687 2.4999 2.8073
24 0 0.6848 0.8569 1.0593 1.3178 1.7109 2.0639 2.4922 2.7969
25 0 0.6844 0.8562 1.0584 1.3163 1.7081 2.0595 2.4851 2.7874
26 0 0.6840 0.8557 1.0575 1.3150 1.7056 2.0555 2.4786 2.7787
27 0 0.6837 0.8551 1.0567 1.3137 1.7033 2.0518 2.4727 2.7707
28 0 0.6834 0.8546 1.0560 1.3125 1.7011 2.0484 2.4671 2.7633
29 0 0.6830 0.8542 1.0553 1.3114 1.6991 2.0452 2.4620 2.7564
30 0 0.6828 0.8538 1.0547 1.3104 1.6973 2.0423 2.4573 2.7500
40 0 0.6807 0.8507 1.0500 1.3031 1.6839 2.0211 2.4233 2.7045
60 0 0.6786 0.8477 1.0455 1.2958 1.6706 2.0003 2.3901 2.6603
80 0 0.6776 0.8461 1.0432 1.2922 1.6641 1.9901 2.3739 2.6387
100 0 0.6770 0.8452 1.0418 1.2901 1.6602 1.9840 2.3642 2.6259
1000 0 0.6747 0.8420 1.0370 1.2824 1.6464 1.9623 2.3301 2.5808
10000 0 0.6745 0.8417 1.0365 1.2816 1.6450 1.9602 2.3267 2.5763
Confidence Level 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 95% 98% 99%
 0.001 0.0005
0.002 0.0010
318.309 636.619
22.3271 31.5991
10.2145 12.9240
7.1732 8.6103
5.8934 6.8688
5.2076 5.9588
4.7853 5.4079
4.5008 5.0413
4.2968 4.7809
4.1437 4.5869
4.0247 4.4370
3.9296 4.3178
3.8520 4.2208
3.7874 4.1405
3.7328 4.0728
3.6862 4.0150
3.6458 3.9651
3.6105 3.9216 2.539483 =-T.INV(0.01,19)
3.5794 3.8834
3.5518 3.8495 2.093024 =T.INV.2T(0.05,19)
3.5272 3.8193
3.5050 3.7921
3.4850 3.7676
3.4668 3.7454
3.4502 3.7251
3.4350 3.7066
3.4210 3.6896
3.4082 3.6739
3.3962 3.6594
3.3852 3.6460
3.3069 3.5510 2.021075 =T.INV.2T(0.05,40)
3.2317 3.4602 2.005746 =T.INV.2T(0.05,53)
3.1953 3.4163 2.000298 =T.INV.2T(0.05,60)
3.1737 3.3905
3.0984 3.3003
3.0910 3.2915
99.8% 99.9%
 Sample Compressive Strength Dummy
1 39 0
2 41.5 0
3 41.41 0
4 39.5 0
5 36 0
6 29.5 0
7 38.49 0
8 40.2 0
9 36.8 0
10 38.5 0
11 38.6 0
12 39.5 0
13 38.4 0
14 36.5 0
15 38.6 0
16 38.9 0
17 37.6 0
18 36.5 0
19 45.5 0
20 39 0
Mean 38.5

Mean = 38.5
SD = 2.99998421048476

Computed t = -2.23607974637153 from formula

Tabular t = -2.53948319062396 =T.INV(0.01,19)

 t-Test: One-Sample Test

Compressive Strength Dummy

Mean 38.5 0
Variance 8.9999052631579 0
Observations 20 20
Hypothesized Mean Difference 40
df 19
t Stat -2.23607974637153
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.0187698266979821
t Critical one-tail 2.53948319062396
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.0375396533959642
t Critical two-tail 2.86093460646498

Steps:
1. Create a Dummy column with the first data containing 0.
2. Data -> Data Analysis -> t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Unequal Variances
3. Variable 1 Range: select Compressive Strength data
4. Variable 2 Range: select Dummy data
5. Hypothesized Mean Difference: 40 (for this example)
6. Labels - check if labels are included in steps 2 and 3. Uncheck if not.
7. Alpha: 0.01 (for this example)
8. Choose output options
9. Edit "Two-Sample Assuming Unequal Variances" into "One-Sample Test"
10. Edit "Hypothesized Mean Difference" into "Hypothesized Mean"

from formula

=T.INV(0.01,19)
 # Type A
1 38.5
2 41.3
3 33.3
4 38.4
5 40.1
6 36.6
7 42.5
8 34.3
9 41.5
10 36.4
11 36.2
12 33.1
13 43.6
14 43.2
15 35.1
16 39.3
17 42.4
18 36.5
19 37.1
20 38.2
21 36.1
22 42.8
23 40.8
24 42.8
25 37.4
26
27
28
29
30
Mean 38.7
Std Dev = 3.243

Sp = 2.67913322
t = 4.686341084

t = 4.686341084

t-test (p-value) = 5.58522E-05

Tabular t = 2.005745995

Tabular t = 2.02107539
Type B t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Unequal Variances
35.5
37.4 Type A Type B
33.4 Mean 38.7 35.3
36.4 Variance 10.515 4.414483
37.8 Observations 25 30
38.1 Hypothesized Mean Difference 0
33.1 df 40
34.2 t Stat 4.51232700802
35.3 P(T<=t) one-tail 2.7590923E-05
32.9 t Critical one-tail 1.68385101334
33.4 P(T<=t) two-tail 5.5181846E-05
34.1 t Critical two-tail 2.02107539031
35.2
33.6
34.7 Steps:
33.8 1. Data -> Data Analysis -> t-Test: Two-Sample Assuming Unequal Variances
36.9 2. Variable 1 Range: select Type A data
37.1 3. Variable 2 Range: select Type B data
38.2 4. Hypothesized Mean Difference: 0
35.3 5. Labels - check if labels are included in steps 2 and 3. Uncheck if not.
34.9 6. Alpha: 0.05 (for this example)
35.5 7. Choose output options
35.4
36.1
37.5 The Welch-Satterthwaite equation is an approximation used to
36.1 calculate degrees of freedom in Welch's t-test, which is a
37.1 modification of the t-test for situations where the variances of
27.8 the two samples are unequal. It's given by:
36.8
35.4
35.3
2.101

=SQRT((24*C34^2+29*D34^2)/(25+30-2))
=(C33-D33)/C36/SQRT(1/25+1/30) df = 39.704938232

=(C33-D33)/(SQRT((24*C34^2+29*D34^2)*(1/25+1/30)/(25+30-2)))

=T.TEST(C3:C27,D3:D32,2,3) < α = 0.05, Reject Ho

=T.INV.2T(0.05,53)

=T.INV.2T(0.05,40) Excel uses DF=40

ming Unequal Variances

3. Uncheck if not.
 Pre-module
Student score
X1
1 18
2 21
3 16
4 22
5 19
6 24
7 17
8 21
9 23
10 18
11 14
12 16
13 16
14 19
15 18
16 20
17 12
18 22
19 15
20 17
Mean 18.4

=STDEV.S(D2:D21)

=T.TEST(B3:B22,C3:C22,2,1)

=T.INV.2T(0.05,19)
 Post-module
d
score
(X2 - X1)
X2
22 4 3.8025 t-Test: Paired Two Sample for Means
25 4 3.8025
17 1 1.1025 Pre-module score
24 2 0.0025 Mean 18.4
16 -3 25.5025 Variance 9.93684210526317
29 5 8.7025 Observations 20
20 3 0.9025 Pearson Correlation 0.71747703985234
23 2 0.0025 Hypothesized Mean Difference 0
19 -4 36.6025 df 19
20 2 0.0025 t Stat -3.23125266558031
15 1 1.1025 P(T<=t) one-tail 0.002197482996593
15 -1 9.3025 t Critical one-tail 1.72913281152137
18 2 0.0025 P(T<=t) two-tail 0.004394965993186
26 7 24.5025 t Critical two-tail 2.09302405440831
18 0 4.2025
24 4 3.8025 Steps:
18 6 15.6025 1. Data -> Data Analysis -> t-Test: Paired Two Sample for Means
25 3 0.9025 2. Variable 1 Range: select Data 1
19 4 3.8025 3. Variable 2 Range: select Data 2
16 -1 9.3025 4. Hypothesized Mean Difference: 0 [Since Ho: X ̅1 − X ̅2 = 0]
20.45
2.05 5. Labels - check if labels are included in steps 2 and 3. Uncheck if not.
152.95 6. Alpha: 0.05 (for this example)
Sd = 2.837252 7. Choose output options
Sd = 2.837252
t = 3.231253

2,C3:C22,2,1) t-test (p-value) = 0.004395 < α = 0.05, Reject Ho

Tabular t = 2.093024
 Post-module score
20.45
16.471052631579
20

Two Sample for Means

Ho: X ̅1 − X ̅2 = 0]

eps 2 and 3. Uncheck if not.

Two-sample T-Test with equal variance can be applied when
(1) the samples are normally distributed,
(2) the standard deviation of both populations are unknown and assumed to be equal, and
(3) the sample is sufficiently large (over 30).
qual, and