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    9 Part11

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    9 Part11

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    of 3

    and not to some extraneous variable(s).

    When the dependent variable is


    not free from the influence of extraneous variable(s), the relationship
    between the dependent and independent variable is said to be
    confounded by an extraneous variable(s).
    Extraneous variable can be controlled by removing the variable
    causing distraction. It may be eliminated by selecting cases with uniform
    characteristics and through randomization.
    (ix) Organismic Variable:
    There are some variables which cannot be manipulated. They are
    accepted by the researcher as they are. They are levels of intelligence,
    sex, class levels, and the like. The researcher can classify the subjects by
    sex but he cannot modify to suit his research condition. If a researcher
    attempts to compare boys and girls on some learning task, any
    differences might be attributed to sex differences but not necessarily
    so. The differences between boys and girls could be due to differences
    in intelligence, training, motivation or a myriad of other conditions
    present in all human beings and not necessarily to biological differences
    between sex. Those variables which cannot be manipulated and cannot
    themselves point out causal relations are called organismic variables.

    31
    6
    Formulation of Hypothesis
    Formulation of Hypothesis
    The word hypothesis consists of two words –Hypo+Thesis. ‘Hypo’ means
    tentative or subject to the verification. ‘Thesis’ means statement about
    solution of the problem. Thus the literal meaning of the term hypothesis
    is a tentative statement about the solution of the problem. Hypothesis
    offers a solution of the problem that is to be verified empirically and
    based on some rationale.
    Again, ’hypo’ means the composition of two or more variables
    which are to be verified and ‘thesis’ means position of these variables in
    the specific frame of reference.

    Definitions of Hypothesis:
    “Any supposition which we make in order to endeavor to deduce
    conclusions in accordance with facts which are known to be real under
    the idea that if the conclusions to which the hypothesis leads are known
    truths, the hypothesis itself either must be or at least likely to be true.”
    J.S. Mill
    “A hypothesis is a tentative generalization the validity of which remains
    to be tested. In its most elementary stage the hypothesis may be any
    hunch, guess, imaginative idea which becomes basis for further
    investigation.”
    Lundberg
    “It is a shrewd guess or inference that is formulated and provisionally
    adopted to explain observed facts or conditions and to guide in further
    investigation.”
    John W. Best

    32
    “A hypothesis is a statement temporarily accepted as true in the light of
    what is, at the time, known about a phenomenon, and it is employed as
    a basis for action in the search for new, truth, when the hypothesis is
    fully established, it may take the form of facts, principles and theories.”
    Barr and Scates
    “Hypothesis is an assumption whose testability is to be tested on the
    basis of the compatibility of its implications with empirical evidence and
    previous knowledge.”
    Gorge J. Mouly

    Nature of Hypothesis:
    (i) Conceptual: Some kind of conceptual elements in the framework
    are involved in a hypothesis.
    (ii) Verbal statement in a declarative form: It is a verbal expression
    of ideas and concepts. It is not merely mental idea but in the
    verbal form, the idea is ready enough for empirical verification.
    (iii) It represents the tentative relationship between two or more
    variables.
    (iv) Forward or future oriented: A hypothesis is future-oriented. It
    relates to the future verification not the past facts and
    information.
    (v) Pivot of a scientific research: All research activities are designed
    for verification of hypothesis.

    Functions of Hypothesis:
    H.H. Mc Ashan has mentioned the following functions of hypothesis;
    (i) It is a temporary solution of a problem concerning with some
    truth which enables an investigator to start his research works.

    33

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