Electrical Power Transmission and Distribution Laboratory

A
REPORT ON
HIGH VOLTAGE DIRECT CURRENT TRANSMISSION LINE

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 CONTENTS
 Introduction
 History of HVDC
 HVDC Components
 Types of HVDC Systems
 HVDC Technologies
 Applications of HVDC
 Advantages of HVDC
 Disadvantages of HVDC
 Conclusion

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 INTODUCTION
HVDC, which stands for High Voltage Direct Current, is a technology used for
transmitting large amounts of electrical power over long distances. Unlike the
more commonly used AC (Alternating Current) transmission, which
periodically changes direction, DC (Direct Current) flows steadily in one
direction. This characteristic makes HVDC particularly useful for transmitting
electricity over very long distances with lower energy losses compared to AC
transmission. The concept of HVDC transmission is not new and has been
around for several decades, with significant advancements over time. However,
recent developments in power electronics and converter technology have led to
the widespread adoption of HVDC systems for various applications. HVDC
systems typically consist of converters, transformers, filters, and control
systems. The converters are used to transform AC power to DC for transmission
and then convert it back to AC at the receiving end. Depending on the specific
application, HVDC systems can be configured as point-to-point links, multi-
terminal systems, or back-to-back connections. One of the significant
advantages of HVDC transmission is its ability to transmit electricity over long
distances with minimal energy losses. This makes it particularly suitable for
connecting remote renewable energy sources, such as offshore wind farms or
solar power plants, to population centers where electricity demand is high.
HVDC also offers better control over power flow and voltage, which can help
improve grid stability and reliability. Additionally, HVDC systems can be used
to interconnect asynchronous AC grids, allowing for more efficient utilization
of existing infrastructure and facilitating the integration of renewable energy
into the grid. Overall, HVDC technology plays a crucial role in modern power
systems, enabling the efficient transmission of electricity over long distances
and contributing to the transition towards a more sustainable and resilient
energy infrastructure.

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 History of HVDC
 Early Concepts (19th Century): The concept of DC
transmission dates back to the late 19th century when
Thomas Edison advocated for DC systems in the "War of
Currents" against Nikola Tesla's AC systems.

First HVDC Transmission (1930s): The first practical application of HVDC

occurred in the 1930s with the construction of the HVDC transmission line
between the island of Gotland and mainland Sweden in 1954.

Interconnection of AC Grids (1950s-1960s): In the 1950s and 1960s, HVDC

technology advanced with the interconnection of asynchronous AC grids using
HVDC links. Notable projects include the Pacific DC Intertie (1970) connecting
grids on the West Coast of the United States and the Nelson River Bipole
(1972) in Canada.

UHVDC and International Projects (1970s-1980s): The 1970s and 1980s saw
the development of Ultra High Voltage Direct Current (UHVDC) transmission,
capable of transmitting power over even longer distances with reduced losses.
International projects, such as the Baltic Cable (1994) between Sweden and
Germany and the Quebec-New England Transmission (1992) between Canada
and the United States, demonstrated the feasibility and benefits of long-distance
HVDC transmission.

Advancements in Converter Technology (1990s-present): The late 20th

century and early 21st century witnessed significant advancements in converter
technology, with the introduction of Voltage Source Converter (VSC)
technology offering improved control and performance compared to traditional
Line Commutated Converter (LCC) systems.

Renewable Energy Integration (2000s-present): In the 21st century, HVDC

technology played a crucial role in integrating renewable energy sources into
the grid. HVDC links have been used to connect offshore wind farms and
remote solar installations to mainland grids, facilitating the transmission of
renewable energy over long distances.

Expansion of HVDC Networks (Present): Today, HVDC transmission

continues to expand globally, with numerous projects underway to enhance grid
reliability, enable cross-border power trading, and support the transition to
cleaner energy sources. Projects such as the European Supergrid and China's
UHVDC projects demonstrate the growing importance of HVDC in modern

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energy infrastructure. Throughout its history, HVDC technology has evolved
from early experiments to become an essential component of modern power
systems, enabling efficient, long-distance transmission of electricity and
supporting the integration of renewable energy sources.

HVDC Components
Converter Stations: Converter stations are the central hubs of HVDC systems.
They house the equipment necessary to convert AC power to DC for
transmission and vice versa. Converter stations typically contain one or more
converter units, depending on the configuration of the HVDC system.

Converter stations

Converter Units: Converter units are the primary components responsible for
converting AC power to DC and vice versa. In Line Commutated Converter
(LCC) HVDC systems, converter units use thyristor-based technology to
perform the conversion. In Voltage Source Converter (VSC) HVDC systems,
converter units use semiconductor-based technology, such as insulated gate
bipolar transistors (IGBTs).

Transformers: Transformers are used to step up or step down the voltage levels
of the electricity before and after the conversion process. In HVDC systems,
transformers are typically used to match the voltage levels between the AC and
DC sides of the converter stations.

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 Transformers

Filters: Filters are essential components in HVDC systems that help reduce
harmonic distortion and interference in the AC and DC circuits. They are
typically installed at various points in the system to mitigate the effects of
switching transients and harmonics generated by the converters.

Control and Protection Systems: Control and protection systems are crucial
for ensuring the safe and reliable operation of HVDC transmission systems.
They include monitoring and control equipment, such as supervisory control
and data acquisition (SCADA) systems, as well as protection relays and devices
to detect and respond to abnormal conditions.

DC Transmission Lines: DC transmission lines carry the converted DC power

over long distances from the sending converter station to the receiving converter
station. These lines typically consist of overhead lines, submarine cables, or
underground cables, depending on the specific requirements of the project.

AC Transmission Grid Connection: HVDC systems are often connected to

the existing AC transmission grid at both the sending and receiving ends.
Converter stations include equipment to interface with the AC grid, such as
transformers and switchgear, to ensure seamless integration and synchronization
with the AC system.

Diagram of AC Transmission Grid Connection

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Each of these components plays a vital role in the operation of an HVDC
transmission system, enabling efficient and reliable long-distance transmission
of electricity.

Types of HVDC Systems

Point-to-Point HVDC: Point-to-point HVDC systems connect two specific

locations, typically over long distances. They are commonly used for
transmitting power from remote generation sites, such as hydroelectric plants or
offshore wind farms, to population centers. Point-to-point HVDC systems

consist of two converter stations: one at the sending end and one at the receiving
end.

Multi-Terminal HVDC (MTDC): Multi-Terminal HVDC systems involve

three or more converter stations interconnected in a network configuration.
MTDC systems enable more complex transmission networks, allowing multiple
power sources and loads to be connected. They are used in scenarios where
there are multiple sources of generation or where power needs to be distributed
across different regions.

Back-to-Back HVDC: Back-to-Back HVDC systems are used to connect two

AC systems with different characteristics, such as frequency or phase angle.
Instead of transmitting power over long distances, back-to-back HVDC systems
convert AC power from one system to DC and then back to AC for the other
system. They are commonly used for interconnecting asynchronous AC grids,
enabling power exchange between regions with incompatible grid
characteristics.

HVDC Light: HVDC Light is a type of HVDC system based on Voltage

Source Converter (VSC) technology. It is characterized by its modular design
and ability to transmit lower power levels compared to traditional HVDC
systems. HVDC Light is often used for connecting renewable energy sources to
the grid, interconnecting islanded grids, and providing grid stabilization
services.

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 HVDC Light

HVDC Plus: HVDC Plus is another variation of HVDC technology based on

Voltage Source Converter (VSC) technology.

It offers enhanced controllability and flexibility compared to traditional HVDC

systems, allowing for faster response to grid disturbances and improved power
quality.

HVDC Plus is used in applications where dynamic control of power flow and
voltage support are critical, such as grid stabilization and renewable energy
integration.

Each type of HVDC system offers unique advantages and is selected based on
specific transmission requirements, grid characteristics, and project objectives.
The choice of HVDC configuration depends on factors such as distance, power
level, grid compatibility, and system reliability.

HVDC Technologies
Line Commutated Converter (LCC) HVDC: LCC HVDC technology has
been widely used since the early days of HVDC transmission.

It employs thyristor-based converters, which allow for high power transmission

over long distances. LCC HVDC systems are known for their robustness,
reliability, and high efficiency.

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 Diagram of LCC HVDC

They are typically used for point-to-point transmission over long distances and
for interconnecting large power systems.

Voltage Source Converter (VSC) HVDC: VSC HVDC technology represents

a more recent advancement in HVDC transmission.

It utilizes semiconductor-based converters, such as Insulated Gate Bipolar

Transistors (IGBTs), to convert AC to DC and vice versa. VSC HVDC systems
offer improved controllability, flexibility, and grid integration capabilities
compared to LCC HVDC.

Diagram of Voltage Source Converter

They are suitable for applications requiring fast response to grid disturbances,
voltage and frequency control, and renewable energy integration.

Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) HVDC: MMC HVDC is a recent

innovation in HVDC transmission technology, employing a modular multilevel
converter topology. It offers high voltage levels, low harmonic distortion, and
improved reliability compared to traditional converter technologies.

MMC HVDC systems are well-suited for transmitting large power capacities
over long distances with reduced losses. They are used in projects requiring
high power transmission, grid connection of large offshore wind farms, and
interconnecting distant power systems.

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 Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) HVDC

Each HVDC technology has its unique advantages and applications, and the
choice of technology depends on factors such as transmission distance, power
capacity, grid characteristics, and project requirements.

Applications of HVDC

Long-Distance Transmission: One of the primary applications of HVDC is

long-distance transmission of electrical power. HVDC systems are more
efficient than traditional AC transmission over long distances, especially for
submarine or underground cables.

HVDC facilitates the transmission of electricity from remote power generation

sites, such as hydroelectric plants or offshore wind farms, to urban centers and
industrial hubs.

Renewable Energy Integration: HVDC plays a crucial role in integrating

renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar, into the grid. Many
renewable energy installations are located in remote areas with abundant
resources but limited grid infrastructure. HVDC enables the efficient
transmission of power from these renewable energy sites to population centers,
where electricity demand is high, thus promoting the growth of renewable
energy generation.

Grid Interconnection: HVDC systems are used to interconnect separate AC

grids, enabling power exchange between regions with different grid
characteristics, such as frequency or phase angle.

Interconnecting grids through HVDC links enhances grid stability, reliability,

and flexibility, allowing for optimal utilization of generation and transmission
resources.

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Submarine Power Cables: HVDC is the preferred technology for submarine
power cables due to its ability to transmit power over long distances with
minimal losses.

Submarine HVDC cables connect offshore wind farms, islanded grids, and
mainland power systems, enabling the integration of offshore renewable energy
into the grid.

Cross-Border Power Trading: HVDC interconnections between neighboring

countries facilitate cross-border power trading and energy exchange. These
interconnections promote energy security, market competition, and grid
stability.

HVDC links enable the transfer of surplus power from regions with excess
generation to areas with higher demand, optimizing the use of available
resources and reducing dependence on fossil fuels.

Grid Reinforcement: HVDC can be used for grid reinforcement and expansion
to alleviate congestion and improve grid reliability. HVDC lines can bypass
congested AC corridors, relieving transmission bottlenecks and enhancing
overall grid performance.

HVDC systems can also provide voltage support and reactive power
compensation, improving grid stability during contingencies and voltage
fluctuations.

Islanded Grids and Remote Areas: HVDC provides a reliable solution for
supplying electricity to islanded grids and remote areas where conventional AC
transmission is not feasible or cost-effective.

HVDC links enable the integration of distributed generation sources, such as

microgrids and renewable energy systems, into isolated power networks,
enhancing energy access and resilience.

Overall, HVDC technology plays a critical role in modernizing and optimizing

power systems, facilitating the transition to a more sustainable, reliable, and
interconnected energy future.

Advantages of HVDC
Lower Transmission Losses: HVDC transmission experiences lower resistive
losses compared to AC transmission over long distances. This is because DC
lines have lower line losses due to reduced skin and proximity effects. By

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 minimizing energy losses during transmission, HVDC systems help conserve
valuable energy resources and improve overall efficiency.

Efficient Long-Distance Transmission: HVDC is highly efficient for

transmitting electricity over long distances, especially for submarine or
underground cables where AC transmission would incur significant losses.

HVDC technology enables the economical transmission of power from remote

generation sites, such as offshore wind farms or hydroelectric plants, to distant
population centers and industrial hubs.

Controlled Power Flow: HVDC systems offer superior control over power
flow and voltage, allowing operators to actively manage and optimize grid
operations.

HVDC converters can quickly adjust power flow direction and magnitude,
helping to stabilize grid frequency, mitigate congestion, and improve overall
grid reliability.

Integration of Renewable Energy: HVDC plays a vital role in integrating

renewable energy sources, such as wind and solar, into the grid. Many
renewable energy installations are located in remote areas with abundant
resources but limited grid infrastructure.

HVDC facilitates the transmission of renewable energy from these remote sites
to population centers, helping to meet renewable energy targets and reduce
greenhouse gas emissions.

Reduced Environmental Impact: HVDC transmission infrastructure typically

has a smaller footprint and requires fewer rights-of-way compared to AC
transmission lines.

HVDC systems can also facilitate the integration of renewable energy, reducing
reliance on fossil fuels and lowering greenhouse gas emissions associated with
electricity generation.

Voltage Stability and Control: HVDC systems provide better voltage stability
and control compared to AC transmission, especially during transient and
dynamic grid conditions.

HVDC converters can quickly respond to changes in grid voltage and

frequency, helping to maintain grid stability and prevent voltage collapse.
Overall, HVDC technology offers numerous advantages in terms of efficiency,
flexibility, reliability, and environmental impact, making it a versatile and

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valuable tool for modernizing power systems and supporting the transition to a
more sustainable energy future.

Disadvantages of HVDC
Higher Initial Cost: For HVDC Transmission it has more than initial cost and
very high price for install this system.

Complex Control and Protection: An HVDC station is a complex installation

containing many parts that need to be carefully controlled to guarantee the best
performance of the complete system.

Limited Availability of Equipment: The Equipments of HVDC Transmission

is not available in some times, low chances to avail equipment highly.

Restricted Grid Interconnection: HVDC permits the asynchronous

interconnection of networks that operate at different frequencies, or are
otherwise incompatible, allowing them to exchange power without requiring the
tight coordination of a synchronous network.

Conversion Losses: Chances highly loss of conversion in HVDC Transmission

systems.

Maintenance and Operation Complexity: HVDC Transmission system

requires higher maintenance and operation complexity.

Conclusion: HVDC offers powerful alternative to increase stabilly of apower

system, with it power flow can be controlled rapidly and accurately.Use of
HVDC to interconnect two points in a power grid, inmany cases is the best
economic alternative and furthermore it has excellent environmental
benefits.Very large investment for example in China and Indiashows that
HVDC very important in future especially in big, new industrialcountries

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