The Study L’école Internationale

Chapter-4
ANIMAL KINGDOM
POINTS TO REMEMBER

Circulatory System : Open type : Blood pumped out through heart. Cells and
tissues are directly bathed in it.
Closed type : Blood is circulated through vessels.
Symmetry : • Asymmetrical : Cannot be divided into equal halves through
median plane. e.g., Sponges.
• Radial symmetry : Any plane passing through cental axis can divide or-
ganism into equal halves. e.g., Hydra.
• Bilateral symmetry : Only one plane can divide the organism into equal
halves. e.g., Annelids and Arthropods.
CLASSIFICATION ON BASIS OF GERMINAL LAYERS :
Diploblastic : Cells arranged in two embryonic layers i.e. external ecto-
derm and internal endoderm. (Mesoglea may be present in between ecto-
derm and endoderm) e.g., Coelentrates. (Cnidarians)
Triploblastic : Three layers present in developing embryo i.e., ectoderm,
endoderm and mesoderm. e.g., Chordates.
Coelom (Body cavity which is lined by mesoderm)
Coelomates : Have coelom e.g., Annelids, Chordates etc.
Pseudocoelomates : No true coelem as mesoderm is present in scattered
pouches between ectoderm and endoderm. e.g., Aschelminthes.
Acoelomates : Body cavity is absent. e.g. Platyhelminthes.
Metamerism : If body is externally and internally divided into segments with
serial repetition of atleast some organs then phenomenon is called metamer-
ism. e.g., Earthworm.
Notochord : Rod-like structure formed during embryonic development on the
dorsal side. It is mesodermally derived. e.g., Chordates.
PHYLUM PORIFERA : • Also called sponges.
• Are usually marine and asymmetrical.
 • Have cellular level of organisation.
• Food gathering, respiratory exchange and removal of wastes occurs through
water canal system. Digestion intracellular.
• Ostia (minute pores on body), spongocoel (body cavity) and osculum help
in water transport. They are lined by choanocytes (collar cells).
• Body wall has spicules and spongin fibres.
• Animals are hermaphrodite. Fertilisation internal. Development is indirect
(i.e., has a larval stage distinct from adult stage) e.g., Sycon, Euspongia.
PHYLUM COELENTERATA : • Also called Cnidarians.
• Are usually marine and radially symmetrical.
• Have tissue level of organisation
• Are diploblastic
• Food gathering, anchorage and defends occurs through cnidoblasts present
on tentacles.
• Digestion extracellular and intracellular.
• Have gastro-vascular cavity and an opening, hypostome.
• Body wall composed of calcium carbonate.
• Exhibit two body forms : polyp and medusa e.g., Hydra, Aurelia.
• Alternation of generation between body forms called Metagenesis occurs
in Obelia where Medusa sexually
Polyp.
Asexually
• e.g., Physalia, Adamsia.
PHYLUM CTENOPHORA : • Also called as sea walnuts or combjellies.
• Are exclusively marine, radially symmetrical.
• Have tissue level organisation, are diploblastic.
• Digestion both extra and intracellular.
• Body has eight external rows of ciliated comb plates for locomotion.
• Show Bioluminescence (living organism emit light).
• Only sexual reproduction occurs. External fertilisation. Indirect develop
ment. e.g., Ctenoplana.
PHYLUM PLATYHELMINTHES : • Also called as ‘flat worms’.
 • Have dorsoventrally flattened body. Are endoparasites in animals.
• Are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, acoelomate.
• Absorb nutrients through body surface.
• Parasite forms have hooks and suckers.
• ‘Flame cells’ help in osmoregulation and excretion.
• Fertilisation internal. Many larval stages. Planaria has high regeneration
capacity.
e.g., Taenia, Fasciola.
PHYLUM ASCHELMINTHES : • Also called ‘round worms’.
• May be free living, parasitic, aquatic or terrestrial.
• Are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, pseudocoelomate.
• Alimentary canal complete (has muscular pharynx), wastes removed through
excretory pore.
• Sexes separate. Shows dimophism.
• Females longer than males.
• Fertilisation internal. Development direct or indirect.
e.g., Ascaris, Wuchereria.
PHYLUM ANNELIDA : • Are aquatic or terrestrial, free-living or parasitic.
• Are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic, organ-system level of organisation
and metamerically segmented body.
• Have longitudinal and circular muscles for locomotion.
• Nereis (dioecious and aquatic annelid) has lateral appendages called parapo-
dia for swimming.
• Have nephridia for osmoregulation and excretion.
• e.g., Earthworm (Pheretima) and Leech (Hirudinaria) which are hermaph-
rodites (i.e., monoecious).
PHYLUM ARTHROPODA : • Largest phylum of Animalia.
• Are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic and organ system level of
organisation, coelomate.
 • Body divisible into head, thorax, abdomen and has a chitinous exoskel-
eton. Jointed appendages are present.
• Respiration by gills, book gills, lungs or trached system. Excretion through
malpighian tubules.
• Sensory organs : Antennae, eyes; Organs of balance : Statocysts.
• Fertilisation internal. Development is indirect or direct. Are mostly ovipa-
rous.
e.g., Apis, Bombyx, Anopheles, Locusta, Limulus.
14. PHYLUM MOLLUSCA : • Second largest phylum of Animalia.
• Are bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic and organ system level of
organisation, coelomate.
• Body divisible into head, muscular foot and visceral hump and is covered
by calcareous shell. It is unsegmented over visceral hump.
• Mantle : Soft and spony layer of skin; Mantle cavity : Space between vis-
ceral hump and mantle.
• Respiration and excretion by feather like gills in mantle cavity.
• Head has sensory tentacles. Radula-file like rasping organ for feeding.
• Are oviparous, dioecious, have indirect development.
e.g., Pila, Pinctada, Octopus.
PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA : • Are spiny bodied organisms.
• Are exclusively marine, radially symmetrical in adult but bilaterally sym-
metrical in larval stage. Organ system level of organisation.
• Digestive system complete. Mouth ventral, Anus on dorsal side.
• Food gathering, respiration, locomotion carried out by water vascular sys-
tem.
• Excretory system is absent.
• Fertilisation external. Development indirect (free swimming larva)
• e.g., Asterias, Cucumaria.
PHYLUM HEMICHORDATA : • Has small worm-like organisms.
• Was earlier placed as sub-phylum of Phylum Chordata.
• Bilaterally symmetrical, triploblastic and coelomate.
 • Body cylindrical, has proboscis, collar and trunk.
• Respiration by gills, excretion by proboscis gland.
• Sexes separate, external fertilisation, indirect development.
e.g., Balanoglossus
PHYLUM CHORDATA • Presence of Notochord
• Have dorsal hollow nerve chord.
• Have paired pharyngeal gill slits.
• Heart is ventral.
• Post anal tail present.
(i) SUB-PHYLA UROCHORDATA
• Notochord present only in larval tail.
e.g., Ascidia, Sepia.
(ii) SUB-PHYLA CEPHALOCHORDATA
• Notochord extends from head to tail.
e.g., Ambhioxus.
(iii) SUB-PHYLA VERTEBRATA
• Have notochord only during embryonic period.
• Notochord gets replaced by bony or cartilaginous vertebral column.
• Have ventral muscular heart, paired appendages and kidneys for excretion
and osmoregulation.
SUB-PHYLUM VERTEBRATA
(a) AGNATHA (Lock Jaw) : Class : Cyclostomata
• Have sucking and circular mouth without jaws.
• Live as ectoparasites on some fishes.
• No scales, no paired fins.
• Cranium and vertebral column is cartilaginous.
• Migrate to fresh water for spawning and die after spawning.
• Larva returns to ocean after metamorphosis.
e.g., Petromyzon.
(b) GNATHOSTOMATA (Bear Jaws)
SUPER-CLASS : PISCES
1. Class : Chondrichthyes
• Have cartilagenous endoskeleton.
• Mouth ventral.
• Gill slits without operculum
• Skin has placoid scales.
• Usually oviparous, fertilisation internal.
• No air bladder, so swim constantly to avoid sinking.
• Teeth are backwardly directed, modified placoid scales.
• Notochord is persistent throughout life. Males have claspers on
pelvicfins.
• e.g., Torpedo, Trygon, Scoliodon.
2. Class : Osteichthyes
• Have bony endoskeleton.
• Mouth is usually terminal.
• Four pairs of gill slits covered by operculum.
• Skin has cycloid/ctenoid scales.
• Usually viviparous, fertilisation external.
• Have air bladder which regulates buoyancy.
• e.g., Hippocampus, Labeo, Catla, Betta.
SUB-PHYLUM VERTEBRATA : GNATHOSTOMATA
SUPER CLASS : TETRAPODA
1. Class : Amphibia
• Can live in aquatic as well as terrestrial habitats.
• Body divisible into head and trunk.
• Skin moist. No scales.
• Tympanum represents ear.
• Cloaca is the common chamber where alimentary, urinary and repro
ductive tracts open.
 • Respiration by gills, lungs or skin.
• Heart is 3-chambered.
• Oviparous. Indirect development.
• e.g., Bufo, Rana, Hyla.
2. Class : Reptilia
• Creep or crawl to locomote.
• Body has dry and cornified skin and epidermal scales or scutes.
• Tympanum represents ear.
• Limbs when present are two pairs.
• Snakes and lizards shed scales as skin cast.
• Heart 3-chambered but 4-chambered in crocodiles.
• Oviparous. Direct development.
• e.g., Testudo, Naja, Vipera, Calotes.
3. Class : Aves
• Presence of feathers and beak.
• Forelimbs are modified into wings.
• Hind limbs have scales.
• No glands on skin except oil gland at base of tail.
• Endoskeleton bony with air cavities (pneumatic) and hollow bones to
assist in flight.
• Air sacs are connected to lungs to supplement respiration.
• Oviparous. Direct development.
• e.g., Columba Struthio.
4. Class : Mammalia
• Have mammary glands to nourish young ones.
• Have two pairs of limbs.
• Skin has hairs.
• External ears or pinna present.
• Different types of teeth in jaw.
• Viviparous. Direct development.
• e.g., Rattus, Canis Elephas, Equus. Oviparous mammal is
Ornithorhynchus.‘’