Work and Energy

Work
When a body is displaced by applying a force on it, then work is said to

be done.
OR
Work done by a force is equal to the scalar (or dot product) of the force
and the displacement of the body.
Work = Force × displacement.

W = F . d => W = Fdcosθ
Here θ is the angle between force and displacement. Its SI unit is joule
or Nm.
Positive Work Done

Positive work means that force (or its component) is parallel to
displacement.
The positive work signifies that the external force favours the motion
of the body.
Maximum work :
Wmax = F d
When cosθ = maximum = 1 i.e. θ = 0o
It means force does maximum work when angle between force and
displacement is zero.
Example: When a person lifts a body from the

ground, the work done by the (upward) lifting force is positive
Negative work
Negative work means that force (or its component) is opposite to
Displacement.
The negative work signifies that the external force opposes the motion
of the body.
Example:
i) When a person lifts a body from the ground, the work done by
the (downward) force of gravity is negative.
ii) When a body is made to slide over a rough surface, the work
done by the frictional force is negative.
Minimum work :
Wmin = - F s
When cosθ = minimum = -1 i.e θ = 180O
It means force does minimum [maximum negative] work when angle

between force and displacement is 180o.
Zero work
Under three condition, work done becomes zero
1) If the force is perpendicular to the displacement
Example:
i) When a coolie travels on a horizontal platform with a load on his
head, Work done against gravity by the coolie is zero.
(ii) When a body moves in a circle the work done by the centripetal
force is always zero.
2) If there is no displacement [s = 0]
Example: (i) When a person tries to displace a wall or heavy stone by
applying a force and it does not move, then work done is zero.
(ii) A weight lifter does work in lifting the weight off the ground but
does not work in holding it up.
3) If there is no force acting on the body [F = 0]

Example: Motion of an isolated body in free space.
Energy
The energy of a body is defined as its capacity for doing work.
Since energy of a body is the total quantity of work done, therefore it is
a scalar quantity. Units : Joule [S.I.], erg [C.G.S.]
Practical units: electron volt (eV), Kilowatt hour (KWh), Calories (cal)
Relation between different units:
1 Joule = 107 erg
1 eV = 1.6x10-19 Joule
1 kWh = 3.6 x106 Joule
1 calorie = 4.18 Joule
Various forms of energy

(i) Mechanical energy (Kinetic and Potential)
(ii) Chemical energy
(iii) Electrical energy
(iv) Magnetic energy
(v) Nuclear energy
(vi) Sound energy
(vii) Light energy
(viii) Heat energy
Transformation of Energy
In a heat engine, heat energy changes into mechanical energy.
In the electric bulb, the electric energy is converted into light energy.
In burning coal, oil, etc., the chemical energy changes to heat energy.
In solar cell, solar energy changes into electrical energy.
In playing sitar, mechanical energy changes into sound energy.
In microphone, sound energy changes into electrical energy.
In loud speaker, electrical energy changes into sound energy.
In battery, chemical energy changes into mechanical energy.
In electric motor, electrical energy changes into mechanical energy.
Kinetic Energy
The energy possessed by a body by virtue of its motion, is called kinetic
energy.
Examples :
i) Flowing water possesses kinetic energy which is used to run the
water mills.
ii) Moving vehicle possesses kinetic energy.
iii) Moving air (i.e. wind) possesses kinetic energy which is used to
run wind mills.
iv) The hammer possesses kinetic energy which is used to drive the
nails in wood.
v) A bullet fired from the gun has kinetic energy and due to this
energy the bullet penetrates into a target.
If a body of mass m is moving with velocity v, then kinetic energy
where p is the linear momentum.
When velocity and momentum is doubled, kinetic energy becomes four

times.
E1 m2
For two bodies having equal momentum: =
E2 m1
p1 √m1
For two bodies having equal K.E : =
p2 √m2
Potential Energy
In the space occupied by conservative forces every point is associated
with certain energy which is called the energy of position or potential
energy.
It is the energy possessed by a body by virtue of its position.

Potential energy is generally of three types: Elastic potential energy,
Electric potential energy and Gravitational potential energy.
PE of a body in the gravitational field of earth is P.E = mgh.

where m = mass, g = acceleration due to gravity, h = height of the body
from surface of the earth.
Absolute gravitational potential energy

Absolute potential energy at a point is the amount of work done in
moving a body from infinity to that point.
Power
Energy can be transferred from one object to another. If we are
concerned about the measure of how fast energy is transferred, then
the more energy transferred per second, the greater the power of the
transfer process.
Power is the rate at which energy is transformed from one form to

another or the work done per unit time.
Power, P(watts) = Energy transfer or work done, W (joules)
Time taken, t (seconds)
P=W
t
Power can also be defined as ‘the Scalar/dot product of force and

velocity”
P=F.V P = F v cosθ
It's a scalar physical quantity and follows the laws of scalar product. It's
SI unit is watt or J/s.
Practical units of power

Kilowatt (KW), Mega watt (MW) and Horse power (hp)
Relations between different units :
1 watt = 1 J / sec = 107 erg / sec
1hp = 746Watt
1 MW = 106 Watt
1 KW = 103 Watt
If work done by the two bodies is same then power α 1__

time
i.e. the body which perform the given work in lesser time possess more
power and vice-versa.
The total energy (including mass energy) of the universe remains

constant.
One form of energy can be changed into other form according to the
law of conservation of energy. That is amount of energy lost of one
form should be equal to energy or energies produced of other forms.
Kinetic energy can change into potential energy and vice versa. When a
body falls, potential energy is converted into kinetic energy.
Pendulum oscillates due to conversion of kinetic energy into potential

energy and vice versa. Same is true for the oscillations of mass
attached to the spring.
Violation of the laws of conservation indicates that the event cannot

take place.

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Work

When a body is displaced by applying a force on it, then work is said to

Work = Force × displacement.

Positive Work Done

Example: When a person lifts a body from the

It means force does minimum [maximum negative] work when angle

3) If there is no force acting on the body [F = 0]

Various forms of energy

If a body of mass m is moving with velocity v, then kinetic energy

where p is the linear momentum.

When velocity and momentum is doubled, kinetic energy becomes four

It is the energy possessed by a body by virtue of its position.

PE of a body in the gravitational field of earth is P.E = mgh.

Absolute gravitational potential energy

Power is the rate at which energy is transformed from one form to

Power can also be defined as ‘the Scalar/dot product of force and

Practical units of power

If work done by the two bodies is same then power α 1__

The total energy (including mass energy) of the universe remains

Pendulum oscillates due to conversion of kinetic energy into potential

Violation of the laws of conservation indicates that the event cannot

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