Table of content

1.1 Letter from Secretary General

1.2 Letter from Under Secretary General

2.1 Introduction to the Committee UNHRC

2.2 Keys of terms
2.3 Introduction to the Agenda
a) United Nation's politics about the agenda
2.4 Ensuring fundamental human rights in conflict zones

3.1 The importance and main goal of humanitarian aid

3.2 Implementation of Humanitarian Aid
3.3 Determination of the places where humanitarian aid will be sent
3.4 Humanitarian Corridors

4.1 Current situations

4.2 Case discrimination
4.3 International and Governmental Roles

5. Questions to be considered

6. Bibliography
Letter From Secretary General;

Dear Delegates, Advisors, and Partners,

My name is Reyyan Kerîme Kaşıkırık, and it is with great pleasure and excitement that I
invite you to the 2024 Ankara Kız İHL Model United Nations Conference (AKİLMUN),
which will be held on our school campus of Ankara Kız İHL, Ankara, Türkiye in person from
May 23-25th, 2024.

Since its inception, our conference has strived to deliver a realistic and comprehensive
simulation of the United Nations and related committees. AKİLMUN’24 will be hosted in
May 2024 and it is expected to have participants from various schools from all over the
world. The Secretariat team has been working diligently to ensure that all delegates will be
given the opportunity to develop broader perspectives, voice their opinions on contentious
issues, and cooperate with others to produce impactful resolutions. After an eventful
conference full of diplomacy, debate, and delight, delegates leave our conference with the
potential to become future leaders of our society as our mission is, “A conscious generation
that understands the past, interprets the present, plans the future, and walks confidently
towards its goals.”

Your participation in this conference will be an excellent opportunity for you to develop your
skills in public speaking, negotiation, and diplomacy. Not only will you get to engage with
other students from different backgrounds and cultures, but you will also have the chance to
learn from experienced professionals in the field.
On behalf of the entire AKİLMUN’24 team, I look forward to welcoming you in May in
Ankara, Türkiye.

In case of any inquiries, do not hesitate to contact me at st.rennkskrk@gmail.com.

Best Regards,

Reyyan Kerîme Kaşıkırık

Secretary General
Letter from Under Secretary General;

Esteemed Delegates,

I greet you all with my most sincere feelings. My name is Ayşe Berra Yüce, I will be
serving as your Under-Secretary-General throughout the AKILMUN’24 conference, and I
would like to state that I am very excited and honored for this. I welcome you all to this
magnificent conference.

First of all, I would say that even joining the MUNs is a very appreciated behavior, it is a
reflection of what we are working for in our future as a young part of this society. I would
like to thank you very much mainly for this as well.

Our agenda has a special importance for the Human Rights Council. Today, conflict zones
are more dangerous than in n the past. That danger includes phosphorus grenades, nuclear
weapons, airspace offensives, and many more... In a war there are two sides, it doesn't matter
who's right but there are also innocent citizens, like Palestine and Ukraine. Our committee
UNHRC has a responsibility to defend the rights of these innocent people.

My dear delegates now that's your responsibility to create the most appropriate solutions for
these global problems. I have to say that I trust all of you one by one. Good luck!

Please do not hesitate to contact with me any kind of questions or problems, you can send
emails to my email address (aberrayuce@gmail.com)

Sincerely
Ayşe Berra Yüce
Under Secretary General of UNHRC
2.1 Introduction to the UNHRC Committee

Every country in the world includes people belonging to national, ethnic, religious, or
linguistic minorities who enrich the diversity of their society. However, too often, minorities
face diverse forms of discrimination and abuses resulting in marginalization and exclusion.
Achieving an effective enforcement of basic human rights for these minorities requires that
we implement the international human rights standards. It is your role as a delegate of the
United Nations Human Rights Council to work towards this aim. The United Nations
commonly defines human rights as rights inherent to all human beings, regardless of
nationality, sex, ethnic origin, color, religion, language, or any other status. These rights are
often expressed and guaranteed by law, in the forms of treaties, customary international law,
general principles, and other sources of international law. They are universal, inalienable,
indivisible, equal, and non-discriminatory. Non- discrimination is a cross-cutting principle in
international human rights law; one of its expressions is the prohibition of human rights
abuses based on ethnic and religious considerations.

The United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) was established by the General
Assembly in 2006. UNHRC replaced the Human Rights Commission after much criticism for
allowing states to be members who had significant human rights abuses. UNHRC consists of
47 member states that are responsible for supporting and protecting human rights around the
world. UNHRC is a subsidiary of the General Assembly and the General Assembly elects the
members of UNHRC. The membership seats are divided between regional groups where 13
seats go to Africa, 13 to Asia, 6 to Eastern Europe, 8 to Latin America and the Caribbean, 7
to Western Europe, and the Others Group.

UNHRC deals with topics that revolve around human rights violations. UNHRC abides by
the many different human rights conventions. UNHRC employs special rapporteurs and
working groups to keep states in check. These special rapporteurs and working groups
investigate and intervene in individual cases and emergency human rights cases. These
special rapporteurs create reports that are then published for the global community to view.
Keys of terms

Emergency assistance: The process of providing rapid and effective assistance in the event of
natural disasters, conflicts, or other emergencies.

Civilian protection: Efforts to ensure the safety of the civilian population in situations such as
war or natural disasters.

Human rights: The fundamental rights, freedoms, and values that every individual has by
birth and that states should protect.

Crisis management: The process of addressing unexpected or dangerous situations,

minimizing damages, and restructuring society.

Water and sanitation: Efforts to provide access to clean water, improve sanitation
infrastructure and improve hygiene conditions

Disaster response: Rescue, recovery, and reconstruction activities after natural disasters or
human-caused crises.

Refugee assistance: Housing, food, health, and other types of assistance provided to people
fleeing other countries and seeking protection.

Health services: Services provided for the prevention, and treatment of diseases and ensuring
access to health services.

Food aid: Distribution and provision of food and nutrients to combat hunger.
2.3 Introduction to the Agenda

Conflict zones are one of the most dangerous situations that people can be in. Because of this
conflict zones have a special importance for the Human Rights Council.
People can be left alone in situations that cannot meet their basic needs such as nutrition,
housing, and medical care, and for these reasons, they can also lose their lives in conflict
zones. It is also known that conflict zones have much more serious dangers, people can be
exposed to every round of military attacks during their stay in conflict zones, from airspace
attacks to mine planting.
Because of these reasons, delivery of humanitarian aid in conflict zones is vital for thousands
of people, regardless of which country people are citizens of, international procedures should
be strictly applied in this regard to protect the fundamental rights of people.

United Nations Politics About The Agenda

The Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) of the UN Secretariat is
responsible include the UN system entities most responsible for providing emergency relief.
A coordinated, system-wide approach to humanitarian relief is essential in assisting quickly
and efficiently to those in need.
2.4 Ensuring Fundamental Human Rights in Conflict Zones

Every human is born with fundamental human rights. These can be exemplified as; freedom,
sheltering, medical care, and starting and maintaining a family. These and many more rights
like these, have to be provided under all conditions.

In an international declaration made in 2015, it was decided to implement the following

issues for National Human Rights Institutions established under the guidance of the principles
of humanism, neutrality, independence, objectivity, and cooperation with civil society,
aiming to ensure the protection of human rights and respect for these rights, in conflict and
post-conflict processes:

Early signs of possible conflict should be detected and measures should be taken for this.
steps should be taken to prevent conflict, including drawing attention to human rights
violations, monitoring the human rights situation by international and regional human rights
standards, documenting and responding to violations related to alleged related actions or
omissions regardless of which state committed the conflict, preparing a report within the
framework of international, regional and national human rights mechanisms.
Information campaigns should be organized in the context of conflict, and human rights
education, training, and awareness-raising activities should be undertaken, including for the
armed forces and law enforcement agencies; compliance with international human rights and
humanitarian law standards should be monitored.
Measures should be taken to prevent human rights violations, including those aimed at the
most fragile, marginalized groups and minority groups in a sensitive situation, information
should be provided on the necessary measures to ensure the protection and development of
human rights following international and regional standards,
and systematic communication with the authorities should be carried out to make
recommendations, a dialogue should be developed between and with the parties to the
conflict, aiming to ensure the protection, promotion, and respect of human rights, paying
particular attention to vulnerable and marginalized groups decently.

Today the things that can be done for human rights in conflict zones today are not so
different, the same practices can continue.
3.1 The Importance and Main Goal of Humanitarian Aid

Humanitarian Aid is a very broad concept, sometimes it can cover global health needs, and
sometimes it can cover children's education or water and sanitation problems. Humanitarian
aid is greatly needed not only in conflict zones but also in natural disaster zones, countries
that are exposed to problems such as drought and hunger. However, there are various
difficulties in sending humanitarian aid to the region, sometimes the aid planned to be sent
cannot be sent to the desired place due to roads being closed due to natural disasters.
Sometimes, the countries that are parties to the conflict regions may not allow humanitarian
aid in the region, in such cases, sometimes people may stay hungry, dehydrated, and in need
of medical assistance for days. To address these situations, countries have their policies and
various solutions offered by the United Nations.
The types of humanitarian assistance that are most needed in conflict zones are mainly,
Sheltering
Health care
Nutritional support
The need for water- Sanitation
it can be considered as.

The most basic human right is the right to life, and without these aids, people can lose their
lives in the dangerous, unprotected environment of conflict zones. Protecting the principle of
life, which is the most basic right of people, is considered the main purpose of humanitarian
assistance.

According to reports published by the United Nations in recent years, hundreds of millions of
people require humanitarian assistance. The needs of these people can sometimes be
addressed by non-governmental organizations and sometimes employing assistance sent by
the governments of the country.

As a result, humanitarian assistance protects the fundamental rights of millions of people and
prevents them from losing their lives. From this point of view, it carries a vital importance for
humanity.
3.2 Implementation of humanitarian aid

Implementation of humanitarian aid is as important as humanitarian aid. In July 2014, some

clusters were created under the roof of the United Nations Office for the Coordination of
Humanitarian Affairs. These clusters hold important places in the planning and
implementation of the delivery of humanitarian assistance. As for what these clusters will be,
the United Nations explains these clusters as follows,

The Shelter/GDI Cluster coordinates the activities of more than 75 member organizations in
the cross-border humanitarian relief operation. The cluster responds to emergency housing
needs and urgent non-food needs by distributing cash or cash receipts in addition to in-kind
assistance. It supports the resilience of households and communities.

The CCCM Cluster coordinates the work of 74 member organizations providing cross-border
assistance in Northwestern Syria. The cluster's activities focus on coordinating and
monitoring responses to multi-sectoral needs in over 1,000 internally displaced persons
regions, which host 1.47 million internally displaced persons (MEMBERS) (approximately
280,000 families) and monitor the mobility of members on behalf of organizations working in
the field of humanitarian assistance.

The Conservation Cluster brings together more than 125 members. Dec. There are three
subsets: Child Protection, Gender-Based Violence, and Combating Mine and Explosive
Hazards (Mine Action). In addition, it includes the Conservation Monitoring Task Force and
the Housing, Land, and Property Technical Working Group, as well as the Inclusion of
Disabled Individuals in Society Technical Working Group. The Cluster prioritizes the
provision of lifesaving emergency protection services to recently displaced communities and
the provision of specially designed protection services to communities and individuals in
need and at risk, including access capacity and the use of mobile teams.

During the planning and Implementation process, the United Nations has used these clusters
since 2014 July.
3.3 Determination of the places where humanitarian aid will be sent

A coordinated approach to needs assessment and analysis in an emergency and prioritization

of the needs of affected people is the most appropriate attitude for delegates. In addition, it
forms the basis of effective humanitarian assistance. Needs assessments and analyses are
carried out in partnership with humanitarian organizations and the scope of a particular crisis
is documented. More importantly, coordinated assessments indicate the needs of the affected
population and enable strategic response planning. Needs assessments and analyses follow
the principle of human responsibility and can improve the quality of inter-institutional
cooperation. Dec. They can also improve donor funding levels and relations with
governments, local NGOs, and disaster-affected communities. Humanitarian Aid Country
Teams benefit from coordinated assessments when responding to a conflict.

OCHA (The United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs) collects
information about targeted and needy people every year through regional refugee response
plans and other emergency response plans, as well as humanitarian response plans
coordinated by the United Nations, and prepares fairly comprehensive reports on this issue.
In line with these reports, the countries in need of human assistance are determined precisely
and roadmaps are started to be drawn to help these countries.

Every year, the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) collects
information about targeted and needy people through regional refugee response plans and
other emergency response plans, as well as humanitarian response plans coordinated by the
United Nations, and prepares fairly comprehensive reports on this issue. In line with these
reports, the countries in need of human assistance are determined precisely and roadmaps are
started to be drawn to help these countries

These roadmaps cover the identification of needs, determination of financial needs in various
sectors such as health and food security, as well as plans for how and by whom these needs
will be met through the evaluation procedure carried out by OCHA, but the UN-coordinated
plans and the aid to be sent are delivered only to a part of the people identified as in need of
humanitarian assistance. The targeted number is being completed partly from aid provided by
others and by organizations such as the national government, the International Red Cross, and
the Red Crescent Movement. In addition, other issues that may determine the number of
people targeted include the prioritization of needs, operational capacity constraints, and
humanitarian access barriers.
3.4 Humanitarian Corridors

Humanitarian corridors or safe passages are agreements between the parties to an armed
conflict that allow safe passage in a certain geographical area for a limited period, the
delivery of humanitarian aid to the region, and the evacuation of the injured or the decedents.
This method has been practiced since the middle of the twentieth century. For example,
during the so-called Kindertransport from 1938 to 1939, Jewish children were evacuated to
the United Kingdom from areas under Nazi control.
The United Nations considers humanitarian corridors as one of several possible forms of
temporary cessation of armed conflict. In cases where a humanitarian disaster arises due to a
violation of the international law of war (for example, through large-scale bombing of
civilian targets), humanitarian corridors can provide vital assistance. In most cases,
humanitarian corridors are negotiated by the United Nations. Sometimes they are also set up
by local groups. Since all parties must agree on the creation of corridors, there is a risk of
military or political abuse. For example, corridors can be used to smuggle weapons and fuel
into besieged cities. On the other hand, they can also be used by UN observers, NGOs, and
journalists to provide access to conflict zones where war crimes have been committed.

The closest example of this to today was expected to be seen during the
Ukraine-Russia Deconfliction, but due to several diplomatic disagreements between Russia
and Ukraine, a humanitarian corridor could not be fully established. The humanitarian aid
corridor was also created during the siege of Sarajevo, Bosnia, in 1992-1995 and the
evacuation of Ghouta, Syria, in 2018.

In conclusion, The need for humanitarian aid in conflict zones can be eliminated by the usage
of humanitarian corridors. However, creating humanitarian corridors is a hard procedure also
sometimes the countries that have signed an agreement on this issue may not comply with the
agreement and allow the creation of a humanitarian corridor.
4.1 Current situations

Israel- Palestine Conflict

As we all know today there's a conflict between Israel and Palestine. In this conflict,
thousands of people died because of the lack of humanitarian needs. Such as lack of Medical
care, lack of food, or lack of water and sanitation. plenty of nongovernmental organizations
tried to send humanitarian aid to these people. But these all tries were unsuccessful. The
world is divided into two sides on this topic. Most of the Muslim countries and also the Ruthe
Russian Federation support Palestine and trying to send humanitarian aid to the zone. The
other side including most of the European Countries, the United States of America, and many
more countries supports Israel and argues that the control of Gaza, the region in question, is
in Israel and that the attacks on the region are the responsibility of Hamas. The proven
accuracy of the number of dead, injured, and people considered to be on the verge of death
due to the lack of humanitarian needs undoubtedly shows us that humanitarian assistance is
urgently needed in this conflict zone.

Ukraine- Russia Conflict

Since February 24, 2022, there has been severe tension and conflict between Ukraine and
Russia, the situation is actually not much different from the Palestinian-Israeli conflict, but
again, similarly, the world is divided into two sides, Ukraine supported by Russia and
America. the number of people killed, injured, and injured during the conflict due to the lack
of humanitarian assistance is quite high. the region is one of the regions in need of
humanitarian assistance, but again, due to diplomatic disagreements or violated agreements, a
humanitarian corridor could not be established in the resident region, so humanitarian
assistance could not be delivered for this reason.

4.2Case discrimination

Countries that have conflicts with each other discriminate against one another by their names
causing an issue in humanitarian aid and affecting the country's civilian lives. For instance,
States that have encountered an issue by their adversary start to affect the country's civilians
and assistance. Conflicts in war zones are at high levels, Therefore countries that are aware of
the help to the zone increase day by day. Which leads to a need for help in disaster relief
countries. From kids to women, lots of people suffer from the political reasons that happen
between the territories. In light of these troubling developments, it is incumbent upon the
global community to reaffirm the reality of floating humanitarianism and solidarity. Concrete
steps must be taken according to these situations around the world to ensure saving lives
around national places and geopolitical calculations with the efforts of humanitarian aid.
Humanitarian aid serves as hope and sustenance for millions in the war zones. Political
reasons shouldn’t break this hope in society. Therefore humanitarian assistance must be
reached to humanity without blaming the nationality, color, and inborn issues.
4.3International and governmental roles

The United Nations plays one of the most important roles in providing humanitarian
assistance to conflict zones. The UN's humanitarian aid operations are coordinated in
particular by the UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). This
office works to ensure the rapid, effective, and coordinated delivery of humanitarian aid.
Annual insane aid targets are planned and determined step by step by this organization.
OCHA also cooperates with various UN organizations and some non-governmental
organizations, for example; UN organizations such as UNHCR, WFP, and WHO, as well as
communities such as the International Red Cross, the Red Crescent Movement, and Médecins
Sans Frontières can be cited as an example.

In addition, many governments have national aid agencies with serious budgets in this regard
that specialize in human assistance, these governments can be described as the United States
and Germany. America has 'USAID' and Germany has international aid organizations called
"GIZ" These organizations can be explained as follows;
USAID (United States Agency for International Development): It is the main organization
that conducts international development and humanitarian aid activities in the United States.
Coordinates emergency food, shelter, and health services in conflict zones.
GIZ (German International Cooperation Agency): Executes and finances humanitarian aid
and development projects in Germany.
These agencies act following the goals set by governments, these and many other
organizations play serious roles in many issues, such as regulating international declarations
on human assistance and regulating and monitoring aid operations.
These are not the only responsibilities of governments in conflict zones, in addition,
governments can collect donations for the parties, establish emergency funds, invite the
parties to diplomatic negotiations within the certificate of respect, and also organize
conferences on this issue, and promote international law.
In cases where countries are considering the continuation of the war, there may also be
military assistance, technical support, or military training for the side they support in the
conflict or for both sides
The role of governments in sending humanitarian aid to conflict zones is multifaceted and
complex. Governments undertake critical tasks in areas such as coordination of national aid
agencies, financing, diplomatic efforts, logistical and technical support, legal framework
creation, and transparency. The effective performance of these tasks is vital for the success of
humanitarian relief operations.
5. Questions to be considered

a) What are the main obstacles that block humanitarian assistance

b) How can states ensure the safety of the aid staff

c) What strategies can be followed to send aid in war zones

ç) How humanitarian corridors can be established in regions and for what purposes

d) What is the humanitarian aid round needed in the Palestinian-Israeli conflict how can
it be implemented

e) What is the humanitarian aid round needed in the Ukraine-Russia conflict how can it
be implemented

f) What are the international and governmental roles in the delivery of humanitarian aid
to conflict zones
6. Bibliography

Human rights and equality institution of Türkiye. 24\04\2016

[https://www.tihek.gov.tr/]

UN humanitarian aid delivery department. 24\10\1945

[https://www.un.org/]

Global poverty and sustainable development institution of Estonia. 03\04\2021

[https://estdev.ee/]

The institution that provides humanitarian aid expands the scope of aid. 19\12\1991
[https://kmp.hpc.tools/]

The UK's foundation uses evidence and analysis to end poverty. 1993
[https://devinit.org/]

Department for the protection and defense of human rights of the UN. 14\12\1950
[https://static1.squarespace.com/]

Broadcasting institution of Germany. 03\05\1953

[https://www.dw.com/]