Java JDBC Tutorial

JDBC stands for Java Database Connectivity. JDBC is a Java API to connect and execute
the query with the database. It is a part of JavaSE (Java Standard Edition). JDBC API uses
JDBC drivers to connect with the database. There are four types of JDBC drivers:

o JDBC-ODBC Bridge Driver,

o Native Driver,
o Network Protocol Driver, and
o Thin Driver

We have discussed the above four drivers in the next chapter.

We can use JDBC API to access tabular data stored in any relational database. By the help
of JDBC API, we can save, update, delete and fetch data from the database. It is like Open
Database Connectivity (ODBC) provided by Microsoft.

The current version of JDBC is 4.3. It is the stable release since 21st September, 2017. It is
based on the X/Open SQL Call Level Interface. The java.sql package contains classes and
interfaces for JDBC API. A list of popular interfaces of JDBC API are given below:

o Driver interface
o Connection interface
o Statement interface
o PreparedStatement interface
o CallableStatement interface
 o ResultSet interface
o ResultSetMetaData interface
o DatabaseMetaData interface
o RowSet interface

A list of popular classes of JDBC API are given below:

o DriverManager class
o Blob class
o Clob class
o Types class

Why Should We Use JDBC

Before JDBC, ODBC API was the database API to connect and execute the query with the
database. But, ODBC API uses ODBC driver which is written in C language (i.e. platform
dependent and unsecured). That is why Java has defined its own API (JDBC API) that uses
JDBC drivers (written in Java language).

We can use JDBC API to handle database using Java program and can perform the
following activities:

1. Connect to the database

2. Execute queries and update statements to the database
3. Retrieve the result received from the database.

Do You Know
o How to connect Java application with Oracle and Mysql database using JDBC?
o What is the difference between Statement and PreparedStatement interface?
o How to print total numbers of tables and views of a database using JDBC?
o How to store and retrieve images from Oracle database using JDBC?
o How to store and retrieve files from Oracle database using JDBC?
What is API
API (Application programming interface) is a document that contains a description of all
the features of a product or software. It represents classes and interfaces that software
programs can follow to communicate with each other. An API can be created for
applications, libraries, operating systems, etc.

JDBC Driver
1. JDBC Drivers
1. JDBC-ODBC bridge driver
2. Native-API driver
3. Network Protocol driver
4. Thin driver

JDBC Driver is a software component that enables java application to interact with the database. There are 4 typ
1. JDBC-ODBC bridge driver
2. Native-API driver (partially java driver)
3. Network Protocol driver (fully java driver)
4. Thin driver (fully java driver)

1) JDBC-ODBC bridge driver

The JDBC-ODBC bridge driver uses ODBC driver to connect to the database. The JDBC-ODBC bridge driver con
calls into the ODBC function calls. This is now discouraged because of thin driver.
In Java 8, the JDBC-ODBC Bridge has been removed.

Oracle does not support the JDBC-ODBC Bridge from Java 8. Oracle recommends that
you use JDBC drivers provided by the vendor of your database instead of the JDBC-ODBC
Bridge.

Advantages:

o easy to use.
o can be easily connected to any database.

Disadvantages:

o Performance degraded because JDBC method call is converted into the ODBC function
calls.
o The ODBC driver needs to be installed on the client machine.

2) Native-API driver
The Native API driver uses the client-side libraries of the database. The driver converts JDBC method calls into
database API. It is not written entirely in java.

Advantage:

o performance upgraded than JDBC-ODBC bridge driver.

Disadvantage:

o The Native driver needs to be installed on the each client machine.

o The Vendor client library needs to be installed on client machine.

3) Network Protocol driver

The Network Protocol driver uses middleware (application server) that converts JDBC calls
directly or indirectly into the vendor-specific database protocol. It is fully written in java.
Advantage:

o No client side library is required because of application server that can perform many tasks
like auditing, load balancing, logging etc.

Disadvantages:

o Network support is required on client machine.

o Requires database-specific coding to be done in the middle tier.
o Maintenance of Network Protocol driver becomes costly because it requires database-
specific coding to be done in the middle tier.

4) Thin driver
The thin driver converts JDBC calls directly into the vendor-specific database protocol. That is why it is known as
written in Java language.
Advantage:

o Better performance than all other drivers.

o No software is required at client side or server side.

Disadvantage:

o Drivers depend on the Database.

Java Database Connectivity with 5 Steps

1. 5 Steps to connect to the database in java
1. Register the driver class
2. Create the connection object
3. Create the Statement object
4. Execute the query
5. Close the connection object
There are 5 steps to connect any java application with the database using JDBC. These steps are as follows:
o Register the Driver class
o Create connection
o Create statement
o Execute queries
o Close connection

1) Register the driver class

The forName() method of Class class is used to register the driver class. This method is used to dynamically loa

Syntax of forName() method

1. public static void forName(String className)throws ClassNotFoundException

Note: Since JDBC 4.0, explicitly registering the driver is optional. We just need to put
vender's Jar in the classpath, and then JDBC driver manager can detect and load the
driver automatically.

Example to register the OracleDriver class

Here, Java program is loading oracle driver to esteblish database connection.

1. Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");

2) Create the connection object

The getConnection() method of DriverManager class is used to establish connection with the database.

Syntax of getConnection() method

1. 1) public static Connection getConnection(String url)throws SQLException

2. 2) public static Connection getConnection(String url,String name,String password)
3. throws SQLException

Example to establish connection with the Oracle database

1. Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection(
2. "jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe","system","password");

3) Create the Statement object

The createStatement() method of Connection interface is used to create statement. The object of statement is res
queries with the database.

Syntax of createStatement() method

1. public Statement createStatement()throws SQLException

Example to create the statement object

1. Statement stmt=con.createStatement();
4) Execute the query
The executeQuery() method of Statement interface is used to execute queries to the database. This method re
ResultSet that can be used to get all the records of a table.

Syntax of executeQuery() method

1. public ResultSet executeQuery(String sql)throws SQLException

Example to execute query

1. ResultSet rs=stmt.executeQuery("select * from emp");

2.
3. while(rs.next()){
4. System.out.println(rs.getInt(1)+" "+rs.getString(2));
5. }

5) Close the connection object

By closing connection object statement and ResultSet will be closed automatically. The close() method of Con
used to close the connection.

Syntax of close() method

1. public void close()throws SQLException

Example to close connection

1. con.close();
Note: Since Java 7, JDBC has ability to use try-with-resources statement to
automatically close resources of type Connection, ResultSet, and Statement.
Java Database Connectivity with Oracle
To connect java application with the oracle database, we need to follow 5 following steps. In this exam
Oracle 10g as the database. So we need to know following information for the oracle database:
1. Driver class: The driver class for the oracle database is oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver.
2. Connection URL: The connection URL for the oracle10G database is jdbc:oracle:thin:@localho
jdbc is the API, oracle is the database, thin is the driver, localhost is the server name on which
we may also use IP address, 1521 is the port number and XE is the Oracle service name. You
information from the tnsnames.ora file.
3. Username: The default username for the oracle database is system.
4. Password: It is the password given by the user at the time of installing the oracle database.

Create a Table

Before establishing connection, let's first create a table in oracle database. Following is the SQL query t
1. create table emp(id number(10),name varchar2(40),age number(3));

Example to Connect Java Application with Oracle database

In this example, we are connecting to an Oracle database and getting data from emp table.
Here, system and oracle are the username and password of the Oracle database.

1. import java.sql.*;
2. class OracleCon{
3. public static void main(String args[]){
4. try{
5. //step1 load the driver class
6. Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");
7.
8. //step2 create the connection object
9. Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection(
 10. "jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe","system","oracle");
11.
12. //step3 create the statement object
13. Statement stmt=con.createStatement();
14.
15. //step4 execute query
16. ResultSet rs=stmt.executeQuery("select * from emp");
17. while(rs.next())
18. System.out.println(rs.getInt(1)+" "+rs.getString(2)+" "+rs.getString(3));
19.
20. //step5 close the connection object
21. con.close();
22.
23. }catch(Exception e){ System.out.println(e);}
24.
25. }
26. }
download this example

The above example will fetch all the records of emp table.

To connect java application with the Oracle database ojdbc14.jar file is required to be loaded.

download the jar file ojdbc14.jar

Two ways to load the jar file:

1. paste the ojdbc14.jar file in jre/lib/ext folder

2. set classpath

1) paste the ojdbc14.jar file in JRE/lib/ext folder:

Firstly, search the ojdbc14.jar file then go to JRE/lib/ext folder and paste the jar file here.

2) set classpath:
There are two ways to set the classpath:
o temporary
o permanent

How to set the temporary classpath:

Firstly, search the ojdbc14.jar file then open command prompt and write:
1. C:>set classpath=c:\folder\ojdbc14.jar;.;

How to set the permanent classpath:

Go to environment variable then click on new tab. In variable name write classpath and in
variable value paste the path to ojdbc14.jar by appending ojdbc14.jar;.; as
C:\oraclexe\app\oracle\product\10.2.0\server\jdbc\lib\ojdbc14.jar;.;

Java Database Connectivity with MySQL

To connect Java application with the MySQL database, we need to follow 5 following
steps.

In this example we are using MySql as the database. So we need to know following
informations for the mysql database:

1. Driver class: The driver class for the mysql database is com.mysql.jdbc.Driver.
2. Connection URL: The connection URL for the mysql database
is jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/sonoo where jdbc is the API, mysql is the
database, localhost is the server name on which mysql is running, we may also use
IP address, 3306 is the port number and sonoo is the database name. We may use
any database, in such case, we need to replace the sonoo with our database name.
3. Username: The default username for the mysql database is root.
4. Password: It is the password given by the user at the time of installing the mysql
database. In this example, we are going to use root as the password.
Let's first create a table in the mysql database, but before creating table, we need to create
database first.

1. create database sonoo;

2. use sonoo;
3. create table emp(id int(10),name varchar(40),age int(3));

Example to Connect Java Application with mysql database

In this example, sonoo is the database name, root is the username and password both.

1. import java.sql.*;
2. class MysqlCon{
3. public static void main(String args[]){
4. try{
5. Class.forName("com.mysql.jdbc.Driver");
6. Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection(
7. "jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/sonoo","root","root");
8. //here sonoo is database name, root is username and password
9. Statement stmt=con.createStatement();
10. ResultSet rs=stmt.executeQuery("select * from emp");
11. while(rs.next())
12. System.out.println(rs.getInt(1)+" "+rs.getString(2)+" "+rs.getString(3));
13. con.close();
14. }catch(Exception e){ System.out.println(e);}
15. }
16. }
download this example

The above example will fetch all the records of emp table.

To connect java application with the mysql database, mysqlconnector.jar file is required
to be loaded.
download the jar file mysql-connector.jar

Two ways to load the jar file:

1. Paste the mysqlconnector.jar file in jre/lib/ext folder

2. Set classpath

1) Paste the mysqlconnector.jar file in JRE/lib/ext folder:

Download the mysqlconnector.jar file. Go to jre/lib/ext folder and paste the jar file here.

2) Set classpath:

There are two ways to set the classpath:

o temporary
o permanent

How to set the temporary classpath

open command prompt and write:

1. C:>set classpath=c:\folder\mysql-connector-java-5.0.8-bin.jar;.;

How to set the permanent classpath

Go to environment variable then click on new tab. In variable name write classpath and
in variable value paste the path to the mysqlconnector.jar file by appending
mysqlconnector.jar;.; as C:\folder\mysql-connector-java-5.0.8-bin.jar;.;

Connectivity with Access without DSN

There are two ways to connect java application with the access database.

1. Without DSN (Data Source Name)

2. With DSN
Java is mostly used with Oracle, mysql, or DB2 database. So you can learn this topic only
for knowledge.

Example to Connect Java Application with access without DSN

In this example, we are going to connect the java program with the access database. In
such case, we have created the login table in the access database. There is only one
column in the table named name. Let's get all the name of the login table.

1. import java.sql.*;
2. class Test{
3. public static void main(String ar[]){
4. try{
5. String database="student.mdb";//Here database exists in the current directory
6.
7. String url="jdbc:odbc:Driver={Microsoft Access Driver (*.mdb)};
8. DBQ=" + database + ";DriverID=22;READONLY=true";
9.
10. Class.forName("sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver");
11. Connection c=DriverManager.getConnection(url);
12. Statement st=c.createStatement();
13. ResultSet rs=st.executeQuery("select * from login");
14.
15. while(rs.next()){
16. System.out.println(rs.getString(1));
17. }
18.
19. }catch(Exception ee){System.out.println(ee);}
20.
21. }}
download this example

Example to Connect Java Application with access with DSN

Connectivity with type1 driver is not considered good. To connect java application with
type1 driver, create DSN first, here we are assuming your dsn name is mydsn.

1. import java.sql.*;
2. class Test{
3. public static void main(String ar[]){
4. try{
5. String url="jdbc:odbc:mydsn";
6. Class.forName("sun.jdbc.odbc.JdbcOdbcDriver");
7. Connection c=DriverManager.getConnection(url);
8. Statement st=c.createStatement();
9. ResultSet rs=st.executeQuery("select * from login");
10.
11. while(rs.next()){
12. System.out.println(rs.getString(1));
13. }
14.
15. }catch(Exception ee){System.out.println(ee);}
16.
17. }}

DriverManager class
The DriverManager class is the component of JDBC API and also a member of
the java.sql package. The DriverManager class acts as an interface between users and
drivers. It keeps track of the drivers that are available and handles establishing a
connection between a database and the appropriate driver. It contains all the appropriate
methods to register and deregister the database driver class and to create a connection
between a Java application and the database. The DriverManager class maintains a list of
Driver classes that have registered themselves by calling the method
DriverManager.registerDriver(). Note that before interacting with a Database, it is a
mandatory process to register the driver; otherwise, an exception is thrown.
Methods of the DriverManager Class
Method Description

1) public static synchronized void is used to register the given driver with DriverManager. No actio
registerDriver(Driver driver): the method when the given driver is already registered.

2) public static synchronized void is used to deregister the given driver (drop the driver fr
deregisterDriver(Driver driver): DriverManager. If the given driver has been removed from the
is performed by the method.

3) public static Connection is used to establish the connection with the specified url. Th
getConnection(String url) throws thrown when the corresponding Driver class of the given databa
SQLException: with the DriverManager.

4) public static Connection is used to establish the connection with the specified url, userna
getConnection(String url,String The SQLException is thrown when the corresponding Driver
userName,String password) throws database is not registered with the DriverManager.
SQLException:

5) public static Driver getDriver(String Those drivers that understand the mentioned URL (present in th
url) method) are returned by this method provided those drivers are
list of registered drivers.

6) pubic static int getLoginTimeout() The duration of time a driver is allowed to wait in order to esta
with the database is returned by this method.

7) pubic static void setLoginTimeout(int The method provides the time in seconds. sec mentioned in th
sec) maximum time that a driver is allowed to wait in order to esta
with the database. If 0 is passed in the parameter of this meth
have to wait infinitely while trying to establish the connection w

8) public static Connection A connection object is returned by this method after creating a
getConnection(String URL, Properties database present at the mentioned URL, which is the first parame
prop) throws SQLException The second parameter, which is "prop", fetches the authentica
database (username and password.). Similar to the other
getConnection() method, this method also throws the SQLEx
 corresponding Driver class of the given database is not re
DriverManager.

Connection interface
A Connection is a session between a Java application and a database. It helps to establish
a connection with the database.

The Connection interface is a factory of Statement, PreparedStatement, and

DatabaseMetaData, i.e., an object of Connection can be used to get the object of
Statement and DatabaseMetaData. The Connection interface provide many methods for
transaction management like commit(), rollback(), setAutoCommit(),
setTransactionIsolation(), etc.

By default, connection commits the changes after executing queries.

Commonly used methods of Connection interface:

1) public Statement createStatement(): creates a statement object that can be used to
execute SQL queries.

2) public Statement createStatement(int resultSetType,int

resultSetConcurrency): Creates a Statement object that will generate ResultSet objects
with the given type and concurrency.

3) public void setAutoCommit(boolean status): is used to set the commit status. By

default, it is true.

4) public void commit(): saves the changes made since the previous commit/rollback is
permanent.

5) public void rollback(): Drops all changes made since the previous commit/rollback.

6) public void close(): closes the connection and Releases a JDBC resources immediately.
Connection Interface Fields
There are some common Connection interface constant fields that are present in the
Connect interface. These fields specify the isolation level of a transaction.

TRANSACTION_NONE: No transaction is supported, and it is indicated by this constant.

TRANSACTION_READ_COMMITTED: It is a constant which shows that the dirty reads

are not allowed. However, phantom reads and non-repeatable reads can occur.

TRANSACTION_READ_UNCOMMITTED: It is a constant which shows that dirty reads,

non-repeatable reads, and phantom reads can occur.

TRANSACTION_REPEATABLE_READ: It is a constant which shows that the non-

repeatable reads and dirty reads are not allowed. However, phantom reads and can occur.

TRANSACTION_SERIALIZABLE: It is a constant which shows that the non-repeatable

reads, dirty reads as well as the phantom reads are not allowed.

Statement interface
The Statement interface provides methods to execute queries with the database. The
statement interface is a factory of ResultSet i.e. it provides factory method to get the
object of ResultSet.

Commonly used methods of Statement interface:

The important methods of Statement interface are as follows:

1) public ResultSet executeQuery(String sql): is used to execute SELECT query. It returns the object
2) public int executeUpdate(String sql): is used to execute specified query, it may be create, drop, inse
etc.
3) public boolean execute(String sql): is used to execute queries that may return multiple results.
4) public int[] executeBatch(): is used to execute batch of commands.

Example of Statement interface

Let’s see the simple example of Statement interface to insert, update and delete the
record.

1. import java.sql.*;
2. class FetchRecord{
3. public static void main(String args[])throws Exception{
4. Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");
5. Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521
:xe","system","oracle");
6. Statement stmt=con.createStatement();
7.
8. //stmt.executeUpdate("insert into emp765 values(33,'Irfan',50000)");
9. //int result=stmt.executeUpdate("update emp765 set name='Vimal',salary=10000
where id=33");
10. int result=stmt.executeUpdate("delete from emp765 where id=33");
11. System.out.println(result+" records affected");
12. con.close();
13. }}

ResultSet interface
The object of ResultSet maintains a cursor pointing to a row of a table. Initially, cursor
points to before the first row.

By default, ResultSet object can be moved forward only and it is not updatable.

But we can make this object to move forward and backward direction by passing either
TYPE_SCROLL_INSENSITIVE or TYPE_SCROLL_SENSITIVE in createStatement(int,int)
method as well as we can make this object as updatable by:

1. Statement stmt = con.createStatement(ResultSet.TYPE_SCROLL_INSENSITIVE,

2. ResultSet.CONCUR_UPDATABLE);

Commonly used methods of ResultSet interface

 1) public boolean next(): is used to move the cursor to the one row next from the current

2) public boolean previous(): is used to move the cursor to the one row previous from the curr

3) public boolean first(): is used to move the cursor to the first row in result set object.

4) public boolean last(): is used to move the cursor to the last row in result set object.

5) public boolean absolute(int row): is used to move the cursor to the specified row number in the Re

6) public boolean relative(int row): is used to move the cursor to the relative row number in the Resu
be positive or negative.

7) public int getInt(int columnIndex): is used to return the data of specified column index of the curren

8) public int getInt(String columnName): is used to return the data of specified column name of the curren

9) public String getString(int is used to return the data of specified column index of the curren
columnIndex):

10) public String getString(String is used to return the data of specified column name of the curren
columnName):

Example of Scrollable ResultSet

Let’s see the simple example of ResultSet interface to retrieve the data of 3rd row.

1. import java.sql.*;
2. class FetchRecord{
3. public static void main(String args[])throws Exception{
4.
5. Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");
6. Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe","sy
stem","oracle");
 7. Statement stmt=con.createStatement(ResultSet.TYPE_SCROLL_SENSITIVE,ResultSe
t.CONCUR_UPDATABLE);
8. ResultSet rs=stmt.executeQuery("select * from emp765");
9.
10. //getting the record of 3rd row
11. rs.absolute(3);
12. System.out.println(rs.getString(1)+" "+rs.getString(2)+" "+rs.getString(3));
13.
14. con.close();
15. }}

PreparedStatement interface
The PreparedStatement interface is a subinterface of Statement. It is used to execute
parameterized query.

Let's see the example of parameterized query:

1. String sql="insert into emp values(?,?,?)";

As you can see, we are passing parameter (?) for the values. Its value will be set by calling
the setter methods of PreparedStatement.

Why use PreparedStatement?

Improves performance: The performance of the application will be faster if you use
PreparedStatement interface because query is compiled only once.rward Skip 10s

How to get the instance of PreparedStatement?

The prepareStatement() method of Connection interface is used to return the object of

PreparedStatement. Syntax:

1. public PreparedStatement prepareStatement(String query)throws SQLException{

}
Methods of PreparedStatement interface
The important methods of PreparedStatement interface are given below:

Method Description

public void setInt(int paramIndex, int value) sets the integer value to the given parameter index.

public void setString(int paramIndex, String value) sets the String value to the given parameter index.

public void setFloat(int paramIndex, float value) sets the float value to the given parameter index.

public void setDouble(int paramIndex, double value) sets the double value to the given parameter index.

public int executeUpdate() executes the query. It is used for create, drop, insert, up

public ResultSet executeQuery() executes the select query. It returns an instance of Resu

Example of PreparedStatement interface that inserts the record

First of all create table as given below:

1. create table emp(id number(10),name varchar2(50));

Now insert records in this table by the code given below:

1. import java.sql.*;
2. class InsertPrepared{
3. public static void main(String args[]){
4. try{
5. Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");
6.
7. Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521
:xe","system","oracle");
 8.
9. PreparedStatement stmt=con.prepareStatement("insert into Emp values(?,?)");
10. stmt.setInt(1,101);//1 specifies the first parameter in the query
11. stmt.setString(2,"Ratan");
12.
13. int i=stmt.executeUpdate();
14. System.out.println(i+" records inserted");
15.
16. con.close();
17.
18. }catch(Exception e){ System.out.println(e);}
19.
20. }
21. }

Example of PreparedStatement interface that updates the record

1. PreparedStatement stmt=con.prepareStatement("update emp set name=? where

id=?");
2. stmt.setString(1,"Sonoo");//1 specifies the first parameter in the query i.e. name
3. stmt.setInt(2,101);
4.
5. int i=stmt.executeUpdate();
6. System.out.println(i+" records updated");

Example of PreparedStatement interface that deletes the record

1. PreparedStatement stmt=con.prepareStatement("delete from emp where id=?");

2. stmt.setInt(1,101);
3.
4. int i=stmt.executeUpdate();
5. System.out.println(i+" records deleted");
Example of PreparedStatement interface that retrieve the records
of a table

1. PreparedStatement stmt=con.prepareStatement("select * from emp");

2. ResultSet rs=stmt.executeQuery();
3. while(rs.next()){
4. System.out.println(rs.getInt(1)+" "+rs.getString(2));
5. }

Example of PreparedStatement to insert records until user press n

1. import java.sql.*;
2. import java.io.*;
3. class RS{
4. public static void main(String args[])throws Exception{
5. Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");
6. Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe","sy
stem","oracle");
7.
8. PreparedStatement ps=con.prepareStatement("insert into emp130 values(?,?,?)");
9.
10. BufferedReader br=new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
11.
12. do{
13. System.out.println("enter id:");
14. int id=Integer.parseInt(br.readLine());
15. System.out.println("enter name:");
16. String name=br.readLine();
17. System.out.println("enter salary:");
18. float salary=Float.parseFloat(br.readLine());
19.
20. ps.setInt(1,id);
21. ps.setString(2,name);
 22. ps.setFloat(3,salary);
23. int i=ps.executeUpdate();
24. System.out.println(i+" records affected");
25.
26. System.out.println("Do you want to continue: y/n");
27. String s=br.readLine();
28. if(s.startsWith("n")){
29. break;
30. }
31. }while(true);
32.
33. con.close();
34. }}

Java ResultSetMetaData Interface

The metadata means data about data i.e. we can get further information from the data.

If you have to get metadata of a table like total number of column, column name, column
type etc. , ResultSetMetaData interface is useful because it provides methods to get
metadata from the ResultSet object.

Commonly used methods of ResultSetMetaData interface

Method Description

public int getColumnCount()throws SQLException it returns the total number of columns in th

public String getColumnName(int index)throws SQLException it returns the column name of the specified

public String getColumnTypeName(int index)throws it returns the column type name for the sp
SQLException

public String getTableName(int index)throws SQLException it returns the table name for the specified c
How to get the object of ResultSetMetaData:
The getMetaData() method of ResultSet interface returns the object of ResultSetMetaData. Syntax:

1. public ResultSetMetaData getMetaData()throws SQLException

Example of ResultSetMetaData interface :

1. import java.sql.*;
2. class Rsmd{
3. public static void main(String args[]){
4. try{
5. Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");
6. Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection(
7. "jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe","system","oracle");
8.
9. PreparedStatement ps=con.prepareStatement("select * from emp");
10. ResultSet rs=ps.executeQuery();
11. ResultSetMetaData rsmd=rs.getMetaData();
12.
13. System.out.println("Total columns: "+rsmd.getColumnCount());
14. System.out.println("Column Name of 1st column: "+rsmd.getColumnName(1));
15. System.out.println("Column Type Name of 1st column: "+rsmd.getColumnTypeNa
me(1));
16.
17. con.close();
18. }catch(Exception e){ System.out.println(e);}
19. }
20. }
Output:Total columns: 2
Column Name of 1st column: ID
Column Type Name of 1st column: NUMBER

Java DatabaseMetaData interface

DatabaseMetaData interface provides methods to get meta data of a database such as
database product name, database product version, driver name, name of total number of
tables, name of total number of views etc.

Commonly used methods of DatabaseMetaData

interface
o public String getDriverName()throws SQLException: it returns the name of the JDBC
driver.
o public String getDriverVersion()throws SQLException: it returns the version number of
the JDBC driver.
o public String getUserName()throws SQLException: it returns the username of the
database.
o public String getDatabaseProductName()throws SQLException: it returns the product
name of the database.
o public String getDatabaseProductVersion()throws SQLException: it returns the
product version of the database.
o public ResultSet getTables(String catalog, String schemaPattern, String
tableNamePattern, String[] types)throws SQLException: it returns the description of
the tables of the specified catalog. The table type can be TABLE, VIEW, ALIAS, SYSTEM
TABLE, SYNONYM etc.

How to get the object of DatabaseMetaData:

The getMetaData() method of Connection interface returns the object of
DatabaseMetaData. Syntax:

1. public DatabaseMetaData getMetaData()throws SQLException

Simple Example of DatabaseMetaData interface :

1. import java.sql.*;
2. class Dbmd{
3. public static void main(String args[]){
4. try{
 5. Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");
6.
7. Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection(
8. "jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe","system","oracle");
9. DatabaseMetaData dbmd=con.getMetaData();
10.
11. System.out.println("Driver Name: "+dbmd.getDriverName());
12. System.out.println("Driver Version: "+dbmd.getDriverVersion());
13. System.out.println("UserName: "+dbmd.getUserName());
14. System.out.println("Database Product Name: "+dbmd.getDatabaseProductName());
15. System.out.println("Database Product Version: "+dbmd.getDatabaseProductVersi
on());
16.
17. con.close();
18. }catch(Exception e){ System.out.println(e);}
19. }
20. }
Output:Driver Name: Oracle JDBC Driver
Driver Version: 10.2.0.1.0XE
Database Product Name: Oracle
Database Product Version: Oracle Database 10g Express Edition
Release 10.2.0.1.0 -Production

Example of DatabaseMetaData interface that prints total number of

tables :

1. import java.sql.*;
2. class Dbmd2{
3. public static void main(String args[]){
4. try{
5. Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");
6.
7. Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection(
8. "jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe","system","oracle");
9.
 10. DatabaseMetaData dbmd=con.getMetaData();
11. String table[]={"TABLE"};
12. ResultSet rs=dbmd.getTables(null,null,null,table);
13.
14. while(rs.next()){
15. System.out.println(rs.getString(3));
16. }
17.
18. con.close();
19.
20. }catch(Exception e){ System.out.println(e);}
21.
22. }
23. }

Example of DatabaseMetaData interface that prints total number of

views :

1. import java.sql.*;
2. class Dbmd3{
3. public static void main(String args[]){
4. try{
5. Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");
6.
7. Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection(
8. "jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe","system","oracle");
9.
10. DatabaseMetaData dbmd=con.getMetaData();
11. String table[]={"VIEW"};
12. ResultSet rs=dbmd.getTables(null,null,null,table);
13.
14. while(rs.next()){
15. System.out.println(rs.getString(3));
 16. }
17.
18. con.close();
19.
20. }catch(Exception e){ System.out.println(e);}
21.
22. }
23. }

Example to store image in Oracle database

You can store images in the database in java by the help of PreparedStatement interface.

The setBinaryStream() method of PreparedStatement is used to set Binary information

into the parameterIndex.

Signature of setBinaryStream method

The syntax of setBinaryStream() method is given below:

1. 1) public void setBinaryStream(int paramIndex,InputStream stream)

2. throws SQLException
3. 2) public void setBinaryStream(int paramIndex,InputStream stream,long length)

4. throws SQLException

For storing image into the database, BLOB (Binary Large Object) datatype is used in the
table. For example:oForward Skip 10s

1. CREATE TABLE "IMGTABLE"

2. ( "NAME" VARCHAR2(4000),
3. "PHOTO" BLOB
4. )
5. /
Let's write the jdbc code to store the image in the database. Here we are using d:\\d.jpg
for the location of image. You can change it according to the image location.

Java Example to store image in the database

1. import java.sql.*;
2. import java.io.*;
3. public class InsertImage {
4. public static void main(String[] args) {
5. try{
6. Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");
7. Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection(
8. "jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe","system","oracle");
9.
10. PreparedStatement ps=con.prepareStatement("insert into imgtable values(?,?)");
11. ps.setString(1,"sonoo");
12.
13. FileInputStream fin=new FileInputStream("d:\\g.jpg");
14. ps.setBinaryStream(2,fin,fin.available());
15. int i=ps.executeUpdate();
16. System.out.println(i+" records affected");
17.
18. con.close();
19. }catch (Exception e) {e.printStackTrace();}
20. }
21. }

Example to retrieve image from Oracle database

By the help of PreparedStatement we can retrieve and store the image in the database.

The getBlob() method of PreparedStatement is used to get Binary information, it returns

the instance of Blob. After calling the getBytes() method on the blob object, we can get
the array of binary information that can be written into the image file.

Signature of getBlob() method of PreparedStatement

 1. public Blob getBlob()throws SQLException

Signature of getBytes() method of Blob interface

1. public byte[] getBytes(long pos, int length)throws SQLException

We are assuming that image is stored in the imgtable.

1. CREATE TABLE "IMGTABLE"

2. ( "NAME" VARCHAR2(4000),
3. "PHOTO" BLOB
4. )
5. /

Now let's write the code to retrieve the image from the database and write it into the
directory so that it can be displayed.

In AWT, it can be displayed by the Toolkit class. In servlet, jsp, or html it can be displayed
by the img tag.

1. import java.sql.*;
2. import java.io.*;
3. public class RetrieveImage {
4. public static void main(String[] args) {
5. try{
6. Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");
7. Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection(
8. "jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe","system","oracle");
9.
10. PreparedStatement ps=con.prepareStatement("select * from imgtable");
11. ResultSet rs=ps.executeQuery();
12. if(rs.next()){//now on 1st row
13.
14. Blob b=rs.getBlob(2);//2 means 2nd column data
15. byte barr[]=b.getBytes(1,(int)b.length());//1 means first image
16.
17. FileOutputStream fout=new FileOutputStream("d:\\sonoo.jpg");
 18. fout.write(barr);
19.
20. fout.close();
21. }//end of if
22. System.out.println("ok");
23.
24. con.close();
25. }catch (Exception e) {e.printStackTrace(); }
26. }
27. }

Example to store file in Oracle database:

The setCharacterStream() method of PreparedStatement is used to set character
information into the parameterIndex.

Syntax:

1) public void setBinaryStream(int paramIndex,InputStream stream)throws SQLException

2) public void setBinaryStream(int paramIndex,InputStream stream,long length)throws SQLException

For storing file into the database, CLOB (Character Large Object) datatype is used in the
table. For example:

1. CREATE TABLE "FILETABLE"

2. ( "ID" NUMBER,
3. "NAME" CLOB
4. )
5. /
Java Example to store file in database
1. import java.io.*;
2. import java.sql.*;
 3.
4. public class StoreFile {
5. public static void main(String[] args) {
6. try{
7. Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");
8. Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection(
9. "jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe","system","oracle");
10.
11. PreparedStatement ps=con.prepareStatement(
12. "insert into filetable values(?,?)");
13.
14. File f=new File("d:\\myfile.txt");
15. FileReader fr=new FileReader(f);
16.
17. ps.setInt(1,101);
18. ps.setCharacterStream(2,fr,(int)f.length());
19. int i=ps.executeUpdate();
20. System.out.println(i+" records affected");
21.
22. con.close();
23.
24. }catch (Exception e) {e.printStackTrace();}
25. }
26. }

Example to retrieve file from Oracle database:

The getClob() method of PreparedStatement is used to get file information from the
database.

Syntax of getClob method

1. public Clob getClob(int columnIndex){}

Let's see the table structure of this example to retrieve the file.

1. CREATE TABLE "FILETABLE"

2. ( "ID" NUMBER,
3. "NAME" CLOB
4. )
5. /

The example to retrieve the file from the Oracle database is given below.

1. import java.io.*;
2. import java.sql.*;
3.
4. public class RetrieveFile {
5. public static void main(String[] args) {
6. try{
7. Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");
8. Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection(
9. "jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe","system","oracle");
10.
11. PreparedStatement ps=con.prepareStatement("select * from filetable");
12. ResultSet rs=ps.executeQuery();
13. rs.next();//now on 1st row
14.
15. Clob c=rs.getClob(2);
16. Reader r=c.getCharacterStream();
17.
18. FileWriter fw=new FileWriter("d:\\retrivefile.txt");
19.
20. int i;
21. while((i=r.read())!=-1)
22. fw.write((char)i);
23.
24. fw.close();
25. con.close();
 26.
27. System.out.println("success");
28. }catch (Exception e) {e.printStackTrace(); }
29. }
30. }

Java CallableStatement Interface

CallableStatement interface is used to call the stored procedures and functions.

We can have business logic on the database by the use of stored procedures and
functions that will make the performance better because these are precompiled.

Suppose you need the get the age of the employee based on the date of birth, you may
create a function that receives date as the input and returns age of the employee as the
output.

What is the difference between stored procedures and functions.

The differences between stored procedures and functions are given below:

PlayNext
Unmute

Current Time 0:00

Duration 18:10
Loaded: 0.37%
Â
Fullscreen
Backward Skip 10sPlay VideoForward Skip 10s

Stored Procedure Function

 is used to perform business logic. is used to perform calculation.

must not have the return type. must have the return type.

may return 0 or more values. may return only one values.

We can call functions from the procedure. Procedure cannot be called from function

Procedure supports input and output parameters. Function supports only input parameter.

Exception handling using try/catch block can be used in Exception handling using try/catch can't
stored procedures. defined functions.

How to get the instance of CallableStatement?

The prepareCall() method of Connection interface returns the instance of
CallableStatement. Syntax is given below:

1. public CallableStatement prepareCall("{ call procedurename(?,?...?)}");

The example to get the instance of CallableStatement is given below:

1. CallableStatement stmt=con.prepareCall("{call myprocedure(?,?)}");

It calls the procedure myprocedure that receives 2 arguments.

Full example to call the stored procedure using JDBC

To call the stored procedure, you need to create it in the database. Here, we are assuming
that stored procedure looks like this.

1. create or replace procedure "INSERTR"

2. (id IN NUMBER,
3. name IN VARCHAR2)
4. is
5. begin
6. insert into user420 values(id,name);
 7. end;
8. /

The table structure is given below:

1. create table user420(id number(10), name varchar2(200));

In this example, we are going to call the stored procedure INSERTR that receives id and
name as the parameter and inserts it into the table user420. Note that you need to create
the user420 table as well to run this application.

1. import java.sql.*;
2. public class Proc {
3. public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception{
4.
5. Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");
6. Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection(
7. "jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe","system","oracle");
8.
9. CallableStatement stmt=con.prepareCall("{call insertR(?,?)}");
10. stmt.setInt(1,1011);
11. stmt.setString(2,"Amit");
12. stmt.execute();
13.
14. System.out.println("success");
15. }
16. }

Now check the table in the database, value is inserted in the user420 table.

Example to call the function using JDBC

In this example, we are calling the sum4 function that receives two input and returns the
sum of the given number. Here, we have used the registerOutParameter method of
CallableStatement interface, that registers the output parameter with its corresponding
type. It provides information to the CallableStatement about the type of result being
displayed.

The Types class defines many constants such as INTEGER, VARCHAR, FLOAT, DOUBLE,
BLOB, CLOB etc.

Let's create the simple function in the database first.

1. create or replace function sum4

2. (n1 in number,n2 in number)
3. return number
4. is
5. temp number(8);
6. begin
7. temp :=n1+n2;
8. return temp;
9. end;
10. /

Now, let's write the simple program to call the function.

1. import java.sql.*;
2.
3. public class FuncSum {
4. public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception{
5.
6. Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");
7. Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection(
8. "jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe","system","oracle");
9.
10. CallableStatement stmt=con.prepareCall("{?= call sum4(?,?)}");
11. stmt.setInt(2,10);
12. stmt.setInt(3,43);
13. stmt.registerOutParameter(1,Types.INTEGER);
14. stmt.execute();
15.
 16. System.out.println(stmt.getInt(1));
17.
18. }
19. }
Output: 53

Transaction Management in JDBC

Transaction represents a single unit of work.

The ACID properties describes the transaction management well. ACID stands for
Atomicity, Consistency, isolation and durability.

Atomicity means either all successful or none.

Consistency ensures bringing the database from one consistent state to another
consistent state.

Isolation ensures that transaction is isolated from other transaction.

Durability means once a transaction has been committed, it will remain so, even in the
event of errors, power loss etc.

Advantage of Transaction Mangaement

fast performance It makes the performance fast because database is hit at the time of
commit.
In JDBC, Connection interface provides methods to manage transaction.

Method Description

void setAutoCommit(boolean status) It is true bydefault means each transaction is committed bydefa

void commit() commits the transaction.

void rollback() cancels the transaction.

Simple example of transaction management in jdbc using

Statement
Let's see the simple example of transaction management using Statement.

1. import java.sql.*;
2. class FetchRecords{
3. public static void main(String args[])throws Exception{
4. Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");
5. Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521
:xe","system","oracle");
 6. con.setAutoCommit(false);
7.
8. Statement stmt=con.createStatement();
9. stmt.executeUpdate("insert into user420 values(190,'abhi',40000)");
10. stmt.executeUpdate("insert into user420 values(191,'umesh',50000)");
11.
12. con.commit();
13. con.close();
14. }}

If you see the table emp400, you will see that 2 records has been added.

Example of transaction management in jdbc using

PreparedStatement
Let's see the simple example of transaction management using PreparedStatement.

1. import java.sql.*;
2. import java.io.*;
3. class TM{
4. public static void main(String args[]){
5. try{
6.
7. Class.forName("oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver");
8. Connection con=DriverManager.getConnection("jdbc:oracle:thin:@localhost:1521:xe","sy
stem","oracle");
9. con.setAutoCommit(false);
10.
11. PreparedStatement ps=con.prepareStatement("insert into user420 values(?,?,?)");

12.
13. BufferedReader br=new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(System.in));
14. while(true){
15.
16. System.out.println("enter id");
17. String s1=br.readLine();
18. int id=Integer.parseInt(s1);
19.
20. System.out.println("enter name");
21. String name=br.readLine();
22.
23. System.out.println("enter salary");
24. String s3=br.readLine();
25. int salary=Integer.parseInt(s3);
26.
27. ps.setInt(1,id);
28. ps.setString(2,name);
29. ps.setInt(3,salary);
30. ps.executeUpdate();
31.
32. System.out.println("commit/rollback");
33. String answer=br.readLine();
34. if(answer.equals("commit")){
35. con.commit();
36. }
37. if(answer.equals("rollback")){
38. con.rollback();
39. }
40.
41.
42. System.out.println("Want to add more records y/n");
43. String ans=br.readLine();
44. if(ans.equals("n")){
45. break;
46. }
47.
48. }
49. con.commit();
50. System.out.println("record successfully saved");
51.
52. con.close();//before closing connection commit() is called
53. }catch(Exception e){System.out.println(e);}
54.
55. }}