Document 17

CHAPTER 4
CELL DIVISION &

PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
MS. ZAIDATUL SHAKILA MOHAMAD ASHARI, UITM TAPAH

LESSON LEARNING OUTCOMES
1 INTRODUCTION TO CELL DIVISION
2 PHASES OF THE CELL CYCLE
3 MITOSIS
4 MEIOSIS
5 DNA REPLICATION
Overview of DNA Replication
1. Identify the molecular structure of DNA.
2. Differentiate the model related to the DNA

replication.
Conservative
Semiconservative
Dispersive
3. Describe the process involved in DNA replication

Leading strand
Lagging strand
Process of copying a double-
stranded DNA strand
TERMS in DNA Replication 2 Mechanisms in DNA Replication
DNA replication fork 1) Continuous synthesis – DNA replication
Y shaped region where the parental
is progressing in the same direction as the
strands of DNA are being unwound. replication fork, forming the leading strand.
Origin of replication
Specific site that indicate the initiation of 3’
DNA replication. 5’
Leading
5’
strand
Leading strand 3’
5’ Lagging
The continuously synthesized strand. 3’ strand
Direction of replication fork 3’
Lagging strand 5’
The discontinuously synthesized strand
with Okazaki fragments.
2) Discontinuous synthesis – DNA
Okazaki fragment replication on this strand can only occur in
The short pieces of strand that segments away from the replication fork
discontinuously synthesized on the and forming Okazaki fragments (lagging
lagging strand. strand).
Enzymes Involved in DNA Replication
Enzyme Roles
DNA Helicase Untwist the DNA double helix at the replication fork.
Topoisomerase/ Relieves over winding strain ahead of replication fork.

DNA Gyrase
Primase Synthesize RNA primer and add RNA primer to the
strand.
Primer The initial short RNA sequences that need to begin
replication.
DNA polymerase III • Add DNA nucleotide to the RNA primer and
synthesized new DNA strand.
• Add nucleotides only to the free 3’ end of a RNA
primer or growing DNA strand.
DNA polymerase I Erase RNA primer and fills gaps with DNA nucleotide.
DNA ligase Joins DNA fragments or Okazaki fragments.
Single-strand Bind to the unpaired DNA strands, stabilizing single-

binding protein stranded region.
Overview Process during DNA Replication
3. DNA Polymerase III adds the nucleotides
5. Ligase joins the

1. Helicase Okazaki fragments
unwinds
the DNA
2. Primase
creates Primer
4. DNA Polymerase I remove Primer
Process during DNA Replication Step 1: Initiation
• DNA replication begins at a site

call origin of replication, where
the two DNA strands are
separated, opening up a
replication “bubble”.
• A eukaryotic chromosome may
have hundreds or even thousands
of origins of replication.
• Replication proceeds in both
directions from each origin, until
the entire molecule is copied.
Process during DNA Replication Step 1: Initiation
• At the end of each replication bubble is

the replication fork, a Y-shaped region Replication fork
where new DNA strands are elongating.
• Helicase is the enzyme that untwist the
double helix at the replication fork by
breaking the hydrogen bonds between
complementary bases.
• Single-strand binding proteins bind and
stabilize single-stranded DNA (used to
hold the separated DNA strands in
place).
• Topoisomerase corrects “overwinding”
ahead of replication forks by breaking,
swiveling, and rejoining DNA strands.
Process during DNA Replication Step 2: Elongation
• Primase enzyme begins to synthesize the LEADING STRANDS

RNA primer to the template strands.
• Primer binds to the starting site of
replication. DNA polymerase III then adds
nucleotide to the free 3’ end of the RNA
primer and continues adding the
nucleotides one by one to the growing
new DNA strand according to the base-
pair rules.
• DNA polymerase III elongates new strand
only in the 5’ to 3’ direction.
• The leading strand can elongate
continuously 5’ to 3’ towards replication
fork.
Process during DNA Replication Step 2: Elongation
• The other strand called the lagging strand LAGGING STRANDS
synthesized discontinuously and the new
strand moves away from the replication
fork.
• Another segment of the lagging strand
can be made in similar way, another RNA
primer need to be added in each segment
of lagging strand.
• These segments of the lagging strands are
called Okazaki fragments.
• All the primers are removed by DNA
polymerase I. DNA polymerase I replace
the primers with complementary DNA
nucleotides.
• DNA ligases enzymes joins the Okazaki
fragments
Process during DNA Replication Step 3: Termination – Proof read sequence
• Make sure that nucleotides are paired up
correctly.
• DNA polymerase double-check the sequence
of the new strand to make sure the
nucleotides are paired correctly.
• DNA can be damaged by exposure to harmful
chemical or physical agents such as cigarette
smoke and X-rays; it can also undergo
spontaneous changes.
• Any mismatched detected will be repaired.
Nuclease enzymes cuts the damaged DNA
strand at 2 points & damaged section is
removed.
• DNA polymerase I repair by filling in the
missing nucleotides.
• DNA ligases seals the free end of the new
DNA to old DNA, making the strand
complete.
References
• Campbell, N. A., Reece, J. B., Urry, L. A., Cain, M. L.,

Wasserman, S. A., Minorsky, P. V. & Jackson, R. B.
(2015). Biology A Global Approach. Boston, England: Benjamin
Cummings / Pearson.
• Solomon, E. P., Berg, L. R., & Martin, D. W. (2011). Biology.

Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning.
• Raven, P. H., Johnson, G. B., Ghani, M. A., Abdul Majid, S.,

Mohamed, Z., Zakaria, F. & Hoon, T. S. (2004). Biology for
Matriculation. Malaysia: McGraw-Hill (Malaysia).
To be continued…
Thank you

Document 17

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Document 17

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Document 17

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CHAPTER 4

CELL DIVISION &

MS. ZAIDATUL SHAKILA MOHAMAD ASHARI, UITM TAPAH

2 PHASES OF THE CELL CYCLE

2. Differentiate the model related to the DNA

3. Describe the process involved in DNA replication

Topoisomerase/ Relieves over winding strain ahead of replication fork.

Single-strand Bind to the unpaired DNA strands, stabilizing single-

3. DNA Polymerase III adds the nucleotides

5. Ligase joins the

• DNA replication begins at a site

• At the end of each replication bubble is

• Primase enzyme begins to synthesize the LEADING STRANDS

• Campbell, N. A., Reece, J. B., Urry, L. A., Cain, M. L.,

• Solomon, E. P., Berg, L. R., & Martin, D. W. (2011). Biology.

• Raven, P. H., Johnson, G. B., Ghani, M. A., Abdul Majid, S.,

You might also like