PAPER - V (Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk)

jktdks"kh; uhfr

JPSC Eco 09

æ jktdks"kh; uhfr ls rkRi;Z vFkZO;oLFkk dks çHkkfor djus ds æ jktdks"kh; uhfr dkiQh gn rd fczfV'k vFkZ'kkL=kh tkWu
fy, ljdkjh •pZ] djk/ku vkSj lkoZtfud ½.k ds mi;ksx esukMZ dhUl ds fopkjksa ij vk/kfjr gSA
ls gSA æ dhUl us rdZ fn;k fd ljdkjsa O;kikj pØ dks fLFkj dj
æ jktdks"kh; 'kCn 'Fisk' 'kCn ls fy;k x;k gS ftldk vFkZ ldrh gSa vkSj cktkjksa dks vdsys vius vf/dkj esa j•us
gS lkoZtfud •tkuk ;k ljdkjh /uA ds ctk; vkfFkZd mRiknu dks fu;af=kr dj ldrh gSaA
æ jktdks"kh; uhfr ,d egRoiw.kZ midj.k gS ftldk mi;ksx æ mUgksaus rdZ fn;k fd vkfFkZd eanh dqy ekax miHkksÙkQk •pZ
fdlh jk"Vª dh ljdkj vFkZO;oLFkk dks çcaf/r djus] vkSj O;kolkf;d fuos'k esa deh ds dkj.k gSA
vkfFkZd mrkj&p<+ko dks fLFkj djus vkSj vkfFkZd fodkl æ dhUl dk ekuuk Fkk fd ljdkjsa futh {ks=k dh deh dks iwjk
dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, djrh gSA djus ds fy, •pZ vkSj dj uhfr;ksa dks lek;ksftr djds
æ jktdks"kh; uhfr csjkstxkjh] eqækLiQhfr vkSj vkfFkZd fodkl O;kikj pØ dks fLFkj dj ldrh gSa vkSj vkfFkZd mRiknu
tSls eqíksa dks lacksf/r djus ds fy, fMtkbu dh xbZ gSA dks fu;af=kr dj ldrh gSaA
æ ljdkj dh vk; vkSj O;; ls lacaf/r lHkh phtsa blds æ muds fl¼karksa dks egkeanh ds tokc esa fodflr fd;k x;k
varxZr vkrh gSaA Fkk] ftlus 'kkL=kh; vFkZ'kkL=k dh /kj.kkvksa dks •kfjt dj
fn;k Fkk fd vkfFkZd mrkj&p<+ko Lo;a&lgh FksA dhUl ds
jktdks"kh; uhfr %
fopkj vR;f/d çHkko'kkyh Fks vkSj mUgksaus vesfjdk esa U;w
æ vFkZO;oLFkk ds lcls egRoiw.kZ igyqvksa dks jktdks"kh; uhfr
Mhy dk usr`Ro fd;k] ftlesa lkoZtfud dk;Z ifj;kstukvksa
mik;ksa ds ekè;e ls lacksf/r fd;k tkrk gS] tks ctV ls
vkSj lkekftd dY;k.k dk;ZØeksa ij cM+s iSekus ij •pZ
ysdj djk/ku rd gksrs gSaA

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 'kkfey FkkA gSA
æ Hkkjr esa jktdks"kh; uhfr ds rhu ?kVd bl çdkj gSaA 4. ;g dherksa esa fLFkjrk lqfuf'pr djrk gS% ljdkj
lkoZtfud ½.k] ljdkjh O;; vkSj ljdkjh jktLoA foÙk vko';d oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dh vkiwfrZ dks
ea=kky; uhfr vk;ksx ds lg;ksx ls jktdks"kh; uhfr cukrk fofu;fer djds mudh dherksa esa fLFkjrk lqfuf'pr
gSA djrh gSA blfy,] ;g jk'ku vkSj mfpr ewY; dh
æ bu O;kid vkfFkZd y{;ksa dks çkIr djus ds fy, ekSfæd nqdkuksa ij O;; djrk gS tks •k|kUu dk i;kZIr LVkWd
uhfr ds lkFk jktdks"kh; uhfr dk vDlj ç;ksx fd;k tkrk j•rs gSaA ;g jlksbZ xSl] fctyh] ikuh vkSj ifjogu
gSA tSlh vko';d lsokvksa ij Hkh lfClMh nsrk gS vkSj
jktdks"kh; uhfr ds mís';% mudh dherksa dks vke vkneh ds fy, fdiQk;rh Lrj
ij cuk, j•rk gSA
æ jktdks"kh; uhfr dk vko';d mís'; ljdkjh •pZ vkSj
5. Hkqxrku larqyu ?kkVs dks Bhd djus ds fy,% fdlh
djk/ku ds lexz Lrj dks fofu;fer djds vkfFkZd fodkl
ns'k dk Hkqxrku larqyu •krk mldh çkfIr;ksa vkSj
vkSj fLFkjrk dks c<+kok nsuk gSA
fons'kh ns'kksa ds lkFk Hkqxrku dks fjdkWMZ djrk gSA tc
jktdks"kh; uhfr ds eq[; mís';ksa esa 'kkfey gSa%
fonsf'k;ksa dks Hkqxrku fonsf'k;ksa ds çkfIr;ksa ls vf/d
1. ;g vkfFkZd fodkl dks c<+kok nsrk gS% ljdkj bLikr]
gksrk gS] rks Hkqxrku larqyu •krs dks ?kkVs esa dgk
jlk;u] moZjd] e'khu VwYl bR;kfn tSls cqfu;knh
tkrk gSA vDlj ;g ?kkVk rc gksrk gS tc dksbZ ns'k
vkSj Hkkjh m|ksxksa dh LFkkiuk djds vkfFkZd fodkl
fu;kZr dh rqyuk esa vf/d vk;kr djrk gSA blds
dks c<+kok nsrh gSA ;g lM+dksa] ugjksa] jsyos] gokbZ iQyLo:i fons'kksa dks vk;kr ij fd;k x;k Hkqxrku
vîóksa] f'k{kk vkSj LokLF; lsokvksa] ikuh vkSj tSls fu;kZr dh çkfIr;ksa ls vf/d gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa]
cqfu;knh <kaps dk fuekZ.k Hkh djrh gSA fctyh vkiwfrZ] Hkqxrku larqyu •krs esa ?kkVs dks de djus ds fy,
nwjlapkj] vkfn tks vkfFkZd fodkl dks c<+kok nsrs gSaA ljdkj vk;kr ij dj c<+kdj mUgsa grksRlkfgr djrh
bl çdkj] Hkkjh m|ksxksa vkSj cqfu;knh <kaps nksuksa dks gS vkSj lfClMh vkSj vU; fu;kZr çksRlkgu c<+kdj
Hkkjh ek=kk esa fuos'k dh vko';drk gksrh gS ftlesa fu;kZr dks çksRlkfgr djrh gSA
vkerkSj ij futh {ks=k fuos'k ugha djrs gSA pw¡fd ;s 6. ;g çHkkoh ç'kklu çnku djrk gS% ljdkj çHkkoh
m|ksx vkSj cqfu;knh lqfo/k,¡ ns'k esa vkfFkZd fodkl ç'kklu çnku djus ds fy, iqfyl] j{kk] fo/kf;dk]
ds fy, vko';d gSa] blfy, budk fuekZ.k djus vkSj U;k;ikfydk vkfn ij O;; djrh gSA
fodflr djus dk Hkkj ljdkj ij iM+rk gSA
jktdks"kh; uhfr ds ?kVd %
2. ;g vk; vkSj /u dh vlekurkvksa dks de djrk gS%
æ fdlh vFkZO;oLFkk dh jktdks"kh; uhfr dbZ ?kVdksa dh enn
ljdkj vehjksa ij vf/d dj yxkdj vkSj xjhcksa ij
ls cukbZ tkrh gSA os ljdkjh çkfIr;k¡] ljdkjh O;; vkSj
vf/d •pZ djds vk; vkSj /u dh vlekurkvksa dks
Hkkjr ds lkoZtfud •krs gSaA
de djrh gSA blds vykok] ;g xjhcksa dks jkstxkj ds
1- ljdkjh çkfIr;k¡ %
volj çnku djrk gS tks mUgsa dekus esa enn djrk
æ ljdkjh çkfIr;ka ljdkj dh vk; dks lanfHkZr djrh gSa]
gSA
tks djksa] C;kt vkSj fuos'k] midj vkSj jk"Vª }kjk mRiUu
3. ;g jkstxkj ds volj çnku djrk gS% ljdkj }
jktLo ds vU; :iksa ds laxzg ds ekè;e ls çkIr gksrh gSaA
kjk fofHkUu rjhdksa ls ukSdjh ds volj c<+k, tkrs
;g ljdkj dks lHkh lzksrksa ls çkIr dqy /u dk çfrfuf/
gSa] (,d)] tc ljdkj lkoZtfud {ks=k ds m|e Ro djrk gSA
LFkkfir djrh gS rks ukSdfj;ka iSnk gksrh gSaA (nks)] ljdkjh çkfIr;k¡ nks çdkj dh gksrh gSa%
;g futh {ks=k dks lfClMh vkSj vU; çksRlkgu tSls æ jktLo çkfIr;ka% dksbZ Hkh ljdkjh Hkqxrku ftlls u rks
dj vodk'k] djksa dh de njsa vkfn çnku djrk gS nsunkfj;ka c<+rh gSa vkSj u gh laifÙk ?kVrh gS] mls jktLo
tks mRiknu vkSj jkstxkj dks çksRlkfgr djrs gSaA ;g çkfIr;k¡ dgk tkrk gSA djksa vkSj vU; lzksrksa ls çkIr jktLo
yksxksa }kjk jkstxkjksUeq• y?kq] dqVhj vkSj xzkeh.k m|ksxksa dks Hkh blls vyx fd;k tk ldrk gSA ljdkjh fuos'k ij
dh LFkkiuk dks Hkh çksRlkfgr djrk gSA ;g mUgsa dj vftZr C;kt vkSj ykHkka'k] lkFk gh midj vkSj dqN vU;
fj;k;rsa] lfClMh] vuqnku] de C;kt njksa ij ½.k çkfIr;ka] xSj&dj jktLo dk xBu djrh gSaA çR;{k dj vkSj
vkfn çnku djds djrk gSA var esa] ;g xjhcksa ds vçR;{k dj jktLo dh nks Jsf.k;ka gSaA
fy, jkstxkj iSnk djrk gS tc ;g lM+dksa] iqyksa] ugjksa] jktLo çkfIr esa 'kkfey gSa%
Hkouksa vkfn ds fuekZ.k tSls lkoZtfud dk;ZØe pykrk a. jktLo dj 1- çR;{k dj

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 2- vçR;{k dj vU; ljdkjh O;; dk vf/xzg.k gksxkA
b. xSj jktLo dj 1- 'kqYd iwathxr O;; & ;g ,d xSj&vkorhZ O;; gS
2- ykblsal vkSj ijfeV · ½.k dk iquZHkqxrku
3- tqekZuk vkSj ltk vkfn · lkoZtfud m|eksa vkfn dks ½.kA
æ iwathxr çkfIr;ka% lHkh ljdkjh Hkqxrku tks nsunkfj;ksa dks
3- Hkkjr ds lkoZtfud •krs (lkoZtfud ½.k)%
c<+krs gSa ;k foÙkh; ifjlaifÙk;ksa dks de djrs gSa] mUgsa
æ tc ljdkj fdlh ysunsu esa dsoy ,d cSadj ds :i esa
iwathxr çkfIr;ka ekuk tkrk gSA ljdkjksa }kjk /u dk mi;ksx
dk;Z dj jgh gksrh gS] rks Hkkjr dk lkoZtfud •krk mu
lqpk: :i ls pykus ds fy, fd;k tkrk gSA iwathxr
ysunsu ds çokg dks fjdkWMZ djrk gSA lafo/ku ds vuqPNsn
çkfIr;k¡ udnh çokg dks cuk, j[krk gSA ;fn ljdkj iSlk
266(2) ds vuqlkj bl dks"k xfBr dh xbZ FkhA ;g mu
m/kj ysrh gS rks bls ½.k çkfIr ds :i esa tkuk tkrk gS
ysunsu ds çokg ij fopkj djrk gS ftuesa ljdkj dsoy
D;ksafd iSlk mlh ljdkj dks pqdk;k tkuk pkfg, ftlls
,d cSadj ds :i esa dk;Z djrh gSA mnkgj.k ds fy,
;g m/kj fy;k FkkA xSj&½.k [kpsZa os Hkqxrku gSa ftuds
iquHkZqxrku dh vko';drk ugha gksrh gSA xSj&½.k çkfIr;k¡ ekewyh cpr] Hkfo"; fuf/ vkfnA ;g /u ljdkj dk ugha
ctV dk yxHkx 75» gksrh gSaA vke turk] dqN fons'kh gksrk bls ykSVk;k tkuk pkfg,A ifj.kkeLo:i] laln dks
ljdkjksa vkSj Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad }kjk fy, x, ½.k vf/ lkoZtfud •krs ls •pZ dks vf/Ñr djus dh vko';drk
dka'k iwathxr çkfIr;k¡ gksrs gSaA ugha gSA
æ jktdks"kh; uhfr fofu;eksa ds midj.k & ,sls dbZ midj.k
iwathxr çkfIr & 1- ½.k olwyh
2- fofuos'k gSa ftudk mi;ksx ljdkj viuh vFkZO;oLFkk ds fy,
3- m/kj vkSj vU; nsunkfj;k¡ i;kZIr jktdks"kh; uhfr lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, djrh gSA
2- ljdkjh O;; % ;s midj.k vkSj vk;ke gSa%
æ ;g ml /ujkf'k dks lanfHkZr djrk gS tks ljdkj vius 1- dj% vke turk vkSj laLFkk,a ljdkj dks dj nsus ds
çHkkoh vkSj b"Vre dkedkt ij •pZ djrh gSA bls nks fy, mÙkjnk;h gSaA dj ,d jktdks"kh; uhfr midj.k
Js.kh esa oxhZÑr fd;k tk ldrk gS vFkkZr~ jktLo O;; gSa D;ksafd os vFkZO;oLFkk esa cnyko dh vuqefr nsrs
vkSj iwathxr O;;A gSaA
2- ljdkjh •pZ% bldk vkfFkZd mRiknu ij vlj iM+
æ jktLo O;;% jktLo O;; vfuok;Z :i ls ifjpkyu O;;
ldrk gSA ljdkjh O;; dks ljdkj vafre miHkksx O;;
ds leku gh gksrs gSa D;ksafd os ljdkj dh fujarj ifjpkyu
ds :i esa oxhZÑr fd;k tk ldrk gS D;ksafd blesa
ykxr] j•j•ko ds fy, fu;fer ykxr vkSj jkT; ds
leqnk; ds ykHk ds fy, oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dk vf/
LokfeRo okyh laifÙk ij ejEer ds fy, vko';d 'kqYd
xzg.k 'kkfey gSA ljdkj •pZ ds ekè;e ls viuh
dks doj djrs gSaA vf/dka'k iwathxr O;;ksa ds foijhr] tks
foÙkh; çkFkfedrkvksa dks iqufuZnZsf'kr dj ldrh gSA
,deq'r ykxr gSa] os pkyw O;; gSaA blesa fctyh] fdjk;k]
3- gLrkarj.k Hkqxrku% lkekftd dY;k.k dk;ZØeksa] Nk=k
deZpkfj;ksa ds osru vkSj ljdkj ds LokfeRo okys laifÙk
djksa ds Hkqxrku ij gksus okyk O;; 'kkfey gSA lfClMh vkSj lkekftd lqj{kk ds ekè;e ls O;fÙkQ;ksa
dks ljdkjh Hkqxrku dks gLrkaarj.k Hkqxrku dgk tkrk
jktLo O;; %
gSA
;g ,d vkorhZ O;; gS ftlesa 'kkfey gSa%
· C;kt Hkqxrku jktdks"kh; uhfr ds çdkj%
· j{kk O;; 1- foLrkjoknh jktdks"kh; uhfr %
· dsaæ ljdkj ds deZpkfj;ksa dk osru vkfn jktLo O;; æ foLrkjoknh jktdks"kh; uhfr esa vkfFkZd xfrfof/ dks
ds mnkgj.k gSa çksRlkfgr djus] miHkksÙkQk •pZ c<+kus vkSj jkstxkj dks c<+kok
nsus ds fy, ljdkjh •pZ c<+kuk vkSj dj de djuk 'kkfey
æ iwathxr O;; %
gSA
· ljdkj }kjk vius ifjpkyu dks pykus ;k c<+kus vkSj
æ foLrkjoknh jktdks"kh; uhfr dk çkFkfed mís'; eanh] mPp
vf/d /u vftZr dtZ ds fy, iwath esa fd;k x;k
fuos'kA yach vof/ dh laifÙk] tSls midj.k ,oa vpy csjkstxkjh vkSj fuEu vkfFkZd fodkl tSls eqíksa dk lek/ku
laifÙk •jhnuk] tks ewrZ laifÙk gSaA blfy,] jktLo O;; djuk gSA
æ foLrkjoknh jktdks"kh; uhfr esa jk"Vªh; vFkZO;oLFkk esa vius
dh rqyuk esa] iwathxr O;; vDlj cM+h /ujkf'k ds
fy, gksrs gSaA iwathxr O;; fofuekZ.k midj.k] okf. foÙkh; ;ksxnku dks c<+kus ds fy, ljdkjksa }kjk pqus x, {ks=k
kfT;d •jhn] iQuhZpj] cqfu;knh <kaps ds fuos'k tSls 'kkfey gSaA

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æ bl çdkj] ;g cM+h la[;k esa oLrqvksa vkSj lsokvksa dk mRiknu æ vkfFkZd eanh ds le; tc vFkZO;oLFkk viuh laHkkfor
djrk gSA blds vfrfjÙkQ] ;g jkstxkj dh laHkkoukvksa dk {kerk ls uhps py jgh gks rks foLrkjoknh jktdks"kh; uhfr
foLrkj djrk gS] ftlls lHkh çdkj ds fodkl ds ifj. lcls çHkkoh gksrh gSA
kkeLo:i O;fÙkQxr vkSj ljdkjh ykHk nksuksa esa o`f¼ gksrh gSA æ Hkkjr us dksfoM&dky ds nkSjku vkSj mlds ckn vkfFkZd
eanh dk eqdkcyk djus ds fy, foLrkjoknh jktdks"kh;
foLrkjoknh jktdks"kh; uhfr ds midj.kksa esa 'kkfey gSa%
uhfr dk Hkh ikyu fd;kA Hkkjr us viuh vFkZO;oLFkk dks
1- ljdkjh •pZ esa o`f¼% ljdkj ukSdfj;ka iSnk djus vkSj
xfr nsus ds fy, 1-7 fVªfy;u vesfjdh MkWyj ds lap;h
vkfFkZd fodkl dks çksRlkfgr djus ds fy, lkoZtfud jktdks"kh; iSdst dh ?kks"k.kk dh FkhA
cqfu;knh <kaps] tSls lM+dksa vkSj iqyksa ij •pZ c<+k foLrkjoknh jktdks"kh; uhfr esa fuEufyf•r lhek,¡ 'kkfey
ldrh gSA vlekurk dks de djus vkSj vkfFkZd gSa%
xfr'khyrk dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, ljdkjh •pZ dks · le; varjky% jktdks"kh; uhfr dk vFkZO;oLFkk ij
LokLF; ns•Hkky vkSj f'k{kk tSls lkekftd dY;k.k çHkko iM+us esa le; yx ldrk gSA ljdkjh •pZ ;k
dk;ZØeksa dh vksj Hkh funZsf'kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA djk/ku esa cnyko ds çHkko rqjar eglwl ugha gks
2- djksa esa deh% djksa esa deh] miHkksÙkQk dks •pZ vkSj ldrs gSa] uhfr ifjorZu vkSj okafNr vkfFkZd ifj.kke
fuos'k ds fy, çksRlkfgr dj ldrh gS] ftlls vkfFkZd ds chp le; varjky gks ldrk gSA
fodkl esa o`f¼ gks ldrh gSA ;g miHkksÙkQkvksa dks · ØkmfMax vkmV% ljdkjh •pZ esa o`f¼ ls ØkmfMax
vf/d ç;ksT; vk; Hkh çnku dj ldrk gS] ftlls vkmV gks ldrk gS] tgka ljdkjh •pZ c<+us ls futh
mUgsa ½.k pqdkus ;k viuh cpr c<+kus esa enn fey fuos'k de gks tkrk gS] ftlls vkfFkZd fodkl esa
ldrh gSA deh vkrh gSA
æ foLrkjoknh jktdks"kh; uhfr dh çHkko'khyrk vkfFkZd · ctV ?kkVk% foLrkjoknh jktdks"kh; uhfr ls ctV ?kkVk
xfrfof/ ds Lrj] vFkZO;oLFkk dh lajpuk vkSj ljdkjh gks ldrk gS] tks yacs le; esa vFkZO;oLFkk ds fy,
uhfr;ksa ds çfr miHkksÙkQkvksa vkSj O;olk;ksa dh çfrfØ;k ij gkfudkjd gks ldrk gSA
fuHkZj djrh gSA

foLrkjoknh jktdks"kh; uhfr dk çHkko

rc vf/d gksrk gS tc vFkZO;oLFkk
esa i;kZIr vfrfjÙkQ {kerk (udkjkRed
vkmViqV varj) vkSj vR;f/d
eqækLiQhfr nckoksa ds fcuk okLrfod
mRiknu vkSj jkstxkj c<+us dh xqatkb'k
gksA ,sls esa egaxkbZ vkSj C;kt njsa de
jg ldrh gSaA AD2 ls AD3 esa cnyko
ls jktdks"kh; xq.kd çHkko Hkh fn•kbZ
ns ldrk gSA

2- lafonkRed jktdks"kh; uhfr % djuk gSA

æ ladqpudkjh jktdks"kh; uhfr esa vkfFkZd xfrfof/ dks èkhek æ bl jktdks"kh; uhfr dk ç;ksx rc fd;k tkrk gS tc
djus vkSj eqækLiQhfr ds ncko dks de djus ds fy, ljdkjh vkfFkZd rsth vkrh gSA gkyk¡fd] rhoz vkfFkZd foLrkj
•pZ dks de djuk vkSj@;k djksa dks c<+kuk 'kkfey gSA dHkh&dHkh tksf•e Hkjk gks ldrk gSA
æ ladqpudkjh jktdks"kh; uhfr dk çkFkfed mís'; mPp æ ljdkj ekStwnk vkfFkZd mNky dks jksdus dk ç;kl dj jgh
eqækLiQhfr vkSj vkfFkZd vfr rki tSls eqíksa dk lek/ku gSA blls eqækLiQhfr vkSj vkfFkZd fodkl nksuksa fu;af=kr gksrs

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 gSa] ftlls ,slk djus esa lgk;rk Hkh feyrh gSA jktdks"kh; uhfr vkSj ekSfæd uhfr %
æ jktdks"kh; uhfr vkSj ekSfæd uhfr vFkZO;oLFkk ds çca/u ds
ladqpudkjh jktdks"kh; uhfr ds midj.kksa esa 'kkfey gSa%
1- ljdkjh •pZ esa deh% ljdkj vkfFkZd fodkl dks /hek fy, ljdkjksa }kjk mi;ksx fd, tkus okys nks lcls egRoiw.
djus vkSj eqækLiQhfr ds ncko dks de djus ds fy, kZ midj.k gSaA gkyk¡fd nksuksa uhfr;ksa dk y{; vFkZO;oLFkk
lkoZtfud cqfu;knh <kaps] tSls lM+dksa vkSj iqyksa ij •pZ dks çHkkfor djuk gS] os vyx&vyx rjhdksa ls dke djrh
de dj ldrh gSA ljdkjh •pZ ds }kjk ctV ?kkVs dks gSa vkSj muds vyx&vyx mís'; gSaA
de djus dh fn'kk esa Hkh funZsf'kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA 1- jktdks"kh; uhfr %
2- djksa esa o`f¼% djksa esa o`f¼ vkfFkZd fodkl dks /hek dj · jktdks"kh; uhfr dk rkRi;Z vFkZO;oLFkk dks çHkkfor
ldrh gS vkSj eqækLiQhfr ds ncko dks de dj ldrh gSA djus ds fy, ljdkjh •pZ vkSj djk/ku ds mi;ksx
blls ctV ?kkVs dks de djus esa Hkh enn fey ldrh gS- ls gSA ;g vfuok;Z :i ls ljdkj dh vkfFkZd uhfr
æ ladqpudkjh jktdks"kh; uhfr dh çHkko'khyrk vkfFkZd gS ftlesa fof'k"V O;kid vkfFkZd y{;ksa dks çkIr
xfrfof/ ds Lrj] vFkZO;oLFkk dh lajpuk vkSj ljdkjh djus ds fy, ljdkjh •pZ vkSj djk/ku ds Lrj
uhfr;ksa ds çfr miHkksÙkQkvksa vkSj O;olk;ksa dh çfrfØ;k ij dks cnyuk 'kkfey gSA jktdks"kh; uhfr dk çkFkfed
fuHkZj djrh gSA mís'; vFkZO;oLFkk dks fLFkj djuk vkSj vkfFkZd
æ vkfFkZd fodkl vkSj de csjkstxkjh ds le; vfFkZd fodkl dks c<+kok nsuk gSA
etcwrh vkSj mPp eqækLiQhfr dk lkeuk djus ls jksdus ds · lkekU; rkSj ij] jktdks"kh; uhfr nks çdkj dh gksrh gS%
fy, ladqpudkjh jktdks"kh; uhfr lcls çHkkoh gksrh gSA foLrkjoknh vkSj ladqpudkjhA foLrkjoknh jktdks"kh;
ladqpudkjh jktdks"kh; uhfr dh lhekvksa esa 'kkfey gSa% uhfr esa ljdkjh •pZ c<+kuk vkSj@;k dj de djuk
· le; varjky% jktdks"kh; uhfr dk vFkZO;oLFkk ij 'kkfey gS] tcfd ladqpudkjh jktdks"kh; uhfr esa
çHkko iM+us esa le; yx ldrk gSA ljdkjh •pZ ;k ljdkjh •pZ de djuk vkSj@;k dj c<+kuk 'kkfey gSA
djk/ku esa cnyko ds çHkko rqjar eglwl ugha gks · jktdks"kh; uhfr ljdkj }kjk ctV çfØ;k ds ekè;e
ldrs gSa] uhfr ifjorZu vkSj okafNr vkfFkZd ifj.kke ls ykxw dh tkrh gSA ljdkj ctV dk mi;ksx
ds chp le; varjky gks ldrk gSA vFkZO;oLFkk ds fofHkUu {ks=kksa esa lalk/u vkoafVr
· jktuhfrd ck/k,¡% jktdks"kh; uhfr jktuhfrd ckèkkvksa djus vkSj vius dk;ZØeksa vkSj igyksa dks foÙkiksf"kr
ds v/hu gSA ljdkjh •pZ ;k djkèkku esa cnyko djus ds fy, djrh gSA ctV dk mi;ksx ljdkjh •pZ
ds fy, fo/k;h 'kk•k ls vuqeksnu dh vko';drk vkSj djk/ku ds ekè;e ls vkfFkZd xfrfof/;ksa dks
gksrh gS] tks le; ysus okyh vkSj jktuhfrd :i ls çksRlkfgr djus ds fy, Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA
pqukSrhiw.kZ çfØ;k gks ldrh gSA · jktdks"kh; uhfr dk eq[; ykHk ;g gS fd bls 'kh?kzrk
· vuisf{kr ifj.kke% ladqpudkjh jktdks"kh; uhfr ds ls ykxw fd;k tk ldrk gS vkSj bldk vFkZO;oLFkk
vuisf{kr ifj.kke gks ldrs gSa] tSls miHkksÙkQk •pZ ij lh/k çHkko iM+ ldrk gSA gkyk¡fd] jktdks"kh;
vkSj fuos'k esa deh] ls vkfFkZd fodkl vkSj jkstxkj uhfr dh çHkko'khyrk jktuhfrd ck/kvksa ls lhfer
esa deh vkrh gSA gks ldrh gS] tSls fo/k;h vuqeksnu dh vko';drk
3- rVLFk jktdks"kh; uhfr % vkSj ctV ?kkVs dh laHkkoukA
æ tc ns'k dh vFkZO;oLFkk larqyu esa gksrh gS] rks bl 2- ekSfæd uhfr %
jktdks"kh; uhfr dks fu;ksftr fd;k tkrk gSA vkfFkZd · ekSfæd uhfr ls rkRi;Z vFkZO;oLFkk dks çHkkfor djus
mrkj&p<+ko ds lkFk] ;g crkrk gS fd phtsa vPNh rjg ls ds fy, C;kt njksa vkSj vU; ekSfæd midj.kksa ds
vkxs c<+ jgh gSaA mi;ksx ls gSA ;g vfuok;Z :i ls ljdkj dh uhfr gS
æ blesa ljdkjksa }kjk fd, x, O;; 'kkfey gSa ftudk Hkqxrku ftlesa O;kid vkfFkZd y{;ksa dks çkIr djus ds fy,
ukxfjdksa] O;olk;ksa ;k vkfFkZd {ks=kksa ij yxk, x, djksa ds /u vkiwfrZ vkSj C;kt njksa dks fu;af=kr djuk 'kkfey
ekè;e ls fd;k tkrk gS vkSj bldk ns'k dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr gSA ekSfæd uhfr dk çkFkfed mís'; vFkZO;oLFkk dks
ij dksbZ çHkko ugha iM+sxkA fLFkj djuk vkSj vkfFkZd fodkl dks c<+kok nsuk gSA

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æ ekSfæd uhfr dsaæh; cSadksa }kjk dk;kZfUor dh tkrh gS] tSls tcfd ekSfæd uhfr dk vçR;{k çHkko iM+rk gSA jktdks"kh;
Hkkjrh; fjtoZ cSad] la;qÙkQ jkT; vesfjdk esa iQsMjy fjtoZ uhfr ifjorZu lh/s vkfFkZd xfrfof/ dks mÙksftr ;k /hek
;k ;wjksi esa ;wjksih; lsaVªy cSadA dsaæh; cSad eqæk vkiwfrZ dj ldrs gSa] tcfd ekSfæd uhfr ifjorZu C;kt njksa vkSj
dks fu;af=kr djus vkSj C;kt njksa dks çHkkfor djus ds /u vkiwfrZ esa ifjorZu ds ekè;e ls vkfFkZd xfrfof/ dks
fy, •qys cktkj lapkyu] C;t njksa esa NwV vkSj vkjf{kr çHkkfor djrs gSaA
vko';drkvksa lfgr fofHkUu midj.kksa dk mi;ksx djrs gSaA jktdks"kh; vkSj ekSfæd uhfr ds chp leUo;%
æ ekSfæd uhfr dk eq[; ykHk ;g gS fd ;g jktdks"kh; uhfr æ tcfd jktdks"kh; uhfr vkSj ekSfæd uhfr Lora=k :i ls
dh rqyuk esa vf/d yphyh gS vkSj bls 'kh?kzrk ls ykxw lapkfyr gksrh gSa] rks O;kid vkfFkZd y{;ksa dks çkIr djus
fd;k tk ldrk gSA ekSfæd uhfr dk mi;ksx vFkZO;oLFkk ds ds fy, mUgsa lefUor Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA vkfFkZd
fof'k"V {ks=kksa] tSls vkokl cktkj ;k 'ks;j cktkj dks yf{kr ladV ;k eanh ds le; jktdks"kh; vkSj ekSfæd uhfr ds
djus ds fy, Hkh fd;k tk ldrk gSA chp leUo; fo'ks"k :i ls çHkkoh gks ldrk gSA mnkgj.k
æ gkyk¡fd] ekSfæd uhfr dh çHkko'khyrk 'kwU; gks ldrh gS] ds fy,] 2008 ds foÙkh; ladV ds nkSjku] iQsMjy fjtoZ us
tgk¡ C;kt njksa dks vkSj de ugha fd;k tk ldrk gS] vkSj C;kt njksa dks de djus ds fy, ekSfæd uhfr dk bLrseky
rjyrk tky }kjk] tgk¡ miHkksÙkQk vkSj O;olk; fuos'k ;k fd;kA
•pZ djus ds ctk; udnh j•uk ilan djrs gSaA
Hkkjr esa jktdks"kh; uhfr%
jktdks"kh; uhfr vkSj ekSfæd uhfr ds chp eq[; varj gSa% æ ns'k dh ljdkj jktdks"kh; uhfr }kjk vFkZO;oLFkk dks
1- dk;kZUo;u% funZsf'kr djus ds fy, dj ls çkIr vk; vkSj lkoZtfud
jktdks"kh; uhfr dks ljdkj }kjk ctV çfØ;k ds ekè;e ls O;; ds çokg dk çca/u djrh gSA
ykxw fd;k tkrk gS] tcfd ekSfæd uhfr dks dsaæh; cSadksa } æ vf/'ks"k rc gksrk gS tc ljdkj •pZ ls vf/d vk; ,d=k
kjk C;kt njksa vkSj vU; ekSfæd midj.kksa ds ekè;e ls ykxw djrh gS] tcfd ?kkVk rc gksrk gS tc ljdkj dj vkSj
fd;k tkrk gSA xSj&dj laxzg ls vf/d •pZ djrh gSA
2- mís';% æ ljdkj dks c<+s gq, •pks± dks doj djus ds fy, ns'k ds
jktdks"kh; uhfr dk mís'; vFkZO;oLFkk dks fLFkj djuk vanj ;k ckgj ls iSlk m/kj ysuk gksxkA oSdfYid :i ls]
vkSj ljdkjh •pZ ,oa djk/ku esa cnyko ds ekè;e ls ljdkj fons'kh eqæk HkaMkj dk nksgu dj ldrh gS ;k vf/d
vkfFkZd fodkl dks c<+kok nsuk gSA ekSfæd uhfr dk mís'; eqæk dk lap; dj ldrh gSA
vFkZO;oLFkk dks fLFkj djuk vkSj /u vkiwfrZ ,oa C;kt njksa æ mnkgj.k ds fy,] eanh ds nkSjku] ljdkj vU; phtksa ds
esa cnyko ds ekè;e ls vkfFkZd fodkl dks c<+kok nsuk gSA vykok cqfu;knh <kapk ifj;kstukvksa] lkekftd dk;ZØeksa
3- le; lhek% vkSj dkWikZsjsV çksRlkguksa ij vf/d •pZ djus dk fodYi
jktdks"kh; uhfr dh le;&lhek ekSfæd uhfr ls vf/d pqu ldrh gSA
yach gksrh gSA jktdks"kh; uhfr esa cnyko dks ykxw gksus esa æ yf{kr O;fÙkQ;ksa ds fy, vf/d /uktZu dks lqyHk cukus]
dbZ eghus yx ldrs gSa] tcfd ekSfæd uhfr esa cnyko miHkksÙkQkvksa dks vkSj •pZ djus ds fy, dqN dks dj eqÙkQ
rqjar çHkkoh gks ldrs gSaA djuk vkSj daifu;ksa dks fuos'k djus ds fy, çksRlkfgr
4- yphykiu% djuk gSA lkFk gh] ljdkj iQeks± vkSj O;fÙkQ;ksa ij de dj
ekSfæd uhfr jktdks"kh; uhfr dh rqyuk esa vf/d yphyh yxkus dk fodYi pqu ldrh gS] ftlds ifj.kkeLo:i
gksrh gSA vFkZO;oLFkk esa cnykoksa ij çfrfØ;k nsus ds fy, ljdkj dh vk; de gks tk,xhA
dsaæh; cSad C;kt njksa dks rqjar lek;ksftr dj ldrs gSa]
crk, x, mís';ksa dks çkIr djus ds fy, fuEufyf•r
tcfd ljdkjh •pZ vkSj djk/ku esa cnyko ds fy,
fof/;ksa dk mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gS%
fo/k;h vuqeksnu dh vko';drk gksrh gS vkSj blesa le;
miHkksx fu;a=k.k% blls cpr&vk; vuqikr c<+rk gSA
yx ldrk gSA
· fuos'k nj c<+kukA
5- çHkko%
· cqfu;knh <kaps dk fuekZ.k vkSj mldk fodkl rFkk
jktdks"kh; uhfr dk vFkZO;oLFkk ij lh/k çHkko iM+rk gS]
djk/kuA
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 · çxfr'khy djk/kuA iM+rk gS ;k yksxksa ij vf/d dj yxkuk iM+rk gSA
· oafpr lewgksa dks djksa dk Hkqxrku djus ls NwV nh xbZ æ 1990 ds n'kd ds var esa c<+rs jktdks"kh; ?kkVs vkSj ½.k
gSA dh lrr o`f¼ (dsaæ vkSj jkT;ksa nksuksa esa) ds dkj.k mRiUu
· vfgrdj oLrqvksa ;k foykflrk dh oLrqvksa ij ladV us ljdkj dks jktdks"kh; ?kkVs dks fu;af=kr djus ds
vR;f/d th,lVhA fy, laLFkkxr mik; viukus ds fy, çsfjr fd;kA
· vukftZr vk; dks jksdukA fuEufyf•r dqN rjhds gSa ftuds ekè;e ls ljdkj
Hkkjr esa jktdks"kh; uhfr ds egRo gSa% jktdks"kh; lesdu gkfly djus dh ;kstuk cuk jgh gS%
· Hkkjr tSls ns'k esa jktdks"kh; uhfr] futh vkSj 1- ljdkjh lfClMh dk csgrj y{;hdj.k vkSj çR;{k ykHk
lkoZtfud nksuksa {ks=kksa esa iwath fuekZ.k c<+kus ds fy, gLrkarj.k ;kstukvksa dk foLrkj
egRoiw.kZ gSA 2- dj ç'kklu dh n{krk esa lq/kj
· jktdks"kh; uhfr dk mís'; djksa ds ekè;e ls vius 3- dj vk/kj dks c<+kdj vkSj dj fj;k;rksa vkSj NwVksa dks
fofHkUu dk;ZØeksa ds foÙkiks"k.k ds fy, vf/d ek=kk de djds dj thMhih vuqikr dks c<+kukA
esa lalk/u tqVkuk gSA æ ,iQvkjch,e vf/fu;e ;k jktdks"kh; mÙkjnkf;Ro vkSj
· jktdks"kh; uhfr çksRlkgu çnku djds cpr nj c<+kus ctV çca/u (,iQvkjch,e) vf/fu;e foÙkh; vuq'kklu]
esa Hkh ;ksxnku nsrh gSA lkoZtfud /u ds dq'ky çca/u] csgrj jktdks"kh;
· jktdks"kh; uhfr futh {ks=k dks vius ifjpkyu c<+kus foosd'khyrk vkSj jktdks"kh; ?kkVs dks de djus ds mís';
ds fy, i;kZIr çksRlkgu çnku djds vk; vkSj /u ls 2003 esa laln esa ikfjr fd;k x;k FkkA
ds forj.k esa vlarqyu dks de djus dk ç;kl djrh fu"d"kZ %
gSA æ fu"d"kZr%] jktdks"kh; uhfr ljdkj }kjk vkfFkZd çcaf/r

jktdks"kh; ?kkVk vkSj jktdks"kh; lesdu% djus] vkfFkZd mrkj&p<+ko dks fLFkj djus vkSj vkfFkZd
æ jktdks"kh; lesdu ,d ,slh çfØ;k gS ftlesa jktdks"kh; fodkl dks c<+kok nsus ds fy, mi;ksx fd;k tkus okyk ,d
?kkVs dks de djus ds fy, viuk, x, mik; 'kkfey gSaA egRoiw.kZ midj.k gSA jktdks"kh; uhfr ds nks eq[; çdkj
æ jktdks"kh; ?kkVs dks ,d foÙkh; o"kZ ds nkSjku ½.k dks foLrkjoknh vkSj ladqpudkjh gSaA foLrkjoknh jktdks"kh;
NksM+dj dqy çkfIr;ksa ij dqy O;; dh vf/drk ds :i uhfr esa ljdkjh •pZ c<+kuk vkSj@;k dj de djuk 'kkfey
esa ifjHkkf"kr fd;k x;k gSA gSA
æ jktdks"kh; ?kkVk ¾ dqy ctV O;; & m/kj dks NksM+dj æ dqy feykdj] jktdks"kh; uhfr dk y{; vkfFkZd fodkl]

dqy ctV çkfIr;k¡ de eqækLiQhfr vkSj lkoZtfud foÙk ds chp larqyu iSnk
æ jktdks"kh; ?kkVk ¾ (jktLo O;; $ iwathxr O;;)& (jktLo djuk gSA
çkfIr;ka $ m/kj dks NksM+dj iwathxr çkfIr;ka)
æ jktdks"kh; ?kkVk ¾ jktLo O;; $ iwathxr O;; & dj

jktLo & (xSj&dj jktLo) & ½.kksa dh olwyh & fofuos'k

æ jktdks"kh; ?kkVk ljdkj dh m/kj vko';drkvksa dks n'kkZrk

gSA ctV o"kZ ds nkSjku ;k C;kt Hkqxrku lfgr O;; ds

foÙkiks"k.k ds fy,A
æ jktdks"kh; ?kkVk ljdkjh O;; dks iwjk djus ds fy,

vko';d foÙkh; lalk/uksa dh vfrfjÙkQ la[;k dks n'kkZrk gSA

æ ;g C;kt Hkqxrku vkSj ½.k iquHkZqxrku ij ljdkj dh

Hkfo"; dh nsunkfj;ksa esa o`f¼ dk ladsrd gSA ljdkj dks

Hkfo"; esa m/kj yh xbZ jkf'k C;kt lfgr pqdkuh gksxhA
æ ifj.kkeLo:i] ljdkj dks Hkfo"; esa C;kt vkSj ½.k jkf'k

dk Hkqxrku djus ds fy, ;k rks yksxksa ls vf/d m/kj ysuk

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