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    2021 AtmosThermodynamics Midterm Exam

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    이준석

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    2021 AtmosThermodynamics Midterm Exam

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    2021 AtmosThermodynamics Midterm Exam

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    of 4

    Midterm Exam for the Atmospheric Thermodynamics

    2021 Spring Semester (April 21 2021)

    For all questions, if you use a symbol for a thermodynamic variable, you should
    define it when appeared first time. For example, if you use symbol 𝑇 as a
    temperature, then specifically define 𝑇 as temperature. Once you defined a specific
    symbol, you can repeat that symbol without specifying again.
    ================================================================
    1. Briefly explain or give name following description (less two lines if you can.
    Also, you may use the mathematical expression given in the Appendix if it is
    feasible; 3 points each)
    A. Characteristics of tropospheric ozone and stratospheric ozone
    B. The Earth’s atmosphere show a decreasing pressure with increasing
    altitude
    C. The “pause” between the two spheres, a sphere having most of weather
    phenomena and a sphere showing a temperature inversion
    D. A system that exchanges energy with environment but does not allow a
    mass exchange
    E. State variable versus process variable
    F. A way to increase the efficiency of a heat engine
    G. The volume of a given sample of gas is proportional to temperature at a
    constant pressure
    H. The quantity that represents water vapor amount in the atmosphere
    compared to the amount of dry air
    I. The atmospheric altitude that the surface pressure drops by 𝑒 −1 for an
    isothermal atmosphere
    J. The relationship between temperature and pressure of gas when it
    undergoes an adiabatic process
    K. The lapse rate that gives a denser air reside above the less denser air
    L. The reason why the potential temperature for an air residing at an altitude
    above 1000 hPa altitude is always warmer than the temperature of the air
    M. The force that an air parcel would be forced to when it is located within an
    environment having a different temperature from the air parcel
    N. Why heat capacity at the constant pressure is higher than that at the
    constant volume
    O. The total pressure of an air is given by the summation of the partial
    pressure of the constituent individual molecules

    2. Derive the mathematical expression that describes the atmospheric pressure


    as a function of altitude for an atmosphere having a constant lapse rate (10
    points)

    3. Answer following questions for the processes shown in the skew-T log-p
    diagram below
    A. Identify the process the three “a”, “b”, and “c” in the diagram with the
    black arrow, for the isothermal, adiabatic, and isobaric process (3 points)
    B. Estimate temperature of an air parcel with 20o C when it is lifted from
    1000 hPa to 700 hPa through the dry adiabatic process using the skew-T
    lop-p diagram (show how you use the diagram to estimate the
    temperature) (3 points)
    C. Calculate the temperature of above problem “B” using a proper
    mathematical equation (3 points)
    D. Compare the answers for problems “B” and “C”. Are they the same? Or
    Are they different? If so, why? (3 points)
    E. Calculate the work done by the air parcel when it undergoes the process
    given in the problem “B” (8 points)

    a
    b

    4. Derive the mathematical expression for the work done by the Carnot cycle
    shown below (note that the direction is reversed compared to the cycle
    described during the class, i.e., it starts from “1” followed by “2”, “3”, and “4”
    then returns to the starting point “1”) (10 points) and verify that the system is
    doing a negative work (5 points)
    5. The Earth’s atmosphere show a decreasing temperature with the increasing
    altitude at the troposphere. Using the hydrostatic equation and the first law of
    thermodynamics of the dry air, derive the mathematical expression for the
    temperature lapse rate of the Earth’s atmosphere (consider only the dry air
    following an adiabatic process, 10 points)

    (Bonus) Show that 𝛿𝑞/𝑇 is a state variable (use the first law of thermodynamics and
    utilize the property the a state variable needs to have) (10 points)

    Appendix: All the mathematical expressions you may want to use


    𝑔
    𝑇 −𝛤𝑧 𝑅 𝛤
    a. 𝑝(𝑧) = 𝑝0 [ 0𝑇 ] 𝑑
    0

    b. 𝑉𝑇 −1 = 𝐶1
    𝐶1
    c. 𝑝 =
    𝑉
    𝐹
    d. 𝑝 = 𝐴 [𝑁𝑚−2 ]
    𝑧
    e. 𝑝(𝑧) = 𝑝0 𝑒𝑥𝑝 [− ]
    𝐻
    1
    f. 𝐾𝐸 = 2 𝑚𝑣̅ 2

    g. 𝐾 = 273.15 + o𝐶
    h. oC=5(oF-32)/9

    𝜕𝑇
    i. 𝛤 = − 𝜕𝑧

    j. ∮ 𝑑𝑥 = 0
    k. ∮ 𝛿𝑞 ≠ 0
    𝑝1 𝑉1 𝑝2 𝑉2
    l. 𝑇1
    = 𝑇2
    =𝐶

    m. 𝑝𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅 ∗ 𝑇
    𝑛 2
    n. [𝑝 + 𝑎 (𝑉) ] (𝑉 − 𝑛𝑏) = 𝑛𝑅 ∗ 𝑇

    o. 𝑝 = 𝜌𝑅𝑇 𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝛼 = 𝑅𝑇
    p. 𝑝 = 𝜌𝑅𝑑 𝑇
    𝜕𝑝
    q. = −𝜌𝑔
    𝜕𝑧

    𝛷(𝑧) 1 𝑧
    r. 𝑍 ≡ 𝑔0
    = 𝑔 ∫0 𝑔 𝑑𝑧
    0

    𝑝
    𝑅𝑑 ̅̅̅
    𝑇𝑣 𝑝1 ∫𝑝 2 𝑇𝑣 𝑑𝑙𝑛𝑝
    s. ∆𝑧 = 𝑙𝑛 ( ) , 𝑇̅𝑣 ≡ 1
    𝑝
    𝑔 𝑝2 ∫𝑝 2 𝑑𝑙𝑛𝑝
    1

    t. 𝛿𝑤 = 𝑝𝑑𝛼
    u. 𝛿𝑞 = 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑝𝑑𝛼 = 𝑐𝑣 𝑑𝑇 + 𝑝𝑑𝛼
    v. 𝛿𝑞 = 𝑑ℎ − 𝛼𝑑𝑝 = 𝑐𝑝 𝑑𝑇 − 𝛼𝑑𝑝
    𝑑𝑢 𝑑ℎ
    w. 𝑐𝑣 = 𝑑𝑇 & 𝑐𝑝 = 𝑑𝑇 & 𝑐𝑝 = 𝑐𝑣 + 𝑅

    𝑇 𝑝 𝜅 𝑅𝑑
    x. (𝑇 ) = (𝑝 ) , 𝜅 = ≈ 0.286
    0 0 𝑐𝑝

    𝑝 𝑅/𝑐𝑝
    y. 𝜃 = 𝑇 ( 𝑝0 )
    𝑤 𝑞𝑖𝑛 −𝑞𝑜𝑢𝑡
    z. 𝜂 = 𝑞 = 𝑞𝑖𝑛
    𝑖𝑛

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